PSY 3300 Final

Individuals are most likely to remember messages

that they either agreed or disagreed with.

"If-then" propositions activate when using procedural memory and implicate what area of the brain?

the basal ganglia loop

The fact that we are better able to judge Judy as a lesbian when she is described as having short hair, wearing no make-up and dressing masculine than when she is described as also being a teacher, as fun-loving and likes country music is likely due to

the dilution effect.

Which of the following statements is untrue regarding gaze?

Describing a person's facial features in detail (verbal overshadowing) helps improve recognition later.

Which of the following statements regarding cognitive dissonance is UNTRUE?

Dissonance is a phenomenon exclusive to Western culture.

Of the following, about whom would we make the most defensive attributions?

Elway, who is from a different ethnic background and lives in a different neighborhood, ran over his neighbor's cat.

Physical head movements of agreement or disagreement (nodding) can increase people's confidence in their own evaluations. This is an example of which of the following?

Embodied cognition

Which of the following would individual likely make an illusory correlation based on paired distinctiveness?

Notebook - Cardboard

In a controversial 1977 paper, researchers Nisbett and Wilson made which of the following claims regarding cognitive processes related to introspection?

People have little to no introspective access to their cognitive processes.

Which of the following best describes what is meant by temporal self-appraisal theory?

People tend to disparage their past selves in order to make more favorable social comparisons with their more recent selves

Which of the following best describes "naive psychology"?

People's common sense, non-scientific theories about themselves and other people Question 7

Which of the following is most likely to be true when an attractive person advocates an unattractive position?

The position will seem more valid and persuasive.

What are the two most central traits that we use to judge and make inferences of others?

Trustworthiness and competence.

Which of the following situations would be the most socially salient?

Two people fist fighting in the street

Which of the following is not mediated by argument strength?

Value involvement

Which of the following is NOT an example of the ecological perspective?

We are more likely to judge someone as warm when we are drinking something warm. We are more likely to find humor in a cartoon when faces simulate a smile. These are all ecological perspectives. We make inferences that individuals are weak or naïve if they are considered to have a "baby-face".

Which of the following is least likely to persuade an individual to, for example, stop smoking?

When a flyer has vivid photographs.

When determining if statistical reasoning could be taught, which of the following conditions were participants more likely to generalize what they learned to other statistical reasoning problems?

When taught how to apply statistical rules (guided induction)

Under which condition did source expertise make little difference in attitude change?

When the issue was relevant

Under which conditions are individuals least likely to make the fundamental attribution error?

When we know a person quite well.

Which of the following could be most likely to seek out a person to give positive feedback?

a person with depleted resources.

According to Terror Management Theory, the result of persons reflecting on their values as a result of one's own death becoming salient would be

a rigid or harsh evaluation of others' morals and values.

Which of the following is NOT a major qualification of the mere exposure effect?

initial stimulus is negative

Explicit attitudes are more likely to activate the

prefrontal cortices (medial and lateral).

Which of the following is the best example of proceduralization?

After years of practice interviewing candidates for leadership positions, a hiring manager is able to very quickly categorize people as "leaders" or "not leaders"

Of the following, who is more likely to change his/her mind?

All of these Grandma 12 year old doesn't care about politics

Which of the following is the best example of embodied cognition?

All of these are examples of embodied cognition. You derive meaning from speech patterns based on how units are segmented You judge cartoons as funnier because your face formed a smile while holding a pen in your mouth. You prefer a scene (picture) when you pull a lever towards you, and prefer it less when pushing a lever away. You make a judgment that someone is warm because you are carrying around a warm cup of coffee.

Which of the following best describes what is meant by a "normative model"?

An optimal way to use information to reach inferences

Research found which emotion to be inconsistent with the original theory that the left hemisphere was activated for positive emotions and the right for negative emotions?

Anger

Which area of the brain is responsible for responding to performance costs, conflict, errors and negative feedback?

Angular Cingulate Cortex

Which area of the brain is responsible for registering discrepancies in impression formation?

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

When are people likely to engage in hindsight bias?

At both younger and older ages.

Attitudes that are easily accessible demonstrate all but which of the following?

Attitudes that are easily accessible are easily changed or argued.

Which of the following best describes the role of balanced/imbalanced relationships in memory according to Fritz Heider?

