Psy 354 final cards
morphemes
The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or a grammatical function. For example, truck consists of a number of phonemes but only one morpheme, because none of the components that create the word truck means anything.
Zeitgeist means:
The spirit of the times
What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?
The study of human consciousness
Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?
The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete
Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?
The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete.
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.
The uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
The uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
hich of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?
The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement
Intellectual level
The examiner took the highest year for which all five items had been successfully passed as the base, then added 1/5 of a year for each subsequent correct answer to compute the child's intellectual level. Children with intellectual level is more than two years behind their ages be seriously considered for special education.
The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:
The fall of the Roman Empire
Thorndike
The first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior was done by
Clever Hans
The horse that could supposedly count
Positivism
The idea that knowledge can only be derived from direct observation would be known as
What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?
The importance of subjective experience
What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?
The importance of subjective experience.
William Stern
The individual who came up with the idea of a ratio setting mental age over chronological age to created an IQ was
According to kant, our phenomenological experience results from:
The interaction between sensations and the categories of thought
Object constancy
The knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they're not within immediate sensory awareness
What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?
The laws of association
semantics
The meanings of words and sentences.
What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind?
The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.
Reflection
The mirroring back to the client the substance of what he or she just said using different words
inhibition
The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was
What was true of Comte's proposed Utopian society?
The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized
Kant and helmholtz agreed that:
The perceiver transforms what the senses provide
Sensory motor stage
The period from birth to approximately age 2. Child's intelligence during this period involves basic sensory and motor activities and has nothing to do with abstract thought in the adult sense
c. lexical ambiguity
The phrases "First National Bank" and "river bank" illustrate ___. a. balanced dominance b. biased dominance c. lexical ambiguity d. the word frequency effect
According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?
The principle of falsifiability
Intelligence quotient
The ratio of mental age to chronological age
coherence in texts
The representation of a text or story in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text or story is related to information in another part.
animals learned constantly
The results of an experiment run by tolman and honzik indicate
syntax
The rules for combining words into sentences.
b. temporal
The savant syndrome is often associated with damage to the anterior ___ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. frontal d. parietal
Two point threshold
The smallest distance between two point of stimulation where they are experienced as two separate points instead of one.
A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.
reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. This belief was called:
recapitulation theory
Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?
recapitulation theory
In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as:
reciprocal antagonism
Neural network systems have been most successful at:
recognizing patterns and objects
Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:
reduce uncertainty
Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n):
reductionist
Kurt Goldstein
referred to the tendency to maintain integrity and wholeness in the face of injury as a motive toward achieving 'self-actualization' in his studies with brain-injured soldiers.
Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.
regression toward the mean
Galton used the concept of ________ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.
regression toward the mean
Humanistic psychologists:
reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal
If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be:
reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal
Immature religion
religious attachment adopted largely for self-aggrandizing reason; it is unreflective, literal-minded, bigoted, and intolerant of other beliefs
According to your text, the mind-body problem:
remains one of psychology's persistent problems
According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.
remembering; recall
Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.
repressed; expressed
While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:
resistance
For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.
respondent; operant
By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:
retention curve
Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate:
retroactive inhibition
According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated.
reverberating neural activity
galton
revised his position on intelligence by saying that the potential for high intelligence is inherited but that it must be nurtured by a proper environment
terman
revised the binet-simon scale for intelligence into the stanford-binet test
rise of psycho-physiological research
sciences depended on the accurate observation of their content
The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:
scientific psychology
According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:
scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"
Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the:
second-signal system
According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology and psychology are inexact sciences because their ___ are not understood
secondary laws
At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the:
seduction theory
In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:
seek to improve the human condition
Eugenics
selective breeding - Galton
According to James, all of the following were components of the empirical self except:
self as a knower
When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing:
self-alienation
James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.
self-esteem
Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?
self-psychology
According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain.
sensation
According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain:
sensation
fechner's formula
sensation= constant log stimulus this means that for sensations to rise arithmetically, stimuli must rise geometrically
What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?
sensations, feelings, and convention
According to Muller we are directly aware of
sensory impulses.
According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:
sentiments
In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n):
set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted
According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:
seven +/- two
Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
she was a woman
Yerkes believed that immigration ____.
should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused
Rate of Nerve Conduction
showed that nerve impulses are measurable and fairly slow - Helmholtz
In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society.
skepticism; cynicism
According to Thorndike, schools should teach:
skills that will be useful to students when they leave school.
Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:
social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
social Darwinism- individual organism, species, political systems, and entire societies are alike in their tendency to evolve from relatively simple entities into complex ones
Solomon Asch
social conformity: showed that the tendency to conform was not confined to atypical individuals but was perhaps a universal inclination influenced by powerful situational factors. Asch Line Experiment
According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable:
social interest
expertise
somebody who has a great deal of highly organized domain-specific knowledge, where a domain is a network of knowledge, such as chess, mathematics, or music.
The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.
species-specific behavior
In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:
the behavioristic movement
spencer
the best policy for a government to follow is a laissez-faire policy that provides for free competition among citizens
Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.
the consciousness
According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.
the daimonic
nature-nurture controversy
the debate over the extent to which important attributes are inherited or learned
Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.
the development of opposites
Copernicus argued that:
the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory)
Alfred Russel Wallace
thought of a new theory of evolution, wrote it up and sent it to Darwin. Darwin read this proof and saw a brief outline of his own theory. There was much debate on who's theor willbe used .
According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n):
thought of an environmental object
To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:
three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors
Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:
thrownness
In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ________ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ________.
tongue/middle of the back
William Wundt
took the work of helmholtz, weber, and fechner and synthesized it into a unfield field of study organized around a particular study led to the first laboratory in psych first school in psych Voluntarism- focused on will, choice, purpose
In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized:
traditional associationism
James Esdaile
trained his assistants to mesmerize patients before their operations and became the first person to use mesmeric anesthesia on a large scale.
Joseph Delboeuf
visited the Salpetriere to conclude that not only magnetic effects but also the entire enactments of grand hypnotisme were the results of patients with great investment in their roles
Eleanor Jack Gibson
visual cliff- a platform with a transparent glass floor Her studies suggested that depth perception occurs even in extremely young subjects who lack the sorts of experiences that Helmholtz believed were necessary for learning the major premises involved in unconscious inference.
According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of:
volitional processes
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:
voluntarism
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:
voluntarism.
binet
wanted to directly measure the complex mental operations thought to be involved in intelligence
Max Wertheimer
wanted to study the optical illusion of apparent movement: the perception of continuous motion that occurs when observing a succession of slightly varying still images (phi phenomenon) -
law of forward
was discovered by Charles Bell
James Braid
was the first to define hypnotism as the practice of inducing a mesmeric trance.
Lashley's search for the engram:
was unsuccessful
Skinners Reinforcement Theory
we do what we get rewarded to do. We decide what is a reward, Rewards work better than punishments.
When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:
were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success
Which of the following is not one of the themes that describe functionalist ideas?
were opposed to study of animals and children
Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:
what does not kill me, makes me stronger
Law of contiguity
what you do last in a situation is what you will tend to do if the situation recurs Timing between behavior you are trying to change and consequences Gunthrie
Insightful learning occurs:
when an organism weighs all the options for problem solving through experience
Philosophy began:
when logos replaced mythos
peak experiences
when suddenly the world is perceived in a new and appreciative way
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
why
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
why
The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:
will
For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:
world-design
According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child?
worldview - guiding fictions - lifestyle
Helmholtz found that when individual with normal sight wore distorted lenses they:
would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally.
d. situation is to preconceptions
The water jug problem is to the candle problem as ___. a. the two-string problem is to functional fixedness b. functional fixedness is to the two-string problem c. preconceptions is to situation d. situation is to preconceptions
For Nietzsche, The most basic motive for human behavior was:
The will to power
According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):
conditions of worth
binet
conducted research on hypnotism but the results were due to poor experimental control
Roberts Bartholow
connected his needles o a mild electrical supply and stimulated the exposed surface, producing involuntary muscular contractions on the opposite side of the body. Sadly, he killed a patient when he pushed a needle too deep.
Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:
connectionism
In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:
conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts
Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:
consequences
Vladimir M. Bechterev
extended Pavlov's technique to study muscular responses such as the withdrawal of a dogs paw when electric shock was administered as the unconditioned stimulus.
phrenology
extension of faculties of thought to the structure of brain and the assumed subsequent effect on the shape of the skull developed by gall, popularized by Spurzheim
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur
extinction
If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.
extinction
The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:
faculty psychology and the mind-body problem
Elizabeth Loftus
false memories: memories for events that had not occurred, could be deliberately created. Devised a scenario for a hypothetical childhood event that would have been mildly traumatic and memorable but without lasting negative consequences. Found that the subjects "remembered" the false story with somewhat less clarity than true ones but accepted it anyway and provided further details and embellishments such as describing the rescuers clothes.
Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:
family resemblance
The Jonah complex refers to the:
fear of one's own success
Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:
feelings of pleasure and pain
Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:
first-signal system
sociobiology
fitness is determined by how successful one is at perpetuation one's genes but not necessarily how successful one is at producing offspring
Kelly called his approach to treatment:
fixed-role therapy
physiological needs
food, shelter, whose lack of satisfaction is physically catastrophic for the individual
Seligman has found that:
for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others
Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first
forensic psychologists
Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first:
forensic psychologists
spearman
found that measures of sensory acuity correlate highly among themselves but they also correlate highly with cleverness in school
terman
found that the common expression "early ripe, early rot" was not accurate
cattell
founded the first psychology lab designed for undergraduate students
Morton Prince
founded the journal of abnormal psych. and social psych.
May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:
free
According to Vaihinger, the fiction of ____ is at the heart of such concepts as morality and jurisprudence.
freedom
Hebb's rule is based on associative laws of ____ and ____.
frequency; contiguity
Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:
function of the mind
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional
According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:
functional.
Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should
furnish practical knowledge
Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:
furnish practical knowledge
Condillac felt that Locke:
gave the mind unnecessary innate powers
Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):
general impression
selective breeding
general intelligence of people can be improved by encouraging the mating of bright people and discouraging the mating of people who are less bright
In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:
generalization
In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:
generalization.
According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:
genetic influences
Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise:
geometrically
The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:
gifted children became gifted adults
According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:
gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others
wilhelm wundt
goals: understand basic elements of thought, and the laws that govern the development of complex thought wundt stressed the idea that selective attention or volition (concept of will) was a major variable in psych
Lashley's work:
gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists
What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?
great-person approach
According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?
habit
Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.
habit strength
Handbook of Psychobiography
has guidelines for the responsible writing of psychobiography, including appropriate examples with case studies of several prominent psychologists, as well as figures from the arts and politics.
Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:
has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior
well-defined problems
have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions
Gordon Allport
he and his brother wrote an article about personality traits: the habitual patterns of behavior temperament, intelligence, sociality, and emotion that differentiate one person from another. Declared the outstanding characteristic of humans is their individuality
Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:
he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number
Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:
he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics
how did guthrie account for forgetting
he belived that it is resulted from replacement of an old memory with a new one
Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth?
he made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children
Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because:
he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany
Hobbes' theory of human motivation was
hedonistic
According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it
helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life
Jose Custodio de Faria
highly skeptical of general magnetic theory. Demonstrated these states could be induced without the use of a magnet. He showed the secret of mesmeric phenomena lay not in the mysterious powers of the operator but in the predispositions and susceptibilities of the subjects.
spearman
his conception of intelligence was embraced by the new testing movement in the US
Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:
his daughters
darwin
his ideas gave birth to a uniquely American type of psychology - a psychology that emphasizes individual differences and their measurement, the adaptive value of thoughts and behavior, and the study of animal behavior
The allegory of the cave demonstrates:
how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance
May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:
human dilemma
darwin
humans differ from other animals only in degree; much can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals
Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:
humans do not share the same ideas
Watson's final position on instincts was that
humans have no instincts
According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n):
hypothesis
Jean-Martin Charcot
hysteria: variety of symptoms that superficially resembled the effects of organic neurological disorders. But unlike ordinary neurological symptoms, these seemed to have no underlying organic issues and violated known facts about the nervous system. Worked in the Salpetriere until hypnotism was shown to be a fraud.
According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.
id
According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:
identification with the aggressor
Norman Triplett
noticed bike racers went faster when head-to-head than when competing against themselves in individual time trials. Identified either social enhancement or inhibition of performance in children when given the task of winding fishing reels.
Tolman believed that organisms (including humans) learn by:
observing what leads to what in the environment
According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:
of the remnants of sensory experiences
Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:
of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology
Spencer
offspring inherit the cumulative associations its ancestors learned; inheritance of acquired associations
galton
offspring of illustrious individuals were far more likely to be illustrious than were the offspring of non illustrious individuals
darwin
one of the earliest conflicts with the church was the age of the earth
galton
one of the first to study mental imagery; continuum: some people have no imagination and some have a great ability
By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that:
one's mind exists apart from the Absolute
According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found:
only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason
According to Bacon, science should utilize:
only the direct observation of nature
Operant Behavior
operant behavior is controlled by its consequences and not elicited by known stimulation -Skinner
B. F. Skinner
operant conditioning: organisms act on or operate on their environments and then encounter various consequences for their actions. Contingencies of reinforcement: the specific conditions under which the responses were reinforced or not with food pellets. Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule Fixed-ration reinforcement variable-interval reinforcement Variable-ration reinforcement
If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n):
operational definition
Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:
operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events
According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.
organismic valuing process
Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.
original law of effect
If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory.
overdetermined
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
overt behavior
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
paired-associate
What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
passions
Nietzsche believed that:
people are their own creation
McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three?
perception, behavior and emotion.
Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary.
perception; apperception
Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.
performance
For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____.
performance; learning
The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more:
personal
What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct?
personal feelings
Anna Freud beleived that the superego develops in the ___ stage, while Klein believed it delopes in the ___ stage
phallic, oral
Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.
phallic; oral
For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.
phenomenological experience
To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:
phenomenological methods
Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:
philosopher-kings
Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called:
phrenology
Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded
phrenology
Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.
phrenology
What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?
physical monism
With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):
physical monist
The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:
physicalism
Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order?
physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization
What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century?
physiology
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):
physis
According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of:
pleasantness-unpleasantness
Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:
pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain
Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:
polar opposites
Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:
positivism
Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"?
postmodernism
The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives.
postmodernist
Sechenov:
postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain
Sechenov
postulated that both overt and covert behavior(mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain
Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?
Sumner
For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are
Supermen
c. Broca's aphasia
Suppose a patient said the following: "Uh...I...the...tub and...h..h..hot." Such an utterance would be consistent with ___. a. either Wernicke's or Broca's aphasia b. Wenicke's aphasia c. Broca's aphasia d. neither Wernicke's nor Broca's aphasia
d. The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.
Suppose we read that "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk." Which of the following would NOT indicate instrument interference from this sentence? a. Shakespeare probably used a quill pen and definitely not a computer. b. Shakespeare likely wrote on a wooden rather than a metal desk. c. By writing Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote a play. d. The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.
c. specific element is to underlying principle
Surface feature is to structural feature as ___. a. source problem is to analogical transfer b. analogical transfer is to source problem c. specific element is to underlying principle d. underlying principle is to specific element
c. similarities ; in a conversation
Syntactic priming emphasizes the ___ with respect to sentences spoken ___. a. uniqueness ; in a conversation b. uniqueness ; by one person c. similarities ; in a conversation d. similarities ; by one person
True
T/F Based on his work with the "thought meter" Wundt believed that internal cognitive processes could be studied
True
T/F Watson discussed language, speech, and thinking as if the were just additional simple behaviors.
J.E. Wallace Wallin
Tempted to Delineate The exact nature of clinical psychology, the aims of clinical work, the kinds of cases clinical psychologist could handle, and how clinical psychology was different from other closely related professions
Personnel selection
Test that would match workers aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs
Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?
Thales
Hobbes believed in which of the following/
That democracy was dangerous
Which of the following did Burt believe?
The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.
Why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?
The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry
What did Galton find about mental imagery?
The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.
Psychotechnics
The application of psychology to business and industry.
information processing
The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages.
a. letters are affected by their surroundings
The basic premise behind word superiority is ___. a. letters are affected by their surroundings b. knowledge of meaning helps to fill in the blanks c. knowledge of the meanings of words in a language and knowledge of other characteristics help create speech segmentation d. the context provided by the surrounding words aids in the perception of a word.
d. many ideas precede a finished creative product
The basic premise of preinventive forms particularly presumes that ___. a. genetics and intelligence predominantly predetermine creative behavior b. one is especially creative during periods of mental illness c. group brainstorming is necessary for creativity d. many ideas precede a finished creative product
positivism
The belief that knowledge comes from empirical evidence only is called
Projecting human attributes onto nature is called:
anthropomorphism
According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?
anxiety and responsibility
Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.
anxiety; guilt
Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?
anything natural is good
According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:
anything of which a person was aware at any given moment
What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?
anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:
apparent movement
The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:
apperceived
social darwinism
application of Spencer's notion of the survival of the fittest to society
Münsterberg's efforts did much to create:
applied psychology
Within psychology in the U.S., interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.
applied psychology
spencer
applied the notion of evolution to everything
When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?
approach-avoidance conflict
Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.
are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance
darwin
argued that human emotions are remnants of animal emotions that had once been necessary for survival
Max Wertheimer
argued that the most important kind of learning does not occur by the gradual and laborious trial and error but but flashes of insight.
Dan McAdams
argues that an individual life can be most profitably aproached and conceptualized at three separate but complementary levels. 1st emphasizes the person's standing on the broad, relatively stable dispositional traits 2nd considers more particularized characteristic adaptations 3rd level explores the individuals integrative life story
William Paley
argument from design- according to this man, the marvelously complicated organs of various species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have been designed as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator.
Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined to form the field of:
artificial intelligence (AI)
Ebbinghaus was the first to study learning and memory:
as they occur
According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:
assimilate the doctrine of evolution
Rosalie Rayner
assisted Watson in the study of little Albert. Eventually married Watson
Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ________ by philosophers and psychologists.
associationism
Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:
attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the:
attentional processes
wechsler
average score on his test was set at 100, and higher and lower performances were evaluated against deviations from that standard
NETtalk exemplifies the type of neural network that utilizes:
back-propagation
J.S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is
basically wrong
Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:
be free of any preconceptions
According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:
be perceived
natural selection
because more members of a species are born than environmental resources can support, nature selects those with characteristics most conducive to survival under the circumstances, which allows them to reproduce
galton
because sensory acuity is mainly a function of natural endowment, intelligence is inherited
Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:
behaviorist
According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as:
being-beyond-the-world
mature religion
belief in spiritual reality while simultaneously accepting an inevitable unknowableness and mystery regarding ultimate questions. It encourages humility, self-questioning, and tolerance for the viewpoints of others.
binet
believed inheritance places an upper limit on one's intellectual abilities but that almost everyone functions below their potential
Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Han's phenomenon
The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:
Clever Hans phenomenon
Henry Goddard
Coined the term moron. What is director of research at the training school for the feebleminded in Vineland New Jersey.
Ladd-Franklin' vision theory
Color vision involved 3 stages: Achromatic vision, then blue green, then red green, more accurate
According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is:
Compatible with the imperceptive mass
Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA)
Conducted by Thomas Bouchard , identifies and closely studied a total of 81 monozygotic and 56 dizygotic twin pairs who had been reared in separate families
binet
believed intelligence is not a single ability but several; reflects faculty psychology
burt
believed it was fruitless to try to raise a student's intellectual ability through remedial educational programs
Thomas Malthus
believed most humans are destined to live in poverty because their capacity to increase population greatly exceeds their capacity to increase food production.
burt
believed students of high native intellectual ability should be provided with ore challenging educational opportunities than students with low native intellectual ability
binet
believed that everyone could grow intellectually if properly stimulated
hollingworth
believed that women reach positions of prominence less often than males not because of intellectual inferiority, but because of the social roles assigned to them
darwin
believes that evolution just happens; there is no direction or purpose involved
Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:
conceptualism
cattell
concluded that intelligence was about 65% genetically determined
stern
introduced the term mental age
The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:
introversion and extroversion
galton
invented weather map; suggested fingerprints could be used for personal identification; studied composite portraiture or the creation of new faces based on combining multiple photographs
Idiographic methods
investigate and describe what it is that makes a give person unique, an approach that is more qualitative than quantitative
Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.
memory process; memory trace
Christiana Morgan
collaborated with Murray and had an extramarital love affair with each other until she died.
Ewald Hering
color afterimages-when you stared at a stimulus ad shift your gaze to a neutrally colored background, then you will see an afterimage of the same stimulus only its complementary color. He argued this was the existence of some sort of opponent processes in the visual system causing it to respond in an either/or fashion
Theory of Auditory Perception
combos of fiber stimulation explain the auditory experiences we have - Helmholtz
George J. Romanes
comparative pscyh- studied the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of various animals could shed light on their human counterparts in the same way previous studies of their physical structures had done.
Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.
compound association
Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.
materialism
Elsie Oschrin Bregman
Conducted research on recruitment, selection, training, management, and the design of jobs in these areas
What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the error variability?
Error variability is variability in the DV scores due to factors other than the IV, such as individual diff, measurement error and extraneous variables (also referred to as within-group variability)
What term did Galton use for the improvement of a species through selective breeding?
Eugenics
Natural Selection
Accidental variations among members of a species that prove to have survival value
Feelings
Accompanied sensations and could be described along three dimensions (tridimensional theory of pleasantness) [Pleasantness-unpleasantness; excitement-calm; strain-relaxtion] of feelings
Natural Selection
According to Darwin's account of evolutionary Principles the environmental pressures which determine the traits which are most useful in a species would be considered the process of
reduction of a drive
According to Hull, for learning to take place, a response must be followed by
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conducive to survival would be passed onto their offspring. This was called
Quasi Needs
According to Lewin, psychological rather than biological needs.
pleasantness-unpleasantness
According to Titchener all emotions could be explained by employing the dimension of
made a stimulus error
According to Titchener when a person imparted their own interpretation of meaning during an introspection they would have
Galton
Eugenics Regression towards the mean The Word-Association Test
Recapitulation Theory
Evolution can be seen through life cycle -G Stanley Hall
Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?
Evolution just happens
Catharine Cox
Examine the childhood biographies of some 300 other eminent historical geniuses. Are you that if binet-type intelligence test had been available in the past, most people who turned out to be intellectually prominent in adulthood would also have achieved high IQ scores of children
Rollo May
Existential psychotherapy: emphasize the quest for meaning in life as the paramount issue for modern humanity
According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?
Existing paradigms are displaced
According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from
Experiences of pleasure and pain
perception, apperception
According to Wundt, _____ is passive and automatic while ____ is active and voluntary.
