Psy 341 Final
why do we categorize
1. Our need to understand and anticipate the behaviors of others 2. Our cognitive system is limited; thus, cannot process all the available information simultaneously
how many hate groups are in the us
1020
homosexuality was considered a mental illness until
1973
what year was the Jena 6 case in
2007
IV of the Attribution Value Model: DeJong (1980) study
4 conditions (1) overweight female (thyroid condition or not) (2) avg. weight female (thyroid condition or not)
when do children begin to recognize or identify with a race or ethnicity
4-5
what were the results of the Tilcsik (2011) study
40% less likely to get invited to interview if listed volunteering for gay organization
when do children begin to perceive similarity or differences
8-9
when do children begin cognitive categorization
9
Babies can detect the difference between men and women by
9 months
dependent variable
A response or behavior that the researcher measures
an independent variable is
A variable the researcher directly manipulates to determine its influence on behavior
what Can be a good way to assess how stereotypes might be changing
Adjective-Generation Technique
traits associated with males are called
Agentic traits
Egalitarianism believes
All individuals should be treated equally Equal opportunity Concern for the well-being of others
how to account for discrimination in self report questionnaires
Ask participants how they have behaved in the past
what was the DV of the Fast Friends Simulation study
Attitudes before and after the experiment towards gay men and lesbian women interpersonal closeness
attribution error is
Attributing negative behavior of our ingroup to a situation and Attributing negative behavior of our outgroup to personal characteristics
stereotypes are considered
Beliefs about characteristics, attributes, or behaviors of members of a particular group
Old Fashioned Prejudice is
Blatant Clear expression explicit
who first introduced the term ageism
Butler (1969)
disadvantages of Physiological measures
Cannot distinguish between different types of emotions (fear, anger, disgust) that have similar physiological responses Expensive and time consuming (costly to the researcher, requires training to operate)
what is used in prejudice suppression
Cognitive process: planning, behavior control
traits associated with women are called
Communal traits, or expressive traits
what were the results of the Merritt and colleagues (2013) study
Compared to those in the heterosexual or control condition, participants who thought the actor was gay rated that actor's performance as significantly less masculine
what were the results of the Colorism: Uzogara et al. (2015) study
Darker skin = more experiences of bias from race based outgroup Light and dark skin tones can experience bias from racial ingroups
what were the results of the King et al. (2006) study on discrimination
Did not received more overt discrimination (no diff. in greetings or actually being helped)
discrimination is considered
Differential treatment towards people based on their membership in a social category or group
Intergroup Anxiety is
Discomfort felt when interacting with outgroup members
what was the DV of the Sechrist & Stangor (2002) study
Discrimination How far would white students sit from a black student while in a waiting room?
Factors that lead to a lack of restraint in controlling prejudice
Disinhibitors
discrimination in Healthcare includes
Disparities in access, treatment, and health outcomes
advantages of a self report questionnaire
Efficient Easy to administer and collect data quickly Cover many topics Objective Lower Cost than other methods
Internal Stressors
Expectations of rejection from others
what was the IV of the Fast Friends Simulation study
Experimental condition versus control condition Fast friends with someone who identifies as a gay man or lesbian woman
how has prejudice changed
For types of prejudice like racism and sexism, prejudice has gone "underground"
when was marriage legal for same sex couples
Friday June 26th 2015
Physiological Measures can include
Heart rate and blood pressure Small movements of facial muscles (Facial EMG) Activity in certain areas of the brain (fMRI)
results of the Dasgupta & Rivera (2006) study
Higher prejudice scores → less friendly
what was the DV of the (Blanchard, Lilly, Vaugh, 1991) study
How participants answered the questions
what Can be used to test associations
IAT
what is Based on responses that are beyond intentional control and awareness; taps into automatic processing
IAT
Components of Binegativity
Illegitimate/Unstable Sexual Irresponsibility Hostility
what were the results to the Moskalenko, McCauley, & Rozin (2006) study
Importance of country increased after attacks, but returned to normal after 18 months
what are the criticisms of evolutionary theory