Balanced relationships are easier to recall because they are efficiently stored in memory as a single cognitive unit.

According to the heuristic-systematic model, which of the following is required for people to engage in systematic processing?

Cognitive capacity Motivation Both A and C

Which of the following would best describe serial processing?

Coming up with the value of x in the equation x2 = y + 3x when y = 25

Julie's self-esteem is severely threatened by receiving a low grade on an English exam, but when she performs poorly in a sports competition, it doesn't bother her at all. Which of the following would best describe this phenomenon?

Contingencies of self-worth

Which of the five core social motives listed in the book is a cognitive motive used to persuade others to think like we do?

Controlling

Which of the following is NOT true regarding simulation heuristic and counterfactual thinking?

Counterfactual thinking replaces a usual behavior with an unusual one.

Which of the following basic features of Social Cognition emphasizes how psychologists borrow measures from other areas of psychology in order to better understand social and cognitive functioning?

Cross-Fertilization

A participant is given a smartphone that chimes randomly every 3-30 minutes and asks the participant to complete a brief survey about their current thoughts, feelings, and activities. This is an example of which of the following methods?

Experience Sampling

Which of the following priming condition has the greatest effect on long-term thinking?

Frequently primed constructs

Which of the following best describes what is meant by "risky shift"?

Groups tend to arrive at riskier decisions after group discussion than any individual member would have chosen alone.

Which of the following brain regions is most closely associated with memory?

Hippocampus

The book describes a study by Castelli et al, 2000 on watching animated shapes interact with feelings and thoughts (as humans do), making random movements or engaging in simple interactions. Which of the following brain areas was NOT activated and, therefore, not primarily involved in human interactions?

Hypothalamus

Of the following, who is clearly holding a value-expressive attitude?

Irving, who received hate mail after he expressed publicly his opinion on universal health care.

Which of the following researchers emphasized human behavior as a result of the dynamic equilibrium among multiple, often-conflicting psychological forces?

Kurt Lewin

Regarding selective exposure, which of the following is the best example of "de facto selective exposure"?

Lucy, who has listened not only to Fox News but also MSNBC to consider both sides of the impeachment debate, but at Thanksgiving, she was exposed to family that agreed with Lucy's position.

Of the following strategies, which is most likely to lead to an accurate inference?

Making a quick, automatic decision about something important or complex (i.e., which city to move to for a new job)

You decide to take a beach getaway next weekend for some sunshine and relaxation. You're unsure of where to go, but you want the weather to be perfect. South Beach has had sunny weather for 8 of the past 10 days, and North Beach had sunshine for 17 of the past 28 days. Based on the information given and using a normative model to aid you in your decision, which location should you choose?

North Beach

Of the following types of information, which is LEAST likely to be automatized?

Positive expressions

Which of the following is true of procedural memory?

Procedural memory is utilized for the execution of specific tasks.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the Associative Network Model?

Propositions are contained in strengths of connections and inhibitory links that are constrained.

According to Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory, we are most likely to be upset with

Sally, who is your best friend and is better at the guitar than you, which you have played and loved since you were 7 yrs. old.

Of the theories that predict cognitive dissonance, which predicts cognitive dissonance the most?

Selective interpretation

Which of the following reduces defensive responses?

Self-affirming information

Timmy believes that his favorite superhero, Batman, is the greatest of al the Superheros. He only reads magazines that have Batman on the cover, only sees movie about his Superhero, and, of course, his Superhero must always win his battles in the end, or Timmy finds flaws with the script and character development. Timmy is exhibiting what phenomenon according to the Connectionist Model?

Set size effect

Which of the following has NOT been shown to contribute to contrast effects?

Stimulus ambiguity These all contribute to contrast effects.

Steven has a problem. He is on a strict diet to try and lose weight, but he also wants to make a favorable impression on his girlfriend's mother, who just offered him a slice of homemade cheesecake. Which of the following neural networks would be most likely to be involved in resolving these conflicting motivations?

The C system

Which of the following would be considered an example of a descriptive model?

The Discounted Utility Model

Which of the following brain regions is most closely associated with neural processing of rewards, goals, and learning?

The dopamine system

Which of the following is UNTRUE regarding the insula?

The insula is only activated in during social interactions with humans.

Which of the following would most likely lead a person to be persuaded by an argument?

The message had personal relevance.

Which of the following best describes a mediating relationship?