Mediate
Accurately measurable like EEG results - a representation of consciousness - Wundt
What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience?
Act the way you want to feel.
Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment?
Adaptive features
Walter Dill Scott
Addressed how psychology might be useful in advertising. Used the interest in psychology from the advertising community as an opportunity to test some of his theories about the roles of involuntary attention and suggestion in influencing behavior
Broca's Area
After patient dies he saw that front left hemisphere was damaged and that it was connected to the mans inability to form speech - used clinical method - look at problem person had then once he is dead study his brain
The enlightenment is also referred to as the:
Age of reason
Thorndike
Experiment box with cats, learn through trial and error Laid foundation for behavioral psychology
How did Guthrie account for forgetting?
He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.
Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?
He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.
Which of the following did Yerkes contribute to intelligence testing?
He developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests
Which of the following did Hebb accomplish?
He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance
Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?
He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures
Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"?
He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.
Karl Lashley
He trained rats on a aze and another simple learning task, and Franz performed selective brain ablations. They found little experimental evidence for localization. Equipotentiality- the apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out... the memory functions which are lost b the destruction of other parts. Law of mass action- the more extensive the brain injury, the less the opportunity for equipotentiality to operate. His experiments seemed to rule out any simple theory of memory localization in the brain.
A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:
Hebb's rule
Johannes Muller
Helmholtz teacher. Still clung to the idea of vitalism (all living organisms have within themselves a nonphysical "life force")
Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:
Helmholtzian physiologists
Edmund C. Sanford
Helped Calkins plan a laboratory for Wellesley.
What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?
Heritability
Differential piece-rate system
Hey standard time was set for each task at work you had to do. Any worker who completed the task and that timer faster than a higher rate of pay; anyone who did not meet the standard time was penalized
Alphonse de Candolle
Highly impressed with the importance of environmental and cultural factors and perpetuating successful family is like it's own.
d. two
How many morphemes are contained in the word "bedroom?" a. It is impossible to determine based on this information. b. seven c. one d. two
Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology?
Humans are only quantitatively different from other animals
Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?
Humans consists of nothing but matter.
After visiting with Galileo, Hobbs became convinced that:
Humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter in motion
Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?
Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.
According to Tolman, the first thing an animal developed in a learning situation is a(n)
Hypothesis
Stage theory of cognitive development
Hypothesizes the existence of four major sequential stages between infancy in late adolescence, each one involving the acquisition of new strategies and ways of thinking that permit the solution of previously unsolvable problems
Josef Gall
I didn't find fibers connecting hemispheres of the brain (corpus collosum) Phrenology: human faculties can be identified and located in specific parts of the brain Important for theory of localization of function
according to freud, the ___ contains all instincts and is the driving force to personality.
ID
William Stern
IQ test
Horatio Newman, Frank N. Freeman and Karl Holzinger
Identifies and studied nineteen pairs of identical twins who had been reared in separate households although with varying degrees of contact with each other. Interesting cases of Ed and Fred.
Pragmatism
If it works, it's valid - James
Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve?
The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.
Gall believed which of the following?
The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties.
free will
The central concept of Wundt's voluntarism was
Clever Hans Phenomenon
The creation of apparently high-level intelligent feats by nonhuman animals by consciously or unconsciously furnishing them with subtle cues that guide their behavior.
What does the line graph show us about the data in this study?
The crossing of the lines means that there is an interaction in the IV's and it shows that there is a difference between the male reactions in cold and hot environments as compared to the female reaction in cold and hot environments
Which of the following did Darwin believe?
The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.
Formal operations stage
Ages 11 or 12. Become fully capable of mature experimental or inductive reasoning and analyzing problems systematically The chemical experiment
Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?
Agrippa
Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism?
All theoretical terms must be operationally defined.
Adaptive Features
Allow adequate adjustment to enviornment
In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:
American Psychological Society (APS)
What is the most parsimonious research design we have studied this semester?
An 2 group design
functional fixedness
An effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object's function inhibit the person's ability to use the object for a different function.
Leon Kamin
Analyzed Cyril Burts 1966 article and other papers pertaining to separated twins. Decided that Burt's findings "were not worth our current scientific attention"
Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?
Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies.
Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.
Apollonian
At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:
Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies
According to herbart, the _____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending
Apperceptive mass
Conflict Approach
Approach- Approach - two good choices Avoidance - Approach - one choice w/good and bad points Avoidance-Avoidance - two bad choices Lewin
d. It is possible but not necessarily guaranteed.
Are the number of letters in a given word the same as the number of phonemes in that word? a. Yes. b. No. c. It is impossible to determine that answer. d. It is possible but not necessarily guaranteed.
Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.
Aristotle's; Galileo's
For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas in the complex ideas
Association
Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:
Association reflex
What are the components of a factorial design?
At least 2 IV's with multiple levels -Between-group designs(independent) -Within-group designs (correlated) -Mixed group designs (both independent and correlated)
Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?
At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.
Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded is because it:
Attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of James' stream of consciousness? Select one: a. it is personal b. it can be divided up for analysis c. it is constantly changing d. it is selective
B.
Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? Select one: a. James b. Dewey c. Hall d. Münsterberg
B.
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and non speculative, his view of science was very similar to that of
Bacon
Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:
Bacon
David Wechsler
Became acutely aware of the need for a better test than the Stanford-Binet for the intellectual qualities of his adult population. Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Francis Galton
Became captivated by the idea of human psychological variables that were potentially inheritable and therefore romantic future evolution. Anthropometric Laboratory- exhibit used to test people's "intelligence" -developed a new approach known as the psychology of individual differences: focuses on the measurement and study of variations among people on a psychological characteristic, rather than the general qualities of that characteristic. Was obsessed with intelligence being heriditary First to use the self-questionnaire method
Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion?
Bechterev
methodological confounds
Bechterev was critical of Pavlov's work because he thought that surgical manipulations were
Descriptive behaviorism
Behaviorism that is positivistic in that it describes relationships between environmental events and behavior rather than attempting to explain those relationships. Skinner
Carl Rogers
Believed that the validity of any particular inside should be determined not by their conformity with the therapist pre-existing views provide his clients themselves Used client centered therapy
Jerome Bruner
Believed the rapid attainment of formally operational thinking would be a vital step in the education of scientists and mathematicians.
individual psychology
Binet and Victor Henri how to develop a series of short test that could be administered to one person in less than two hours that could provide information comparable in richness, complexity, and comprehensiveness to that obtained from the many hours of intensive analysis traditionally devoted to an individual case study
Mental Orthopedics
Binet believed that disadvantaged children could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of
Special Education attention
Binet believed that the major function of his scale was to identify children who needed
Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?"
Biological determinist
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:
Bored
De-skilling
Breaking down skilled labor into standardized tasks through careful analysis of industrial work
Act psychology
Brentano is most known for his account of
Concrete operations stage
By age 7 or so, they have gained an appreciation of abstract concepts such as quantity and volume which are conserved even as substances undergo changes in appearance. But concretely operational children remain tied to their immediately given situation in still other ways
James Ussher
Calculated the Earth's age to be only about 6000 years old by adding up the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs after Adam and Eve, according to the bible
As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.
meanings; specific words
factor analysis
measuring either an individual or a group of individuals in a variety of ways; all the measures are intercorrelated to determine which of them vary together in some systematic way; examine the matrix of correlations to determine which measures vary together and how many factors need to be populated to account for the intercorrelations observed
Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.
mechanical
Clark Hull
mechanistic behaviorism: the idea that earning could be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specified relationships among a host of variables, such as habit strength, drive strength and stimulus intensity.
According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.
mediate; immediate
The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:
Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain
The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.
Law of Prägnanz
Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?
Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder
Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger
Kurt Lewin
Life space- every individual person resides in a unique psychological field which is the totality of his or her psychological situation at any given moment.
____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism.
Logical
Aphasia
Loss of the ability to produce speech - Broca
Phernology
Lump brain - you mind has different functions in different places - Gall
analogy
Making a comparison in order to show a similarity between two different things.
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population.
Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?
Matarazzo
IQ test Calculations
Mental Age/Actual age X 100
Theory of Perception
Mental experiences are interpreted by recollection of past experience -Helmholtz
Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell?
Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.
Theory of Signs
Mind constructs idea or reality from incomplete distorted information senses bring in - Helmholtz
What does it mean if a factorial design at least one between-subjects IV and one within-subjects IV?
Mixed Assignment (has both independent and correlated groups) Groups
Instinct
Modified by experience, happen naturally - James
debunk psychic phenomenon
Munsterburg attempted to:
Nature and nurture
Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence that affects him after birth
____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism.
Neobehaviorism
Cortical Mosaic
Neural stimuli either inhibits or excites brain -Pavlov
Which of the following is true concerning Monads?
Next to God, humans possess the Monads capable of the clearest thinking
Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society as a(n):
Noble Savage
Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?
Non determinist and soft determinist
Who created the field of cybernetics?
Norbert Wiener
Charles Spearman
Observed and emphasized that When coefficients and correlations are computed all the various items and seven measures used on intelligence test tend to be positively and hierarchically intercorrelated. The single most important factor know about any person's intelligence was his or her general intelligence level, or overall mental power
The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:
Occam's razor
William McDougal
One of the strongest proponents f instinct theories of Behaviorism was
Which type of analysis do we use for a one-way multiple group design?
One way ANOVA
____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.
Ontology
Mary Whiton Calkins
Originated the paired-associates technique: presented subjects with stimuli consisting of numerals pair with colors. After varying numbers of presentations, she showed the colors alone and tested for recall of the paired numerals. Self-psychology: Calkins saw the self as active, guiding, purposeful and present in all acts of self consciousness. Regarded the conscious self to be the basic subject matter of psychology
Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.
Overt behavior
Wilhelm von Osten
Owner of the horse that could supposedly count
According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:
Paradigm
Spinoza's concept of _____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud psychoanalysis
Passion
What, according to human, is the ultimate cause of behavior?
Passions
First-signal system
Pavlov called the stimuli that were unlearned and biologically signifigant
Experimental Neurosis
Pavlov experiment with dog- circle and oval then mixed makes them crazy
Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?
Pearson
Karl Pearson
Pearson's r: refined Galtons coefficient of correlation. Can be used in any situation involving the degree of association between two measurable variables
Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?
People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.
According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consisted of:
People recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering in to a personal relation with God.
Insightful learning has several characteristics
Performance is usually smooth and free of errors. A solution gained by insight is retained for long periods of time. The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete
Which one of the following did Rousseau trust as a guide for human conduct?
Personal Feelings
c. fixation
Peter is stuck trying to understand some extraneous information with regards to a math problem and, as such, he finds it difficult to proceed. Peters appears to be showing ___. a. restructuring b. functional fixedness c. fixation d. a mental set
Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:
Philosophical Studies
The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior
Physical determinist
Johann Kaspar Lavater
Physiognomy- The reading of a person's character in his or her physical features
Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?
Piaget
Charles Sanders Peirce
Pragmatism- scientific ideas and knowledge can never be absolutely certain, but only subject to varying degrees of pragmatic belief. In other words, ideas worked with varying degrees of effectiveness in adapting to the world.
syntactic ambiguity
Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions when having a conversation.