It doesn't provide an explanation for why some people are not prejudiced Ingroup favoritism doesn't automatically lead to outgroup derogation
disadvantage of an experimental design
It's not a natural situation, people may not act naturally
what are the downsides to the bogus pipeline
Labor intensive More technologically savvy people wouldn't be fooled
who Measured how participants characterized a Chinese woman in a short video
Macrae, Bodenhausen, and Milne (1995)
what was the IV of the Merritt and colleagues (2013) study
Male actor was mentioned as being heterosexual, gay, or no mention of sexual orientation
Laurie Larwood (1988; 1998) found
Managers (both male and female) →more likely to select a man for an important assignment
who Investigated whether knowing someone's sexual orientation affects perceptions about that person
Merritt and colleagues (2013)
A person's beliefs regarding the stereotype that outgroup members hold about their group are considered
Meta-stereotypes
External Stressors
Microaggressions, bullying, violence, & job discrimination
Subtle form of prejudice that is only expressed when the individual believes it is easily rationalizable and seems not to be related to racism/prejudice is considered
Modern-Symbolic Racism/Prejudice
Contemporary Prejudice is
Modern-symbolic Aversive Ambivalent
When cognitive control resources are depleted
More likely to rely on or use prejudice More likely to use stereotypes in descriptions
what were the results of the Fast Friends Simulation study
More positive attitudes (pre to post test) Increased feelings of interpersonal closeness
is our motivation "Accuracy-oriented" or "expectancy-confirming"
Most people perceive in an "expectancy-confirming" manner
who created the IAT
Nosek, Banaji, and Greenwald (1998)
what was the DV of the Doleac & Stein (2013) study
Number of offers & $ offer for the Ipod
what were the results of the Wapman & Bell (2014) study
Only 15 percent of the children and 14 percent of the college students came up with the mom's-the-surgeon answer.
what were the results of the Attribution Value Model: DeJong (1980) study
Overweight (no Thyroid condition) Rate more negatively on self control measures Rated as less likeable
what were the results of the Kaiser & Miller (2001) study
Panel of 50% or fully prejudice: Fewer references to stereotypically feminine topics niceness, family Essays rated more negatively
what is the Adjective-Generation Technique
Participants generate adjectives on their own about a target group
what were the results of the Kleck & Strenta (1980) study
Participants in the facial scar condition reported more behavioral discrimination and negativity reported less eye contact Saw more tenseness in actions of confederate Felt that the other person was less talkative More patronizing responses
what was the IV of the Sechrist & Stangor (2002) study
Participants learn that • 81% agreed with racial attitudes (social support) OR • 19% agreed with their racial attitudes
who Examined how one's goals or motivation influence categorization and subtyping
Pendry & Macrae (1996)
criticisms of multiculturalism
Places too much emphasis on group differences Foster separatism
Group Relative deprivation includes
Prejudice Hostility towards outgroups
treatments for homosexuality included
Psychotherapy Aversive Conditions, Hormone Treatments Lobotomy
results of the Grofman & Muller (1973 study
RG & RD participants = support political violence for change
what were the results of the (Blanchard, Lilly, Vaugh, 1991) study
Racist remark → participant responded to Q's ins similar way Anti-racist remark → participant responded to Q's in a similar way
what was the DV of the Kaiser & Miller (2001) study
Ratings of essays, extent of conforming to stereotypes
what was the DV of the Merritt and colleagues (2013) study
Ratings of how masculine the performance was
Robbers Cave study (Sherif 1960's) is an example
Realistic Conflict Theory
limitations to self report questionnaire
Responses are restricted Participants don't always provide their true attitudes Social desirability bias
what is the DV of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 2
Score on the verbal ability task
what was the DV of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 1
Score on the verbal ability task
What factors influence social identity salience?
Self-categorization Threat to the Group Chronic Social Identities
DV of the Attribution Value Model: DeJong (1980) study
Self-control Measure of likeability
why do children categorize
Simplify the environment Make sense of the social world
Stereotype threat is more likely when...
Situation is important and tied to an individual's self-esteem Identity is closely tied with membership in a particular group The task/test is difficult
Factors related to reducing the negative effects of discrimination on outcomes?
