Psy 350 Ch.2

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as: a. A meta-analysis b. A review journal article c. An empirical journal articled. d. A chapter in an edited book e. A PsychWiki

a. A meta-analysis

Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article? a. Introduction b. Results c. References d. Abstract e. Method

d. Abstract

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? a. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. b. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. c. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. d. Behavioral research requires multiple studies to be convincing. e. All of the above apply.

d. Behavioral research requires multiple studies to be convincing.

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as: a. The pop-up principle b. Availability heuristic c. Cherry-picking of evidence d. Confirmatory hypothesis testing e. Overconfidence

d. Confirmatory hypothesis testing

Where do you find PsycINFO in the UB library? a. under databases b. under journals c. in the card catelog d. none of the other answers are correct

a. under databases

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? a. Asked her friends to answer her question in anonymous multiple-choice format b. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person c. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past d. Asked all her friends the same question again in another 6 months e. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies

b. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article? a. Abstract b. Outcomes c. Participants d. Discussion e. Procedure

b. Outcomes

James is asked about what is the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made A's. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made A's and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of: a. Oversimplification bias b. Availability heuristic c. Present/present bias d. Asking biased questions e. Cherry-picking evidence

c. Present/present bias

What use is Ulrichsweb database for scientists and other people to use to advance research and understanding? a. it assesses the quality of editor reviews on textbooks and other full length books. b. it can search the anthropology abstracts c. nothing, it accesses and searches a large number of periodicals but not scholarly journals. d. it can help determine if a journal uses peer review processes.

d. it can help determine if a journal uses peer review processes.

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," which section should you read first? a. Abstract b. Introduction c. Method d. Results e. Discussion

a. Abstract

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? a. Cherry-picking of evidence b. Availability heuristic c. Fourth cell reasoning d. Overconfidence e. All of the above are examples of "thinking what we want"

a. Cherry-picking of evidence

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: a. Confound b. Alternative c. Confederate d. Secondary explanation e. None of the above

a. Confound

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? a. The pop-up principle b. Cherry-picking of evidence c. Confirmatory hypothesis testing d. Overconfidence e. None of the above

a. The pop-up principle

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are: a. Thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think b. The present-present bias and the confederate bias c. Probabilistic thinking and nonintuitive thinking d. Overconfidence bias and oversimplification bias e. None of the above

a. Thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. b. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. c. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. d. Vanessa cannot make the claim about sleeping better to music because she has not asked a psychologist. e. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.

a. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

The problem with the pop-up principle is which of the following? a. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. b. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. c. It keeps us from examining our own experience. d. We will never be right in our conclusions. e. None of the above is the problem with the pop-up principle.

a. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read? a. What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument? b. What were the methods? and What are the results? c. What is the hypothesis? and What are the explanations? d. What research exists on this topic? and What research needs to be conducted to answer the question? e. None of the above

a. What is the argument? and What is the evidence to support the argument?

Which of the following is NOT an example of "thinking what we want"? a. Cherry-picking of evidence b. Availability heuristic c. Confirmatory hypothesis testing d. Overconfidence e. All of the above are examples of "thinking what we want"

b. Availability heuristic

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first? a. Because it is the shortest section b. Because it provides an overview of the article c. Because it appears first in the paper d. Because it is written by the journal's editor e. Because it appears in PsycINFO

b. Because it provides an overview of the article

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion e. References

b. Method

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus, Dr. Darian, an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice? a. His recommendations are based on techniques that have worked for his students. b. His recommendations are based on the techniques that helped him get into graduate school. c. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation. d. His recommendations are similar to what you knew before you came to the talk. e. None of the above should make you less skeptical of his advice.

c. His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation.

Looking for which of the following in a trade book will give you a hint as to its scientific rigor? a. Its cost b. The number of pages c. The number of references d. The number of authors e. Its year of publication

c. The number of references

Which statement below is true for Empirical Research Journal articles? a. Enough information is provided in the publication to allow the reader to critically evaluate of empirical data and theoretical reasoning b. these publications provide the best most complete description of the scientific research and information that is derived from scientific research. c. all of the other answers are true d. the authors thinking is inspected by other content experts who are scientists in the peer-review process

c. all of the other answers are true

What is one difference between publications in scholarly journals and edited books? a. All of the other answer are true b. the reader can apply critical evaluation to only one publication type c. only one undergoes peer-review vetting processes before publication d. one one provides publications that summarize and review the empirical research literature

c. only one undergoes peer-review vetting processes before publication

Controlled studies are superior to personal experience because: a. They include at least one comparison group b. They avoid confounds c. They use confederates d. Both a and b e. All of the above

d. Both a and b

How are scholarly journals and edited books SIMILAR? a. none of the other answers are correct b. Both are widely and frequently used by scientist and other consumers to improve their knowledge c. both undergo rigorous PEER-REVIEW processes before publication. d. Both provide similar levels of detail in reasoning.

d. Both provide similar levels of detail in reasoning.

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion e. References

d. Discussion

Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? a. The study is in a prestigious magazine. b. The study has been replicated. c. The study did not properly define cell phone use. d. Science is probabilistic. e. Science is based on empiricism.

d. Science is probabilistic.

Where do psychological scientists commonly publish their work? a. Edited books b. Popular magazine c. Scientific journals d. both a and c e. All of the above

d. both a and c

Which of the following has the sections of an empirical journal article in the correct order? a. References, abstract, Discussion, Method, Results b. Introduction, Results, Discussion, Method, references c. Introduction, Discussion, Method, Results, abstract d. Abstract, references, introduction, Results, Discussion e. Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, references

e. Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, references

Which of the following is a downside to using a wiki to conduct psychological research? a. Their coverage of a topic is not necessarily comprehensive. b. The page may not include references. c. The page may include incorrect information. d. A page may not have content that is specific to psychology. e. All of the above are downsides.

e. All of the above are downsides.

Which of the following can be said of most authorities? a. They do not cherry-pick evidence. b. They do not base their opinions on their own experience. c. They do not base their opinions on their intuition. d. They base their conclusions only on well-conducted research. e. None of the above can be said.

e. None of the above can be said.