Martin Seligman
Promoted positive psychology Introduce the influential concept of "learned helplessness" as a major factor in depressive conditions a factor that can often be overcome through cognitive behavioral therapy
Lev Vygotsky
Promoting an approach to developmental psychology that has been described as socio-cultural. It's main argument is that everything in a child's mental development Must occur first on a social level before it can become internalized and individual
G. Stanley Hall
Proposed recapitulationism: the stages of each persons intellectual, emotional, and psychological development pass through the same ones as our pre-human ancestors Also believe in the prominent variation hypothesis.
Gardner Lindzey
Proposed the idea of creating a Handbook of Social Psychology. Also contributed to the status of personality psychology by co-authoring Theories of Personality.
Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:
Protestantism
According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in _____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology
Psychic determinism
What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy?
The doctrine of specific nerve energies
The Gestaltists viewed the brain as:
a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information
Plato's analogy of the divided line illustrates:
a hierarchy of understanding
The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies:
a mental set and a determining tendency
search
a model of visual attention that explains how we find our intended target when looking in a crowded visual field.
sociobiology
a modern extension of Darwin's theory of the explanation of human and nonhuman social behavior
According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?
a motive or need
Galileo was among the first to suggest that:
a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible
Thematic Apperception Test
a series of 32 black and white pictures or photographs depicting ambiguous but potentially dramatic scenes. Subjects had to make up a story about each picture including a description of what is happening, what led up to it, and how the situation turned out.
According to Hume, the mind is:
a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment
According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____.
a social judgment
One-trial learning
a stimulus pattern gains its full associative strength on the occasion of its first pairing with a response (you learn it all at once) -rejection of the law of frequency - Gunthrie
pragmatics
a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning
Hippolyte Bernheim
abandoned his conventional practice to become a hypnotherapist. suggestibility: he defined as : the aptitude to transform an idea into an act."
Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
absolute threshold
Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the:
absurd
Hans J. Eysenck
acknowledged Allport as the patron saint of personality psych. but vigorously rejected his promotion of idiographic methods and insisted that the field should exclusively nomothetic.
According to May, exercising one's freedom means:
acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions
person-situation controversy
addressed the question of whether a person's behavior in a given situation is more strongly determined by his/her pre-existing personality traits or by the demands of the particular circumstances
Formal Discipline
adjusting education to focus on a singular faculty (like memory) in order to grow that part of the brain - Gall
terman
adopted Stern's "intelligence ratio" and suggested it be multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal and to call the ratio IQ
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?
aesthetic, ethical, religious
Theory of intelligence
all intellectual test must involve the exercise of a single common factor he called general intelligence or g. Also propose that each individual type of item required and ability specific to itself an S factor
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:
all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection
For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:
allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object
For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:
allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object.
According to Spencer, the best government is one that:
allows free competition among all its citizens
For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that:
allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will
According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:
allows many specific S-R associations to be formed
For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:
allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized
evolutionary psychology
also known as sociobiology
Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:
an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts
According to Seligman, ____ determines how easily an animal will learn an association.
an association's place on the preparedness continuum
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
an easily administered multiple-chice test for measuring these factors, which has undergone several successful revisions.
The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called:
an exaptation
According to pragmatism:
an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness
The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:
an imbalance of the four bodily humors
According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from:
an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage
according to melanie klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from
an infants interactions with his or her mothers breast dureing the oral stage
fitness
an organism's ability to survive and reproduce
Personology Society
an organization to develop and promote Murray's case study method, as well as answer Allport's question about how psychological life histories should be written
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive caused:
an unending cycle of needs and need of satisfactions
According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:
an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction
According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females.
anima
According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.
animal spirits
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.
medical
Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:
memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas
John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others
mental chemistry
Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:
mental orthopedics
binet
mental orthopedics; children should learn how to learn
For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are:
mental phenomena
If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:
metaphysical nonsense
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?
methodological behaviorism
Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?
methodological behaviorists
methods and contributions
methods: limits: a varied S is compared to a standard method of constant stimuli: pairs of S are presented, one a standard and the other a variation method of adjustment: participant adjusts one S until it appears equal to a standard contributions: fechner created field of psychophysics, led way to psychology as an independent field.
darwin
mistaken assumption that contemporary primitive people are the link between primates and modern humans and are therefore inferior
darwin
mistaken assumption that long practiced habits become heritable instincts
darwin
mistaken assumption that women are intellectually inferior to men
Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.
modality; intensity
Big Five
model of personality traits that addressed 5 factors of personality. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
sociobiology
modification of Darwin's definition of fitness from the survival and reproductive success of the individual to the perpetuation of one's genes
For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.
molar behavior; purposive behavior
galton
monozygotic twins are very similar to each other even when they are reared apart and dizygotic twins are dissimilar even when they are reared together
Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.
motivation
According to Husserl, experimental psychology:
must be preceded by phenomenological analysis
The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:
naive realism
Genetic epistemology
name Piaget used to study the development of children's ways of knowing about the world. In this sense genetic meant developmental not hereditary
According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories.
narrative therapy
Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity.
nativism
Chomsky's explanation of language is basically:
nativistic
According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ________ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.
natural selection
To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____.
naturalistic observation of various forms
To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ________
naturalistic observation of various forms
simon
necessary to have an adequate method of distinguishing them from normal children
According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what:
need or drive is present
psychogenic needs
needs that become aroused in various ways by environmental "presses" -among more notable of these were the need for achievement, affiliation, power, and for autonomy
Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:
neural network
According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices.
neurotic anxiety
Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:
no longer challengeable
Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):
noble savage
The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n):
nondeterminist
Habit
not automatic, can increase or decrease through practice - James
Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should:
not be allowed to reproduce
The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.
not believing in anything
Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.
reason
Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on
the ancient law of contiguity
In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept?
the associative principles of contiguity and frequency
According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.
the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks
According to the Zeigarrnik effect, when subjects were allowed to complete some tasks but not others...
the uncompleted tasks were remembered better than the completed tasks.
According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.
the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal
psychobiography
the use of psychoanalytic and other psychological personality theories to interpret and illuminate an individuals life story
eugenics
the use of selective breeding to increase the general intelligence of the population
Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:
their biological foundations
According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations
theological
Struggle for Survival
there are more offspring's then can survive in an enviornment
According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:
there is a struggle for survival
According to the text, psychology's persistent questions are persistent because:
they are philosophical questions
Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:
they fear death
adaptive features
those features than an organism possesses that allow it to survive and reproduce
ill-defined problems
those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solutions
spearman
viewed intelligence as largely inherited where binet viewed it as modifiable by experience
d. common ground
"Yeah" is a good example of ___ in conversations. a. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis b. syntactic coordination c. the given-new contract d. common ground
weber's law
"a just noticeable change in a stimulus is a constant ratio of the original stimulus" describes the relationship between quantities or intensities of stimuli and the increases needed to be added for humans to be able to detect differences
Broca
(BP) Speech Production
general intelligence
(g) the aspect of intelligence that is largely inherited and coordinates specific intellectual abilities
coefficient of correlation
(r) a mathematical expression indicating the magnitude of correlation between two variables
What is the effect size for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?
*Partial Eta Squared IS the Effect Size Eta for A x B = .430 Eta for A = .222 Eta for B = .039
Just Noticeable Difference
- smallest physical difference b/w 2 stimuli that can be recognized as a difference
How do we write up results in APA when just writing about main effects 2
-The main effect of Sex was not significant, F(1,16) = .643 , p = .434 ,partial η²= .039(effect size).
How do we write up results in APA when just writing about main effects 1
-The main effect of Temp was significant, F(1,16) = 4.571 , p = .048, partial η²= .222(effect size).
how do we write up results in APA when significant
-There was/was not a significant interaction between Temp and Sex, F(1, 16) = 12.071, p =.003, partial η²= .430, which demonstrated that males were the most aggressive, compared to the females who were less aggressive in the 90 degrees room, in contrast, the females were more aggressive and males were least aggressive in the 65 degrees room.
Gustav Theodor Fechner
-absolute threshold- the smallest intensity of a stimulus that can be perceived at all -known for suffering an ye injury from staring at the sun too long for afterimages. -psychophysics: the study of relationships between the objectively measured intensities of various stimuli and the subjective impressions of those intensities -Fechners Law
c. operators
Carl is trying to solve a puzzle. In doing so, he knows that a stipulated rule is that red pieces cannot touch blue pieces. This example specifically highlights the function of ___. a. the initial stage b. subgoals c. operators d. problem space
The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:
Causal laws
In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?
Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.
In all the applications of skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?
Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.
Erasmus Darwin
Charles Darwin's grandfather. One of the most famous intellectual figures of his day: a doctor, inventor, poet, and general man of science.
Marquis de Puysegur
-artificial somnambulism: referred to the state of peaceful sleep in the course of induction. -Posthypnotic amnesia: subjects seemed to forget the trance experiences upon awakening but remembered them when re-magnetized -posthypnotic suggestion: subjects in trance are told they will perform a certain act after awakening, but will forget that they had been instructed to do so.
Which of the following characterized the Enlightenment?
-rationality and the methods of science were glorified -a belief that societal perfection could be approximated -a belief that knowledge was power (all of these choices)
According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?
...
Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about:
.70
Two goals for Experimental Psychology
1) Discover elements of thought - complex thought broken down into parts 2) How elements combine to create complex mental experiences
Stream of Consciousness
1) Personal - thoughts are unique to individual 2) Consciousness needs to be understood as a whole not in parts 3) Constantly changing 4) Consciousness is selective - we can focus on something and not another thing 5) Consciousness is functional - helps individuals adapt James
1st and 2nd signal
1st signal - unconditioned - scared of sharks 2nd signal - conditioned response - scared of music connected to sharks Pavlov
Conservation of quantity
2 examples- the piles of clay example and the water in different glasses example
What is a 2 x 3 factorial design? Be able to recognize an example.
2 x 3 = 1 interaction Example 2 x 3 sex could be factor A male-female, factor B Three varied amounts of caffeine
How many participants were in this sample?
20 ( total n of 10 of group 1 + total n of 10 of group 2 = 20 participants)
Titchener concluded that there are about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which are related to the sense of ____.
40,000; vision
Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.
50;50
Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers.
70%
Psychophysics
A branch of psychology concerned with measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to the stimuli.
According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?
A child's natural interests
Searle concluded which of the following?
A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.
a. utilize the lexical decision task
A fairly common way to test for the word frequency effect is to ___. a. utilize the lexical decision task b. perform saccadic eye movements c. demonstrate the word superiority effect d. test for speech segmentation
Gestalt approach
A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring.
According to nietzsche, The difference between freedom and slavery is
A matter of choice
c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking
A possible drawback to expertise is ___. a. impossible as they are no possible drawbacks to expertise b. it may not be possible to gain in-depth knowledge of all fields c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking d. experts are slower at solving problems
mental sets
A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person's experience or what has worked in the past.
Two-string problem
A problem first described by Maier in which a person is given the task of attaching two strings together that are too far apart to be reached at the same time. This task was devised to illustrate the operation of functional fixedness.
Tower of Hanoi problem
A problem involving moving discs from one set of pegs to another. It has been used to illustrate the process involved in means-end analysis.
Multilated checkerboard problem
A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person's ability to reach a solution.
Gestalt Psychology
A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.
garden path sentences
A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence.
The General Problem
A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle.
Behavior therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt manipulative behaviors into more constructive behaviors -Skinner
What is the Sum of Squared Deviations between groups (mean square?) for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?
A(Temp) x B(Sex)= 33.800 A(temp)= 12.800 B(sex)= 1.800
James referred to individuals who were intellectual, idealistic, religious and who believed in free will as: Select one: a. tender-minded b. tough-minded c. fools d. pragmatic
A.