Social Support Positive Role Models Positive Coping Techniques
Internalization of stereotypes across the lifetime is what theory
Stereotype Embodiment Theory
what was the IV of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 1
Stereotype Threat Condition (Diagnostic) or No Threat Condition (Non-diagnostic)
what is the IV of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 2
Stereotype Threat Condition (Race salience) Non-Threat condition
what were the results of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 1
Stereotype threat condition: White students scored higher than Black students No-threat condition There were no significant differences between students score by race
what are the results of the Steele & Aronson (1995) study 2
Stereotype threat condition: White students scored higher than Black students No-threat condition: There were no significant differences between students score by race
advantages of Physiological Measures
These physiological responses are not under conscious control Even when participants can attempt to control responses recording equipment can detect small changes
why are race, gender, and age the basic social categories
They are most immediate and obvious features
what study Sent resumes out in response to 1,800 job postings
Tilcsik (2011)
Underrepresentation of people of color in:
Undergraduate Level → STEM fields Doctoral Programs across fields
The purpose of the IAT
Uses word associations Measures social knowledge (social attitudes and beliefs)
what was the IV of the Doleac & Stein (2013) study
Varied race in photos provided in the ad
what was the DV of the Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) study
Verbal / Nonverbal behavior of interviewers
what as the IV of the Kaiser & Miller (2001) study
Were told panel was prejudiced men, 50% prejudiced men, men who were not prejudiced
in what study did White male participants (college students) acted as "interviewers"
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)
Can television influence attitudes towards certain groups?
Yes if characters are likeable and shown in positive light.
advantages of an experimental design
You have control over the situation Can assess cause and effect relationships
Relative Gratification Theory believes
Your ingroup is doing better than other groups
Assessing the body's responses to a particular stimulus is considered
a Physiological Measure
Group or organization whose central principles focus on hostility towards racial, ethnic, and religious minority groups is considered
a hate group
where did the Jena 6 case take place
a high school in Louisiana
what is the bogus pipeline
a phony lie-detector device that is sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questions
Prejudice against people with disabilities
ableism
who updated Piaget's theory to reflect research findings
aboud
what was the Tilcsik (2011) study measuring for
access discrimination
what component is prejudice
affective
treatment discrimination is
after hiring
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination based on age
ageism
which racist ideology Hold both positive and negative attitudes towards minority racial groups
ambivilant
if you are Isolating the cause and effect relationships by manipulating the variable(s) of interest then you are using what kind of study
an experimental design
if you manipulate variables that interest you, while other variables are kept under control then you are using what kind of study
an experimental design
according to aboud very young children have
anxiety about strangers
the Jena 6 case
as a response to racialized hate 6 black teenagers where on trial for beating a white classmate when the white classmates were hardly punished at all when they jumped multiple black students
what are the implicit categorizations children do
attractiveness, gender and age
which racist ideology experiences discomfort/uneasiness towards outgroup
aversive
which racist ideology support for social programs
aversive
a simplified speech register with exaggerated intonation. (primary vs. secondary)
baby talk
according to piaget at ages 7-10 children
begin to focus on own social group
what component is discrimination
behavioral
Changing behaviors in ways to disconfirm stereotypes to avoid discrimination
behavioral compensation
views of older adults as kind and views of older adults as dependent is considered
benevolent ageism
Protective paternalism is apart of
benevolent sexism
Romanticized view of women, Need and desire to protect women, and Patronizing is apart of
benevolent sexism
the societal stigmatization of bisexuals and bisexuality
binegativity
Overt, visible and intentional are what kind of discrimination
blatant
are attitudes examined using implicit or explicit levels
both
is ageism on actual or perceived age
can be both
The classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes is considered
categorization
biological sex matches gender identity and gender expression
cisgendered
what component is stereotypes
cognitive
what theory believes Prejudice is inevitable among children because they lack the skills necessary to view people as individuals
cognitive developmental theory
what theory is a contemporary approach to prejudice
cognitive developmental theory
Allocating privilege or disadvantage on the basis of the lightness or darkness of one's skin is considered
colorism
Homelessness, Substance abuse and Being overweight is seen as controllable or uncontrollable
controllable
IV of the Dasgupta & Rivera (2006) study
conversation with either a gay or heterosexual college student
how to reduce prejudice in children
cooperative learning educational intervention
Outward Bound Wilderness Training is an example of
cooperative learning in order to decrease prejudice
jigsaw classroom is an example of
cooperative learning in order to decrease prejudice
psychological disengagement and behavioral compensation are forms of
coping strategies
statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.