The relationship between a message and attitude is due to a argument quality.

Which of the following is NOT associated with automatic processing, and particularly with the reward system?

The ventral medial prefrontal cortex

Which of the following suggested we process the majority of information deliberately in order to evaluate strengths and weaknesses?

Theory of Planned Behavior

The stronger the activation, the greater likelihood of retrieval.

Those who have the greatest regulatory fit.

Using a highly successful person as a role model and aspiring to that person's success could be considered an example of which of the following?

all of the above upward social comparison promotion focused possible selves

One reason that individuals may change attitudes which is not accounted for by the Elaboration Likelihood Model is because

attitude change was reinforced by one's peer group.

The Yale persuasive communication approach and the theory of planned behavior focused on

attitude change.

If you were to say that attribution theory boils down to one fundamental cause for behavior, you would probably say

attributions are based on judgments of a person's disposition.

According to the cybernetic theory of self-regulation, we conform to standards when we Select one: are are unable to regulate appropriately.

become self-aware.

According to Weiner's theory on causal attributions, aptitude is

both stable and uncontrollable.

While waiting in line at an airport, you see a person in a strange uniform. You try to decide whether the person is a pilot or a flight attendant. To decide, you compare this new person to what you know about your best friend and your uncle, who are both pilots. In this case, you are categorizing the new person based on which of the following?

categorical exemplars

In a study by Oyserman et al., 2005, they improved low income 8th grader's test scores and decreased depression and misbehavior by

changing their possible selves to include academic success.

The unique contribution of the Srull and Wyer (1989) Person Memory Model is that it

details the number of consistent behaviors prior to the inconsistency advantage.

Regarding studies on embodied attitudes, researchers used electromyography to

determine if facial expressions could illicit associated emotional responses.

When you were preparing for this test, you were hopefully taking the time to focus you attention on the material with great effort. This demonstrates what two components of attention?

direction and intensity

Of the following word pairs, which would activate the most efficient spreading activation?

dog; cat

When a person is motivated to improve his/herself, s/he is likely to

engage in upward social comparisons.

A vivid memory of your sixth birthday party would be an example of which of the following?

episodic

Janelle has had some experience with Asians being very good in math and now she believes that all Asians are good at math. This is an example of

group homogeneity

Ebbinghouse studied memory for words to determine how quickly individuals forget. Behaviorists found fault with Ebbinghouse and similar studies because

he used introspection which was not replicable.

When individuals are looking to be truthful in their assessment, they are likely to

learn counterarguments. hold a strong attitude. use discrete processing.

Which of the following brain regions is inversely related to anticipation or likelihood of obtaining rewards?

medial prefrontal cortex

According to Jones and Davis' Corresponding Inference Theory, buying a boat because it was the only one in your price range that had an inboard motor demonstrates a decision based on

noncommon effects

According to the textbook, chronic accessibility is an example of

proceduralization.

When features are salient, individuals are more likely to

recall related thoughts more easily.

For which of the following is the operational definition, Who Am I?

self-concept

The medial prefrontal cortex is most closely associated with which of the following?

social cognition

In a study by Masuda & Nisbett (2001), motivation was higher in Asian students when

someone else chose tasks for them.

When President Nixon was campaigning for presidency, he lost to John F. Kennedy because Nixon appeared nervous and was sweating profusely. People didn't like Nixon because of what the author and scientists refer to as

spontaneous trait inference.

The Connectionist Model provides a solution to the Person Memory Model's problem of storing numerous mental representations of an individual by

storing patterns rather than complete mental representations.

According to the overjustification effect, the reason that Pizza Hut no longer gives away free pizzas for reading is because

students no longer intrinsically enjoyed reading.

Regarding neural systems of the brain associated with faces, the _______ is associated with changing features while the ________ is associated with invariant (consistent) features of the face.

superior temporal sulcus (STS); fusiform face area (FFA).

In the above example, Vince's attitude change is likely to be

temporary.

Which of the following statements regarding hemispheric processing of facial information is untrue?

the left hemisphere specializes in processing information about the individual, whereas the right focuses on group-based information/categorization

When individuals think of "hot" thoughts related to their goal, they are better able to avoid

the rebound effect.

When individuals were estimating the likelihood of getting an STD, the problem with there prediction was

they over-relied on irrelevant information such as personality characteristics.