Fitness
Ability to survive and reproduce
Pierre Flourens
Ablation- surgical removal of specific small parts of an animals brain Proved the cerebellum was indeed the center of a specific function
Elton Mayo
Conducted the Hawthorne Studies. Emphasize the importance of in life and leadership by educated minutes traders who would facilitate cooperative relationships among people work. He wrote that work provided an important sense of one social identity because it involved participation in social customs, inherited traditions and skills, and assigned roles
Funtionalism
Consciousness and Behavior Individuals adapt to environment
Immediate
Consciousness of a person while performing a task -Wundt liked
a. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle.
Consider the sentence "Gloria, the glorious poodle, won the dog show. She has won this award for the second time." A correct anaphoric reference from this sentence would be___. a. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle. b. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle 's owner. c. "The poodle" refers to Gloria. d. "This award" refers to the same award won by Gloria the poodle.
Bain felt that the law of _____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors
Constructive association
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
Controlled passion
Bessel used personal equations to:
Correct differences in the reaction times among various observers
B. What does it mean if a factorial design Only within subjects IVs?
Correlated/formed with Non-random assignment groups,
Hall did all of the following except: Select one: a. he established the first working psychology laboratory in the United States b. he founded the first American journal dedicated to psychological issues c. he attained the first Ph.D. in psychology given in the United States d. he developed the first intelligence test in the U.S.
D.
John Stevens Henslow
Darwins mentor when he was studying at Cambridge.
Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.
Dasein
Pfungst
Debunked the horse that could supposedly count
David Ferrier
Demonstrated several other functionally distinct centers in the cortex. Stimulated the occipital lobe at the back of a monkeys brain. Found the occipital cortex contains the visual area, the temporal lobe has an auditory area and a sensory strip behind the motor strip that is associated with sensory functions for the same body parts.
Hawthorne Studies
Demonstrated that physical and economic conditions alone we're not sufficient to explain productivity in the workplace. psychological and social factors were also important
Witmer is credited with which of the following?
Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals
Bain's goal was to
Describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Developed a system called scientific management, with the goal of increasing worker efficiency and productivity in the newly mechanized factories .
William Moulton Marston
Developed and aggressively promoted a set of techniques for the detection of lying.
James Flynn
Developed the Flynn effect: The fact that over the past century as the new revisions of tests have been developed subjects have been getting smarter I don't impressively steady rate. When people take two different tests that have been developed and standardized at two different times, average IQ scores are invariably lower on the more recent test
Leonarde Keeler
Developed the keeler polygraph. Was used in police stations across the country but only measured physiological arousal and anxiety which were not good predictors of lying
Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?
Dewey
Why does using a correlated-groups design reduce error variability?
Difference between people is decreased, compared to individuals and the Most common correlated group is repeated measures group
Modes of representation
Different ways of conceptualizing, or mentally representing, the material Enactive mode: Doing something with the material under study, representing it and getting to know it Iconic mode: Focuses on its perceptual qualities using this mode of representation Symbolic mode:Appreciating the objects abstract qualities.
If we find a significant interaction, what should we do next?
Do not pay attention to main effects, interpret the data only.
The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?
Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)
Bärbel Inhelder
Dropped a cube of sugar into a glass of water and asked children between the ages of five and 11 what was happening as the cube dissolved and disappeared. Collaborated with Piaget on a more comprehensive book length project that he called the construction of quantity
learning and memory
Ebbinghaus was the first person to systematically study
Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?
Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.
Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?
Empiricists used induction via a "bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach
Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?
Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach
Principle of Conservation of Energy
Energy is never created or lost in a system but it is only transformed from one form to another. The more energy we use the more we need to consume Helmholtz
Stanely Milgrim
Experiment in which the participant was to administer a shock for each wrong answer to the other "participant" and each time the voltage went up. The "doctor" instructed them to go on and showed that subjects would obey instructions from a credible authority to inflict pain to a surprisingly and distressingly high degree. These were the Milgrim Obedience studies
Rosenthal Effect
Experimenter bias; researchers see what they want to see; minimized in double-blind
PEN Model
Eysnck agrued that by far the ost powerful information one can have about an individual is on the three dimensions of Psychoticism, Extroversion-introversion, and neuroticism
What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?
Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change
In Lockes philosophy, the concept of association explains
Faulty Beliefs
Time study
Figuring out how to enable workers to do more in less time by giving them quick, repetitive, menial tasks, often on assembly line
Francis Cecil Sumner
First African American to receive a phd in psychology. Taught st Howard and presented a paper on mental hygiene and religion.
Herbert Spencer
First person to use the phrase "survival of the fittest"?
predict and control
For Watson the goal of psychology for behavior was
According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology?
For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes
Ernest Aubertin
Found a patient that had the same brain damage and speech disorder jean baptiste was looking for but his condition posed obvious speculation in conscious or unconscious faking by the patient because the speech impairment happened when someone pushed the part of his skull.
Paul Broca
Founded the Paris Anthropological Society to bring together other people with similar interests. The case of "Tan" Broca's Area: front left region of the brain associated with aphasia
Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.
Freud
Emil du Bois-Reymond
Friend of Helmholtz who would go on to help him establish the physical nature of the nerve impulse
More research on Localization
Fritsch and Hitzig: discovered motor cortex Ferrier: discovered sensory cortex these two findings extended the Bell-magendic law to the brain no localization for love, kindness, vitality. functions were not found where phrenologists predicted them to be
Mental imagery
Galton asked subjects to imagine various scenes and then describe their mental images in detail
Sensory acuity
Galton believed that intelligence was Largely determined by
Mental orthopedics
Games and tasks used to allow children to extend their intelligence and grow to their limits
Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?
George Miller and Jerome Bruner
Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of:
Gestalt psychology
There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?
Gestalt psychology
Pantheism is the belief that:
God is everywhere and in everything
According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:
God perceives it
Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:
God will not deceive us
During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being ____-centered.
God; human
Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?
Goethe
movements, acts, skills
Gutherie used what terms to explain how single trial learning occured
Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.
Guthrie
Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ________ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.
Guthrie
Adolphe Quetelet
Had earlier know that measurements such as height and weight when measured from large populations invariably fell into a bell-shaped, normal distribution.
With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?
Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.
Theodore Simon
He and Binet set out to develop a test to identify children whose mental handicap rendered them permanently unable to benefit from an ordinary education
Eduard Hitzig
He and fritsch stimulated the brain of dogs to find he motor strip
Gustav Fritsch
He and hitzig found that stimulation to specific points in the region now know as the motor strip elicited specific movement on the opposite side of the body.
Jean Piaget
He attempted to cut through the simple brutal numbers that normally sit as intelligent scores in order to rebuild the children's underlying thought processes
Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education?
He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning.
How did Guthrie account for forgetting
He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.
a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field.
If you are an expert, then we necessarily assume that ___. a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field. b. you are superior at solving all possible problems c. you are extremely creative d. you have exceptionally high intelligence
d. creative cognition
If you're asked to construct an object with three random parts, then you're likely engaged in an exercise designed to demonstrate ___. a. latent inhibition b. group brainstorming c. preinventive forms d. creative cognition
the tone
In Pavlov's original experiments, what was the conditioned stimulus?
reciprocal antagonism
In his study and treatment of the mentally ill, Munsterburg attempted to strengthen thoughts opposite to those causing the clients to have difficulties. He referred tho this technique as
operators
In problem solving, permissible moves that can be made toward a problem's solution.
a. Ed got a watch.
In the sentence "Ed was given a watch for his birthday" what is the new information? a. Ed got a watch. b. Ed had a birthday. c. Ed's previous watch was broken. d. Ed enjoys cake on his birthday.
1859
In what year did Charles Darwin publish "On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selections"?
Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior
Inclusive fitness
a. What does it mean if a factorial design has only between-subjects IVs?
Independent/Randomly assigned groups,
A. What does it mean if a factorial design has only between-subjects IVs? B. Only within subjects IVs? C. At least one between-subjects IV and one within-subjects IV?
Independent/Randomly assigned groups, Correlated/formed with Non-random assignment groups, Mixed Assignment (has both independent and correlated groups) Groups
Deviation IQs
Indications of where subject stand on normal distributions of previous results from people of their own age
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
Individual brain areas have specialized functions
For hering, space perception results from:
Information from the retina about height, left-right position, and depth
What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?
Information theory
Kant Believed that the categories of thought are:
Innate
Hugo Münsterberg
Insisted that scientific psychology were superior to commonsense, he believed it's methods in finding should be used to improve the judgments of ordinary people.
A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.
Instincts
Giftedness
Intelligence level of children here's IQs were much higher than 100
How can you calculate the number of possible interactions (not levels) in a factorial design? Demonstrate with an example.
Interaction a x b = 1 interaction (2 x 2) interaction a x b x c = 4 interactions =(2 x 2 x 2)
Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark
Investigated the development of racial density in black and white children that were cited in a brief submitted to the 1954 US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. This case led to the decision to make it illegal to segregate public schools.
____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.
Irrationalism
For Spinoza, free will:
Is a fiction
Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant?
It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.
What does Levene's test tell us and why is this significant to our analysis?
It tells us the test was not significant and safe to interpret the Anovas effects by using the p-value to test against significant or not (p<.05) or not sig. (p>.05) Levene's test is used to assess variance homogeneity, which is a precondition for parametric tests such as the t-test and ANOVA. So, it is significant to our analysis or else we cannot run the ANOVA.
Esteem needs
It's that involve the desire for a stable, firmly-based, usually high evaluation of themselves for self respect for more self-esteem and for the esteem of others
Carl Lange
James-Lange theory of emotion- idea that emotions represent the perception of bodily responses
For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas
James; Münsterberg
For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas.
James; Münsterberg
Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?
Jerry Fodor
Weber's Law
Just Noticeable Difference
According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.
Kant
Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?
Kenneth Clark
Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:
Kierkegaard and Nietzsche
Darwin
Lamarck - claimed traits for survival are passed on Spencer - humans evolve too - survival of the fittest Darwin - traveled to islands on the Beagle and saw animals were different on every island
Thomas Willis
Publish the first accurate and detailed description of the brains complex physical shape , illustrated with plates by that celebrated architect Christopher Wren. Emphasize the substance of the brains various structures rather than its spaces in the fluids that filled them.
Donald O. Hebb
Published a book that related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of neurological networks in the brain he called cell assemblies.
Shepherd Ivory Franz
Published a study of effects of cortical ablations on cats that had previously been trained to escape a puzzle box. Was interested in the effects ablations had on a specific, learned response The lesions caused responses to be lost but not other ablations. What was more important is that the frontally a later animals were able to sometimes relearn their escape responses.
the type of behavior studied by mcdougall differed from that studied by pavlov and watson in that it was
Purposive
What is a quasi-experiment? Demonstrate with an example.
Quasi-Experiment participants are not randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (employed when the researcher is interested in independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned.)
What is the difference between a quasi-experiment and a true experiment? Demonstrate with an example.