correlation coefficient
which method determines how well you can predict one variable from another
correlational
When it isn't ethical to manipulate a variable of interest like victims of domestic violence you use what kind of study
correlational design
When you can't manipulate the predictor variable because of naturally occurring groups like gender or age you use what kind of study
correlational design
assessing the relationship between two or more variables is what method
correlational method
Hidden; purposeful and malicious intent is what type of discrimination
covert
tokenism is a form of what discrimination
covert
what were the results of the Doleac & Stein (2013) study
dark skin hand= 20% fewer offers & $ offered was 12.5% less (compared to light skin hand)
according to piaget children ages 10-15
decline their self focus
when is comes to self report questionnaires what purpose does allowing for maximum privacy have
decreasing the influence of social desirability
when is comes to self report questionnaires what purpose does assuring anonymity have
decreasing the influence of social desirability
when is comes to self report questionnaires what purpose does using filler items have
decreasing the influence of social desirability
Psychologically detaching from or de-emphasizing the importance of certain domains/tasks where one could fail. Often includes
deidentifiction
A response or behavior that the researcher measures
dependent variable
Communal traits, or expressive traits include
desire to foster relationships, to be sensitive, and to get along with others
Individual is rewarded for behaving in a certain way
direct teaching
Differential treatment towards people based on their membership in a social category or group is considered
discrimination
if you are asking a participant how they would behave in a given situation you are most likely testing for
discrimination
social distant scale tests
discrimination
what is the behavioral component
discrimination
what is a limitation of cognitive behavioral theory
does not explain individual differences in prejudice
portrayal of women in media
emphasis on the whole body of women or even parts of women's bodies with less focus on the face
Two people who have the same qualifications, experience, education, dressed the same but only differ by race it considered
employment audit
what theory Claims that prejudice and discrimination are nearly inevitable
evolutionary theory
how do motivations develop
experiences in childhood
what are three research designs
experimental correlational meta-analysis
Social pressure from others to control prejudice is considered
external motivation
Greater facial prominence of depictions of men in the media
faceism
In the U.S. do children become aware of gender differences or racial/ethnic differences first
gender
what was the IV of the Pendry & Macrae (1996) study
goal given to participants
what was phase 2 of the Robbers Cave study study
groups competed against each other in sporting events; during this phase they were competing for "scarce resources" (money, pocket knives)
what is the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE)
hard work leads to success
Evidence of anti-gay prejudice
hate crimes
cultural belief that heterosexuality is the norm
heteronormativity
societal hostility towards and discrimination against non-heterosexual individuals
heterosexism
access discrimination is
hiring
ambivalent sexism involves
hostile and benevolent sexism
Belief in traditional gender roles and Exploitation of women (e.g., sex objects) are apart of
hostile sexism
Dominant paternalism is apart of
hostile sexism
Justification of male dominance & power is apart of
hostile sexism
intersectionality is considered
how social categories are interconnected
what were the limitations of the doll technique
how the questions are phrased implies that there is a mean doll and a nice doll (prejudice built into the questions) Forces choice; children have to pick one doll (no middle ground)
what was the DV of Pendry & Macrae (1996) study
how they categorized the women in the video
overestimating the association between variables that are in fact only weakly correlated or not correlated at all is considered
illusory correlation
Indirect measures of attitude, beliefs, and behavior are
implicit measures
when interacting with a member of an outgroup, stereotypes and attitudes (prejudice) are activated unconsciously this is
implicit prejudice
A variable the researcher directly manipulates to determine its influence on behavior
independent variable
a group we identify with and belong to is considered
ingroup
tendency to favor, have positive feelings (affect) toward, and attribute more positive characteristics to one's ingroup is
ingroup bias or favoritism
belief that older persons are like children, because of their perceived inferior mental and physical ability.
initilization
Holocaust, Genocide, Race relations in the United States, Northern Ireland (Protestant/Catholic) are examples of
intergroup conflict
Personal beliefs that prejudice is wrong is considered
internal motivation
what are the three types of discrimination
interpersonal organizational institutional
categories have a strong influence on our _______ of other information about a target person
interpretation
how social categories are interconnected is considered
intersectionality
what was the DV of the Tilcsik (2011) study
invitation to interview or not?
if one group has privilege that that means the other
is disadvantaged
overt prejudice in which older people are regarded as worthless and predicts overt, explicit ageism is considered
malignant ageism
Unpredictability, Dangerous and Beliefs of Controllability are stereotypes of
mental illness
Investigating large-scale patterns beyond the scope of individual experiments is considered
meta-analysis
Quantitative approach for systematically combining results of previous research to arrive at conclusions about the body of research is considered
meta-analysis
Synthesizing results once a large body of work has been conducted is considered
meta-analysis
A group of people standing in line at a bus stop is a
minimum group paradigm
Assigning individuals to group based on T-shirt color is a
minimum group paradigm
Groups formed on arbitrary or random criteria are
minimum group paradigm
People who dip french fries in ketchup is a
minimum group paradigm
denial of discrimination against women is apart of
modern sexism
hostility toward equality for women is apart of
modern sexism
unsupportive of programs and legislation designed to help women is apart of
modern sexism
what Predicts subtle or covert sexism
modern sexism
a Belief in Egalitarian Values belongs to which racist view
modern symbolic
a Belief that discrimination no longer a problem belongs to which racist view
modern symbolic
which racist view believes in the PWE
modern symbolic
which racist view is Less likely to support affirmative action & similar programs
modern symbolic
Women with higher gender identity and higher degree of personal activism in reducing sexism are more or less likely to confront a sexist individual
more
do Heterosexuals have more or less negative attitudes toward bisexuals than Lesbian/Gay individuals
more
what were the results of the Doll Technique (Clark & Clark, 1947) study
most children preferred a white doll
processes that energize and direct behavior toward a goal
motivation
Give attention to race, ethnicity, and culture Appreciate diversity, celebrate differences
multiculturalism
prejudice is considered
negative attitudes directed towards an individual or people simply because they are members of a particular social group
if people have group privilege are they usually aware that they have it
no
is the process of categorization a slow over time thing
no it is fast and basically automatic
DV of the Dasgupta & Rivera (2006) study
non verbal behaviors
what measure represents true attitudes
none
when was the term race used
not until the 1600's
good research must be
objective well controlled replicated
Imitating attitudes or behavior
observational learning
characterized by endorsement of traditional gender roles
old fashioned sexism
differential treatment of women and men is apart of the beliefs in
old fashioned sexism
what predicts overt sexism
old fashioned sexism
how you will define and measure a variable is considered an
operational definition
how does prejudice grow
out of a lack of personal, positive contact among members of different groups
a group with which we do not identify is considered
outgroup
belief that members of outgroups are more similar to each other ("they all look alike") is
outgroup homogeneity
a type of behavior by younger individual toward older persons, in which the younger person is overly polite and speaks louder and in simpler sentences is considered
over accommodation
who is the most influential on children
parents
who are childrens influences
parents peers media
initilization is considered
patronizing behavior
baby talk is also
patronizing language
what were the results of the Levy, Slade, Kunkel, Kasl (2003) study
people with more positive self-perceptions of aging lived 7.5 years longer
who was the first psychologist to address prejudice in children
piaget
negative attitudes directed towards an individual or people simply because they are members of a particular social group is considered
prejudice
what is the affective component
prejudice
what did the Doll technique: Clark & Clark (1947) study measure
prejudice among children
Psychologically detaching from or de-emphasizing the importance of certain domains/tasks where one could fail. Often includes Deidentification
psychological disengagement
Historically what term wasn't used in the English language until the 1600's
race
Central points for developing stereotypes are
race gender and age
what are the primary categories for judgement
race gender and age
what was the IV of the Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) study
race of interviewee
basic social categories include
race, gender, and age
why do people join hate groups
racial attitudes looking for answers
what was the IV of the (Blanchard, Lilly, Vaugh, 1991) study
racist response, anti-racist response, neutral response
what was the DV of the Macrae, Bodenhausen, and Milne (1995) study
reaction time to stereotypic words
after suppressing stereotypic thoughts for a period of time, the stereotypic thought will return in greater strength
rebound effect
what was the IV of the Tilcsik (2011) study
referenced volunteering for gay organization or not
When individuals try to control their prejudices, but end up expressing these prejudices
regressive prejudice
Comparison to one's own past or to other people is
relative deprivation theory
what theory believes Women evaluated more negatively once they're in leadership role compared to men
role congruity theory
what theory believes that women → less success than men in leadership roles
role congruity theory
in the Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) study When interviewing black applicants, the interviewers:
sat further away made more speech errors terminated the interview sooner
according to piaget at ages 4-7 children are
self centered
what is the most popular method of assessing prejudiced attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination in psychology
self-report questionnaire
what was phase 1 of Robbers Cave study (Sherif 1960's) study
separated the boys into groups ("Eagles" and "Rattlers"); team building, ingroup bonding
Prejudice directed towards an individual due to their sexual orientation (non-heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship or community)
sexual prejudice
what was the result of phase two of the robbers cave study
showed hostility towards the outgroup (prejudice and stereotyping), other group was "sneaky"
what influences categorization
situation level of prejudice
why do we have a tendency to look for correlations
so we can expect and predict future events
is race a social or biological category
social
ability is considered a
social category
age is considered a
social category
class is considered a
social category
gender identity is considered a
social category
race/ethnicity is considered a
social category
sexual orientation is considered a
social category
Identification with a group that's been incorporated into the self concept is considered
social identity
direct teaching, observational learning and vicarious learning are forms of
social learning theory
general rules about conduct/behavior and attitudes that are established by society or groups are considered
social norms
Base what we think are characteristics of individuals, on the roles they play is
social role theory
implicit prejudice is influenced by
socialization in early childhood
are people who join hate groups recruited by strangers or someone they trust
someone they trust
a correlation coefficient is a
statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.
Skills, characteristics that are viewed as being necessary for particular jobs and are also stereotypically associated with certain groups are considered
stereotype fit
Performance boost that arises from the belief that an outgroup is inferior to one's own
stereotype lift
Trying to push unwanted thoughts out of the mind and replacing them with other more acceptable thoughts
stereotype suppression
Beliefs about characteristics, attributes, or behaviors of members of a particular group are
stereotypes
what is the cognitive component
stereotypes
Historical accounts of start of the gay rights movement in the 1960's
stonewall uprising
Unpleasant state of arousal that arises when we perceive that the demands of an event threaten our ability to cope effectively
stress
Less obvious/visible and can be unintentional are what kind of discrimination
subtle
microaggressions are a form of what kind of discrimination
subtle
Patronizing language is considered
subtle discrimination
Process whereby a new category is created to accommodate stereotype-inconsistent members of a group about which on holds negative stereotypes
subtyping
what is motivational of the rebound effect
suppressing a stereotype creates a need to use that stereotype
what is the cognitive effect of the rebound effect
suppressing thoughts takes cognitive effort, depletes cognitive resources and eventually suppression fails
Agentic traits include
task orientation, assertiveness, and a striving for achievement
what is the priming of the rebound effect
telling someone to suppress certain thoughts actually primes them to think about those exact thoughts
Differential treatment of white versus black students by the criminal justice system shown at a high school in Louisiana is
the Jena 6 case
Artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing in their organization into upper management positions
the glass ceiling
'quick promotion' of men in traditionally female fields
the glass escalator
as a response to racialized hate 6 black teenagers where on trial for beating a white classmate when the white classmates were hardly punished at all when they jumped multiple black students
the jena 6 case
race, gender, and age are considered
the primary categories for judgement
presenting oneself and one's attitudes as very positive, in order to give the most socially acceptable attitude/behavior, even if it deviates from one's true attitudes is considered
the social desirability bias
are stereotypes positive or negative
they can be either
what is a major reason for workplace discrimination
tokenism or symbolic diversity
negative attitudes towards transgender individuals
transphobia
Race and Certain medical conditions or disabilities are seen as controllable or uncontrollable
uncontrollable
how can discrimination manifest
verbal physical denial of opportunity
Observing someone else being rewarded for a behavior
vicarious learning
what was the IV of the Macrae, Bodenhausen, and Milne (1995) study
video context
what is the most common hate group
white supremacy
what is the most common form of racism in the us
workplace discrimination
can children categorize ieven if they cannot verbalize
yes
can different measured predict different behaviors
yes
can their be multiple operational definition for each variable
yes
do views on race and social groups change over time
yes
does one's age categorization changes throughout one's life
yes
is it ideal to use different measures within a study
yes
what were the results of the Sechrist & Stangor (2002) study
•Low prejudice → sat closer •High prejudice → sat further away •Social Support: For high prejudice students ONLY •Perceived agreement w/ their attitudes → sat even further away