Quasi-Experiment participants are not randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (employed when the researcher is interested in independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned.) True experiment participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (used to establish cause and effect relationships with at least an experimental and control group)
Watson
Radical Behaviorist - all behavior determined by environment
____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.
Radical behaviorism
Preoperational stage
Recognizing that certain manipulations or operations upon an object can transform it from one state to another and then re-transform it back again. Ages 2-7
Word association technique
Recorded the first reactions that come to mind when seeing a list of stimulus words
a. the presence of mental illness and increased creativity
Reduced latent inhibition is associated with ___. a. the presence of mental illness and increased creativity b. increased creativity (only) c. the presence of mental illness and decreased creativity d. temporal lobe damage and increased creativity
Hawthorne effect
Refers to the impact, on performance or behavior, of being aware that you are participating in the study
What is a, main-effect and what does it tell us?
Refers to the sole effect of One IV in a factorial Design. -It tells us an Interaction - joint simultaneous effect on the DV or more than one IV
Jean Baptiste Bouillad
Rejected much of phrenology but supported the notion that an area in the frontal region of the cortex controls language Offered to pay 500 francs to anyone who could demonstrate a case of severe frontal lobe damage accompanied by speech disorder
Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?
Rejection of introspection as a research tool
Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?
Relate new material to what has already been learned.
What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all is the other defense mechanisms.
Repression
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Response happens then emotion
Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?
Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.
Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?
Rousseau
According to ____, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically.
Russell and Medawar
How do we calculate Mean Squares Between for Interaction A x B, Factor A? Factor B?
SS Between/ df Between = Mean Squares Between B x A= 33.800/1= 33.800 A= 12.800/1= 12.800 B= 1.800/1= 1.800
Motion studies
Said he used to identify the most efficient way to get a task done
Henry A. Murray
Said that every man knows something about himself that he is willing to tell: he knows something about himself that he's not willing to tell; and there's something about himself that he doesn't know he can tell. The ideal goal of a case study was to elucidate all three of these domains, he believed, using a wide variety of test, interviews and other methods. This became known as personology
Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?
Salivating when a bell is rung
d. functional fixedness
Sarah is walking her dog when her dog's leash suddenly breaks. Sarah realizes that she needs a new leash right then and there but, at first, she doesn't know how to proceed. Unfortunately, she fails to consider that she could fashion a temporary leash by using the shoelaces from her boots. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the two-string problem b. mental set c. fixation d. functional fixedness
The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:
Scholasticism
c. meaning is to rule
Semantics is to syntax as ___. a. sound is to word b. word is to sound c. meaning is to rule d. rule is to meaning
For Locke, all ideas come from:
Sensation and reflection
Cyril Burt
Successfully promoted a new system in which English schoolchildren were rigor tested at age 11 and then streamed into schools geared toward either university admission or workforce
Carl Wernicke
Sensory aphasia: can speak fluently with correct grammar, but their understanding of spoken language was impaired; in addition, their speech was marked by numerous peculiar words and mispronounciations (paraphasias) Wernicke's area: brain region implicated in sensory aphasia has come be known as this (wernickes aphasia)
Stumpf
Sent his student to debunk the horse that could supposedly count.
According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.
Shadow
Lillian Moller Gilbreth
She and her husband Frank, developed many ways that contributed to efficiency at work from manufacturing to surgery to athletics. Part of their philosophy was that efficiency should reduce fatigue, and motion study should reveal how to design machinery and methods to make workers movements both easier and more efficient
Leta Stetter Hollingworth
She and her husband Harry, carried out experiments for the Coca Cola company in order to determine that caffeine had no impairing effects on people.
Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She developed the paired-associate technique.
Although lad Franklin completed all of the requirements for her PhD in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
She was a woman
All of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?
She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. She was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association. She made significant contributions to self-psychology.
What is the significance level for the Interaction? Factor A? Factor B?
Sig. for A= .048 Which is Significant Sig. for B= .434 Not Significant Sig. for A*B = .003 Which is Significant
Simon
Simon-Binet Intelligence Test
James mill maintain there any mental experience can be reduced to:
Simple ideas
History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science.
Skinner
Radical Behaviorism
Skinner believed that behavior could be completely explained in terms of events external to the organism
Functional Analysis
Skinners approach to research - studying relationship between behavioral and environmental events
structural features
Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features.
surface features
Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features.
Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?
Spencer
approach perfection
Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution allowed to operate freely that species would
evolutionary associationism
Spencer's synthesis of the principle of contiguity and evolutionary theory
If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:
Spontaneous recovery
Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?
St. Anselm
During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true?
Stage One: moral and mental philosophy
Philip Zimbardo
Stanford Prison Experiment
The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:
Stern
William James
Stream of consciousness- argued the contents of human consciousness are more like a stream than a collection of discrete elements or ideas
Alexander Bain
Stressed the importance of the voluntary repetition of morally desireable actions if they are to become habitual and automatic.
Helmholtz
Strict Materialist or machinist, anti-vitalism (looking at big picture),
Arthur Jensen
Studied the effectiveness of Operation Head Start, intended to enrich inner-city children's cultural and educational experiences thereby helping raise their intelligence and academic achievement test scores.
Wundt
Studied under Helmholtz. He was a mechanistic
Organizational Psychology
Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. -Lewin
Group Dynamics
Study of a groups characteristics and ways of functioning. -Lewin
Marion Almira Bills
Study the impact of lighting on visual sensation. She was a pioneer in research on factors affecting job permanency, or what is now called the employee retention. She also developed wage incentive systems for clerical positions and developed and implemented a job evaluation program.
Word Association test
Subconscious influences on thought Influenced Freud - Galton
Kierkegaard believed that truth was:
Subjective
Interspection
Subjects asked to record their cognitive reactions to stimuli, look into self
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of _____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces with in us by immersing ourselves in such thing as music, poetry, or art.
Sublimation
insight
Sudden realization of a problem's solution.
c. balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely.
The word "cast"—when used to refer to a member of a play or a plaster cast—suggests a. biased dominance since "cast" is more common in terms of a member of a play. b. biased dominance since "cast" is more common in terms of a plaster cast. c. balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely. d. neither biased nor balanced dominance.
Abraham Maslow
Theory of Self-Actualization and the hierarchy of needs
Theory of Color Vision
There are 3 color receptors corresponding to 3 primary colors, red, green, blue/violet trichromatic theory, subjective color experience Helmholtz
According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.
Thesis
Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?
They are creative.
What was true of the British empiricists?
They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.
Which of the following is true of neural networks?
They process several sequences of information simultaneously.
What was one important discovery of fritsch and hitzig?
They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the opposite side of the body
What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May?
They were interested in myth and human convention
In contemporary psychology, romanticism and existentialism have combined to form:
Third force Psychology
Third force
This psychology came to be known as humanistic psychology
Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?
Thorndike
Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior
Thoughts
Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and:
Tinbergen
Simon-Binet Intelligence Test
To help at risk students
What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas?
To strengthen the position of the church through reason
Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?
Tolman
According to the text, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory.
Tolman's
Life Space
Total psychological facts (things in a persons awareness) that exist in awareness at one time - all forces acting on a person at a time - Lewin
What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the between-groups
Treatment or between group variability is variability in DV scores due to the effects of the iv
What is a true experiment? Demonstrate with an example.
True experiment participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (used to establish cause and effect relationships with at least an experimental and control group)
The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.
Tuke
The founder of artificial intelligence was:
Turing
Weber
Two point threshold, Kines thesis/touch, Just Noticeable Difference, Weber's Law, laid ground work for psychophysics
Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:
Unconscious
The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was offered by the:
University of Illinois
Goethe Viewed science as:
Useful but limited
Goethe viewed science as:
Useful but limited
Eupsychia
Utopian society; Maslow tried to imagine institutions that would encourage maximum freedom for people to realize their full potential
Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that cause them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:
Vibratiuncles
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky Use this to describe the difference between what a person is intellectually capable of on his or her own and what is possible with the guidance of someone who is more capable
the themes that describe functionalist ideas?
Wanted psychology to be a practical applied science. Understand the function of the mind. More interested in what made people different rather than their similarities.
Lewis Terman
Wanted to diagnose super intelligence. Introduced the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:
Watson
When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:
Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper
According to Kant:
We are forever ignorant of the true physical reality
Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?
Weyer
The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that
animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so
The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:
anthropocentrism
c. Content of a scene can affect sentence processing.
What conclusion can we draw from instances where different scenes cause different processing of the same sentence? a. Semantics and syntax are processed differently in the brain. b. Semantics can affect sentence processing. c. Content of a scene can affect sentence processing. d. Past experience with statistics of a language plus ongoing experience affects sentence processing.
d. Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.
What is a conclusion of creating situation models? a. Reader's response to words includes simulation of actions. b. Creative process based on past experience adds meaning. c. Creative processes help create coherence. d. Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.
1879
What is the year in which Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to psychology?
we strike a person, and then become angry
What is true about Emotion according to William James
Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find?
What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences.
Scientific and nonsensical
What two types of statements are there according to Pragmatism?
Sensation
When a sense organ is stimulated and the impulse reaches the brain
lexical ambiguity
When a word can have more than one meaning. For example, bug can mean an insect, a listening device, to annoy, or a problem in a computer program.
d. Duncker's radiation problem
Which of the following BEST illustrates the use of problem solving with analogies? a. The think-aloud protocol b. The mutilated checkerboard problem c. The Tower of Hanoi problem d. Duncker's radiation problem
b. The Tower of Hanoi problem
Which of the following specifically illustrates how one works to reach a successful goal state? a. The water jug problem b. The Tower of Hanoi problem c. The candle problem d. The two-string problem
c. idea finding
Which of the following would be a process directly tied to the problem formulation stage of creative problem solving? a. taking action b. planning c. idea finding d. fact finding
Tolman
Who introduced the use of intervening variables into behavioral psychology (which was later said to support cognitive theories)?
William James
Who is most associated with functionalism in the United States?
Titchener
Who prevented Wundt's theories from being accepted due to misrepresentation?
Gutherie
Who rejected the Law of frequency in learning because he believed learning to occur in only one trial?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in Psychology?
For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.
Why
Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance?
William of Occam
The founder of sociobiology was:
Wilson
Kurt Koffka
With Wertheimer and Kohler, founded a movement they called Gestalt psychology. Emphasized that Gestalts tend to simplify and organize the perceptual fields in which they occur. (contiguity, similarity)
Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?
With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.
Emotions could be conditioned
With their research on Little Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated
Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?
Without them, societal living would be impossible.
The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only
Woman
Soldiering
Working below wants normal capacity or speed
Charles Darwin
Wrote the Origin of Species. Traveled on the Beagle as a young scientist where he looked at the mysteries of the earth. Natural selection- different environments impose a natural selection on their inhabitants, disproportionately favoring certain kinds of individuals to survive and reproduce. Recognized that humans, with many anatomical similarities to animals, would logically have to be included in any consistent evolutionary system.
Walter Langer
Wrote: The Mind of Adolf Hitler. Although a success it showed how the psychobiographical approach was vulnerable to to abuse and misuse.
Principle of Contrasts, Principle of Heterogeny, Principle Toward the Development of Opposites
Wundt is known for contributing to what Principles?
America
Wundt's ideas and theories were not accepted in
c. Noticing ; surface features
___ is particularly important when solving by analogies; one such challenge to that process has to do with ___. a. Mapping ; surface features b. Mapping ; functional fixedness c. Noticing ; surface features d. Noticing; functional fixedness
Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by:
a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain
For Titchener, attention is:
a clearness of sensation
factor analysis
a complex statistical technique that involves analyzing correlations among measurements and attempting to explain the observed correlations by postulating various influences (factors)
mental age
a composite score reflecting all the levels of the bidet-simon test that a child could successfully pass
When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called:
a conditioned response
What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the between-groups variability and error variability?
between group variability is variability in DV scores due to the effects of the iv (treatment effect and want the largest varence as possible) Error variability is variability in the DV scores due to factors other than the IV, such as individual diff, measurement error and extraneous variables (also referred to as within-group variability)
According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social behavior.
biogrammar
Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.
bodily structure
According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:
bored
When studying humans, James believed that:
both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used
When studying humans, James felt that:
both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used
Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:
both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits
La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:
both human and nonhuman animals are machines
According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:
both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture
According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:
both succeeding more and attempting less
Hermann Helmholtz
built a small physiological lab in his barracks where he studied metabolic processes of frogs. Then conducted and demonstrated that the amount of energy and heat generated by frog muscles was roughly equal to the amount of energy released by the oxidation of the food it consumed. He showed that chemical reactions were capable of producing all of the physical activity and heat generated by a living organism. Law of Conservation of energy Idea of sensations and perceptions Blind spot Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
galton
by visually displaying correlational data in the form of scatterplots, he could visually determine the strength of the relationship
Thomas Pettigrew
came to study prejudice with Allport in the 50's. One of the leading experts on black-white race relations
According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:
can duplicate human cognitive abilities
Hall believed that masturbation ____.
can harm the quality of eventual offspring
According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:
can only simulate human cognitive abilities
According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence, (AI) computer programs:
can only simulate human cognitive abilities
One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it:
cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences
According to Galileo, secondary qualities:
cannot be measured objectively
life history
case study, potentially the most revealing method of all that Allport used.
The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to:
catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions
hollingworth
challenged the idea that intelligence is largely inherited and that women are intellectually inferior to males
According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:
changes the rate with which a response is made
lamarck
characteristics of a species would change as the traits necessary for survival changed
Jean Piaget's major contribution to the field of psychology was:
characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience
binet-simon scale of intelligence
child's intelligence level is determined by how much higher or lower than the norm the child performed
The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who:
claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth
Karen Horney
clashed with freud on his theory of female psychology. De-emphasized infantile sexuality in favor of the view that the child's needs for security are more important. Also strongly emphasized the role of culture in determining normal and abnormal behavioral patterns
Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete.
closure
Because of the principle of ________, incomplete figures are seen as complete.
closure
Leon Festinger
cognitive dissonance: when a person simultaneously holds two or more ideas or beliefs that actively conflict with each other. When the person becomes aware of these conflicts, he or she experiences an uncomfortable state of cognitive dissonance and becomes motivated to relieve it. Experiment where participants were instructed to do a menial job and were paid different amounts to lie to the next participant. THose that were paid less presented the task more favorably than those who were paid more.
In the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:
cognitive science
n the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:
cognitive science
John Broadus Watson
considered the father of behaviorism: which the proper subject matter of psychology was not the traditional mind and consciousness, but rather objective, observable behavior. Behaviorist Manifesto Little Albert Study Radical Environmentalism: the view that env. factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or a person's physical constitution in determining behavior
For James, the spiritual self:
consists of the person's states of consciousness
For James, the spiritual self
consists of the persons states of consciousness
Using the method of ________, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next
constant stimuli
According to Kelly, people are similar when they:
construe the world in similar ways
In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:
contemporary cognitive psychologists
inheritance of acquired characteristics
contention that adaptive abilities developed during an organism's lifetime are passed on to the organism's offspring
social darwinism
contention that if given the freedom to compete in society, the ablest individuals will succeed and the weaker ones will fail, and this is as it should be
The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.
contiguity
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:
controlled passion
For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one:
controls one's behavior
Erich Fromm
conviction that human beings are unique among animals by their relative freedom from domination by their instincts. They learn how to manipulate their environments and make conscious decisions from countless possible alternatives.
Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:
corpus callosum and optic chiasm
When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:
correlated
galton
correlation and regression toward the mean
Terman believed that those with low intelligence:
could not be moral people
If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred.
countertransference
According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____
create ideas of physical attributes (solidarity, extension, shape, motion quantity); create ideas with no physical counterpart; (Color, sound, temperature, taste)
yerkes
created testing for the army to identify those with mental deficiencies, to classify men in terms of their intelligence level, and to select individuals for special training
yerkes
created the army alpha for intelligence and the army beta for intelligence
By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as:
creative synthesis
Gustav Fechner
crisis at 39 interpreted weber's work as indicating body and spirit are no different. he believed all is spirit
Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:
deductive
Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:
demonstrative knowledge
Ladd-Franklin story
denied doctorate because she was a women
The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:
denying the existence of a causal mind
A major problem with the animal research performed by Romanes was that it:
depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing
fitness
determined by an organism's features and its environment
Wundt was a(n):
determinist
wechsler
developed a new intelligence test to better understand his adults clients at a hospital
William Sheldon
developed an apporach combining behaviorist methodology with a theory about physical body types (endomorphic) and (mesomorphic). He investigated the body types and different personality characteristics.
David McClelland
developed quantitative scoring systems for measuring the frequencies with which themes relating to achievement, affiliation, and power appeared in participants' TAT scores. They found that these correlated with overt behavior and personalit traits in theoretically logical ways.
pearson
devised a formula that produced a mathematical expression of the strength of a relationship; produced coefficient of correlation
galton
devised psychology's first word-association test
What are the degrees of freedom (df) between for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?
df A x B= 1, A= 1, B= 1,
binet
did experimental testing on his two children's mental operations
specific factors
differences in competencies in such things as mathematics, language, and music; describes specific abilities
What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?
direct realism
Pfungst
discovered Clever Hans Phenomenon
Brenda Milner
discovered the importance of the hippocampus. The Study of H.M.: had a severe form of amnesia in which he was unable to retain any new memories of events or experiences that occurred after the operation. He could clearly remember his identity and details of his life from times before surgery, but any new learning or information remained with him only briefly. Milner found that he could not transfer information from working memory to long-term memory. Also found his declarative memory was impaired but procedural memory was not.
The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:
distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children
The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:
distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities
The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:
diversity of the field
In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states?
dix
phonemes
doesn't have any inherent meaning by itself, but when put together, they can make words.
The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as
ear of the mentally ill
Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?
eclectic
The Gestaltists are opposed to any type of:
elementism
By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones:
eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy
Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?
empathic understanding
In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:
emphasize the uniqueness of humans
spearman
emphasized the unitary nature of intelligence where binet emphasized its diversity
Science has two major components:
empirical observation and theory
Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.
empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____.
empiricist; rationalist
Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:
engaging in the activities to be learned
For Tolman, independent variables are ________ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.
environmental events
The study of knowledge is called:
epistemology
According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:
escape from that freedom
yerkes
established comparative psychology in the US
What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?
eugenics
spencer
evolution means progress; has a purpose, it is the mechanism by which perfection is approximated
darwin
evolution results from the natural selection of those accidental variations among members of a species that prove to have survival value
Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.
evolutionary
According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:
evolutionary associationism
The term sociobiology is often used interchangeably with the term:
evolutionary psychology
Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:
evolutionary theory
Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____.
excitation or inhibition:
Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:
existentialism
According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind
experience
According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind.
experience
According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:
experiences of pleasure and pain
Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as:
experimental neurosis
pavlov found that forcing an organism ti continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often
experimental neurosis
From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that:
experimental psychology must stress selective attention
Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?
explicit learned behavior
which of the following is one of the four types of behavior watson described
explicit learned behavior
Pavlov
identified "psychic secretions" in dogs when handlers came with food. US, UR, CS, CR. Classical conditioning conditioned reflexes: a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response when it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Higher order conditioning: when one response is originally paired with one stimulus the serves as an unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairing with another conditioned stimulus.
galton
ideographic work
According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the:
idols of the cave
According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the:
idols of the tribe
According to the Turing test:
if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think
The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that:
if one can think of something, it must exist
What does a significant interaction mean in terms of the IVs?
if there is a significant interaction then the effects of one IV are directly influenced by the other IV. -The effect of one iv depends on the Level of the other-
According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:
ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction
cattell
implicit in his tests were the ideas that if a number of his tests were measuring the same thing (intelligence), performance on those tests should be highly correlated and if the tests were measuring intelligence, they should correlate highly with academic success in college
Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:
in physiology
Wundt's voluntarism followed what tradition
in the rationalistic tradition.
Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:
inclusiveness
When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes:
incongruent
According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that follows a response and:
increases the rate with which a response is made
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):
indeterminist
Walter Mischel
indicated that subjects with widely varying personalities were all powerfully influenced by the experimental situations
The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
individual brain areas have specialized functions
Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.
inductive definition
Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:
inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"
lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Nativist refers to ____ whereas empiricist refers to ____.
inheritance; experience
galton
inherited intelligence based on sensory acuity and selective breeding
Lashley:
initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence
Kant believed that the categories of thought are:
innate
For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.
input; output
wallace
instead of a laissez-faire philosophy concerning human competition; humans can and should guide their own evolution; create government programs that help those individuals less equipped to compete in a complex society
spencer
instincts are nothing more than habits that had been conducive to survival for preceding generations
The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:
instinctual drift
galton
intelligence is a matter of sensory acuity because humans can know the world only through the senses; the more acute the senses, the more intelligent a person was presumed to be
Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:
intelligence is largely inherited
According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.
intelligent humans
The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of:
intentionality
What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?
intentionality
What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?
intentionality
Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed:
interactionism
For Watson, thinking is:
internal speech
According to Adler, traumatic experiences are:
interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes
Mary Cover Jones
intrigued by the notion that if a fear could be created through condition then perhaps it could be removed. Systematic desensitization:
spencer
introduced "intelligence" as it is used in modern psychology
galton
introduced median and mean
Wilder Penfield
investigated individuals with epilepsy to identify areas of the brain which would produce auras (warning signs before convulsions), sensations (particular smells, tinglings, or other feelings) feelings, or the unexplained arousal of emotions such as rage, guilt, depression or elation. -HE stimulated different locations with an electrode, seeking specific spots whose stimulation would cause his patient to experience their auras. He often found the spots and concluded that they marked diseased brain tissue responsible for the epilepsy.
Wolfgang Kohler
investigated the idea of insight on the Canary Islands during WWI. Studied chimps and emphasized that new adaptive responses arose suddenly, following a completely different organization of the perceptual field. psychophysical isomorphism- psychological facts and the underlying events in the brain resemble each other in all their structural characteristics
The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?
irrational feelings
A phase sequence:
is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated
For Watson, speech:
is a type of overt behavior
According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:
is likely to bias one's observations
For Aristotle, sensory experience:
is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge
According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:
is reinforcing to the punisher
physicalism
is the idea tat there is a single form of Science using a common set of references and terminology.
Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:
is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Cybernetics:
is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems
All of the following are true of logical positivism:
it allowed the use of abstract theoretical terms if those terms were logically tied to empirical events. it had a substantial influence on psychology. its ultimate authority was empirical observation.
Presentism maintains that:
it is important to understand the past in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards
Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:
it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow
According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:
it made common sense to do so
All of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology
it opened new avenues of inquiry that have persisted in contemporary cognitive psychology. it moved psychology away from elementism. it demonstrated the organizational nature of perception.
Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:
it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality
Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?
it was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity
Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology:
it was useless in understanding higher mental processes
A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:
its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated
Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
just noticeable difference
Ernst Heinrich Weber
just noticeable difference (jnd)- the minimum amount of difference between two weights necessary to tell them apart. -
Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.
kinesthetic
Thomas Huxley
known as Darwin's bulldog, defended Darwin's theory of natural selection.
spearman
laid the groundwork for what became factor analysis
Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:
language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles
Edward Chace tolman
latent learning: learning that can occur incidentally an without immediate reinforcement. Purposive behaviorism: the idea that all behavior serves a purpose or is goal-directed
The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.
law of Prägnanz
Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"?
law of contiguity
Tolman believed that:
learning occurs independently of reinforcement
According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time.
life space
idiographic
looking for individual differences in human nature
nomothetic
looking for the generalized and common elements of the mind
Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions?
love
In the 1930's and 1940's, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____.
mainly physiological; mainly cognitive
According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.
manifest; latent
S. Smith Stevens
power law- asserts that S is a function of P raised to a particular power times a constant: S=kP^n -confirms te general robustness of Fechner's original inspiration that certain sensory judgements can be at least approximately quantified and shown to relate in a mathematically describable way to events in the physical env.
For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:
predict and control behavior
Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?
predispositions to act in certain ways
Contact hypothesis
prejudice between groups can be reduced if in-group and out-group members are placed in situations where they must interact to reach a common goal
Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:
prepare children to live effectively in a complex society
Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to
prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life
hollingworth
primarily concerned with developing educational strategies that would ensure the developmental well-being of gifted students
According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?
primary quality: size; secondary quality: color
Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of:
prior learning
For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience:
proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)
William Stern
promoted personalistic psych. in which the central concept was the individual and the main goal was understanding each person's individuality. Argued that there are two ways to approach this goal 1: rational individuality, which is the subject persons relative or statistical positions on a large variety of separately measured traits. 2: real individuality, a conception that each person's self is more than the sum of individual characteristics
Alfred Adler
promoted the idea that all children develop strong motives to cope with and overcome their own perceived inferiorities and therefore to achieve master, power, and dominance over their env.
Ruth Benedict
promoted the idea that culture could be thought of as analogous tot he idea of personality within psychology.
Lean Baptist-Lamarck
proposed that species evolve and change by inheriting physical features resulting from the voluntary use or disuse of specific body parts
When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:
proximity
The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called:
psychobiology
The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.
psychological
Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:
psychologist
According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:
psychophysical isomorphism
Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):
psychophysical parallelist
For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are
publicly observable
For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:
publicly observable
Robert Woodworth
published the Personal Data Sheet, a series of questions to be answered yes or no. Used to screen out soldiers who were psychologically unfit for active duty in WWI
Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward.
pure phenomenology
The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:
purposive
Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.
purposiveness
According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.
radical empiricism
According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:
rationalism
What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?
rationalism
Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt?
rationalism
Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?
rationalism and empiricism
A man is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:
reaction formation
According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
reaction potential
According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:
realize that one's life is finite
yerkes
realized that performance on so-called intelligence tests could be at least partially explained by such factors as early experience and education; the more privileged person was offered more enriching experiences and education, so they would have higher scores
Helmholtz
speculated past experience of the observer what 'converts' sensation into perception. (frog experiment) found 3 color vision receptors theory of auditory perception mind's job is construct a workable conception of reality given faulty info from senses unconscious inference: gives perceptual meaning to raw sensation as a result of experience
Spencer
spencer-bain principle, survival of the fittest, and social darwinism
Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined:
spontaneous activity and hedonism
The idea of mass action:
states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex
According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n):
stream of thought
belonging and love needs
strong desires for affection, friendship, and a sense of belonging within a social group
darwin
struggle for survival, natural selection, fitness, adaptive features
Floyd. H. Allport
studied and compared the performances of individuals acting alone versus being members of groups on a series of simple timed tasks Referred to the increase in energy or intensity of work when in the presence of others as social facilitation.
weber's work
studied touch, weight discrimination, found the just noticeable difference (jnd) to be a constant within each modality ( a relative difference between two stimuli) first quantitative law in psychology. First statement of a systematic relationship between physical stimulation and a psychological experience.
goddard
study of the kallikak family; descendants of the elder martin and the worthy girl represented the good side of Deborah's ancestry and the descendants of the younger martin represented the bad side
Nomothetic Methods
study people in terms of general dimensions or characteristics on which they vary to quantitatively specifiable degrees.
Self-actualized subjects
subjects were objective and efficient in their perceptions of reality, arriving at accurate judgments about people or situations quickly and with minimal distortion from their emotions. They also showed unusually high acceptance both of themselves and others as inevitably imperfect human beings.
Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.
sublimation
According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by:
subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination
intelligence quotient
suggested procedure for quantifying intelligence; calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age
yerkes
suggested that all individuals be given all items on the binet-simon scale and be given points for he items passed; this way, a person's score would be in terms of points earned instead of IQ; removes age as a factor in scoring
In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:
suggestion
thurstone
suggests seven intelligence factors
candolle
suggests that climate, religious tolerance, democratic government, and a thriving economy were at least as important as inherited capacity in producing bright individuals (scientists)
Sechenov
supported the use of introspection, believing it was the only way to understand mental process
Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.
systematic experimental introspection
Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.
systematic experimental introspection
correlation
systematic variation between two variables
sentence processing
takes place whenever a reader or listener processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or a text.
self actualizaiton
tendency of psychologically healthy people to fulfill their potential
Zeigarnik Effect
tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones - Lewin
James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as:
tender-minded
Victor Henri
tested visual memory for schoolchildren in which subjects were briefly shown a single straight line and were then asked to choose the one of its same length from a pair of unequal lines.
The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed:
that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body
What term replaces "Mean Squares Within" as MSE in a factorial ANOVA?
the Error term replaces Mean Squares Within in this table to account for all the error variance within the model
Perhaps the closest psychology has ever come to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:
the Middle Ages
Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.
the Russian physiologists; Thorndike
The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called?
the Spencer-Bain principle
One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:
the age of earth
What is a repeated measures ANOVA? Be able to recognize an example.
the equivalent of the one-way ANOVA, but for related, not independent groups, and is the extension of the dependent t-test. A repeated measures ANOVA is also referred to as a within-subjects ANOVA or ANOVA for correlated samples.
mental orthopedics
the exercises that binet suggested for enhancing determination, attention, and discipline; these procedures would prepare a child for formal education
Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that:
the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates:
the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans
Gall believed all of the following
the faculties of the mind were located in specific locations. there was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence. the bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties.
pearson
the father of statistics
Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that:
the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different
terman
the gifted child becomes a gifted adult
According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern
the heterogony of ends
According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern.
the heterogony of ends
According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called:
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime
the mind
Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.
the mind
Descartes believed that:
the mind is nonmaterial
According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:
the mind itself
Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed.
the natural sciences
All of the following were reasons that Hall opposed coeducation during adolescence and young adulthood except:
the natural superiority of males would discourage females from seeking further education
hierarchy of needs
the need Maslow proposed needed to be met to achieve self-actualization
survival of the fittest
the notion that, in a struggle for limited resources, those organisms with traits conducive to survival under the circumstances will live and reproduce
Spencer-Bain principle
the observation first made by Bain and later by Spencer that behavior resulting in pleasurable consequences tends to be repeated and behavior resulting in painful consequences tends not to be
Historicism refers to the belief that:
the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present
Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:
the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment
Coglab on categorical perception
the phenomenon by which the categories possessed by an observer influences the observers' perception
Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:
the postponement of death
Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in:
the power we let others have over ourselves
safety needs
the requirement to be protected from threats by predators, criminals, extremes of climate and temperature
binet-simon scale of intelligence
the scale binet and simon devised to directly measure the various cognitive abilities they believed intelligence compromised
morphology
the science of the structure of living things.
struggle for survival
the situation that arises when there are more offspring of a species than environmental resources can support
Zeitgeist means:
the spirit of the times
Thorndike's law of exercise stated that:
the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced
Thorndike's law of exercise stated
the strength of association is based on how often the association is practiced
phonetics
the study of sounds
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extremes to become less extreme in one's offspring
army beta
the test for illiterate individuals in the army or for those who spoke and read a language other than english
army alpha
the test for the literate individuals in the army
inclusive fitness
the type of fitness that involves the survival and perpetuation of copies of one's genes into subsequent generations; with this expanded definition of fitness, one can be fit by helping his/her kin survive and reproduce as well as by producing one's own offspring
Ryan B. Cattell
trained in factor analysis: a set of statistical procedures in which the intercorrelations of large numbers of individual variables can be reduced to smaller factors clusters of principal components Intelligence could be conceptualized not just as a single entity but as a combination of specific factors such as verbal comprehension and fluency, associative memory, abstract reasoning and perceptual speed.
functional autonomy
traits come to manifest this from their childhood origins: for a full understanding of mature, normal person, he insisted that this ongoing functionality was more important than those distant origins
Robert Sessions Woodworth
transfer of training: the effect of instruction and exercise in one mental function on performance in a different one.
When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____.
transference
In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess.
transform
Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions.
transpersonal and fourth-force
Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:
treat them as small adults
Ambroise Auguste Liebeault
treated people hypnotically for free or allowed them to be treated by established methods for standard fees.
What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?
trepanation
Edward Lee Thorndike
trial and error learning: process of exhibiting random behavior that was occasionally successful, gradually becoming more precise law of effect: when particular stimulus-response sequences are followed by pleasure, those responses tend to be strengthened, or "stamped in" the subjects repertoire Leader of functionalism: focused attention on the utility and purpose of behavior
the bell-magendie law (law of forward direction)
two researachers found the motor function of ventral roots and the sensory function of dorsal roots in spinal nerves
According to Rousseau, for a government to be effective it must be based on:
unanimous agreement among members of the community
Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow. In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a(n):
unconditioned response (UR).
In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the:
unconditioned stimulus
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to
understand animal consciousness
Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:
understand animal consciousness
Charles Lyell
uniformitatianism: the earth's major features have resulted from gradual processes occurring over vast stretches of time and continue in the present much as they have in the past. disputed catastrohpism: geological feature arose because of a few sudden and massive cataclysms on the Earth's surface.
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that
unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that:
unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless
existential dichotomies
unsolvable problems that are an inevitable part of the human condition. One person can achieve only a small fraction of possibilities that open up to him or her. Human intelligence brings with it a conscious knowledge of mortality and the fact that one lives and dies as an isolated individual.
goddard
urged that those with mental deficiencies be sterilized or segregated from the rest of society
Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss:
used existentialism to understand human nature
June Etta Downey
used features of handwriting analysis in 1919 to obtain scores on personal traits such as impulsivity, carefulness, and forcefulness in her Individual Will-Temperament Test
goddard
used the binet-simon scale for immigrants, who were labeled "mentally defective" and deported much of the time
Franz Anton Mesmer
used what we know now as hypnotism to treat his patients. Hypnotism: the process of inducing mental concentration, resulting in a sate of high suggestibility. Animal magnetism: a strong source of internal for or energy which could act therapeutically just like a real magnet The application of this magnetic force came to be known as mesmerism.
According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:
using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes
According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.
utilitarianism
binet-simon scale of intelligence
valid way of distinguishing between normal children and children with mental deficiencies
Wundt believed that feelings are:
various combinations of three attributes
seven intelligence factors
verbal comprehension, word fluency, use of numbers, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning
According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:
view things differently
Gustav Le Bon
wrote The Crowd asserted that the most fundamental social responses of any person derive from unconscious ideas and motives Identified the most effective (and dangerous) crowd leader is unreflective, single-minded, irrational, and fanatical. Leaders increase their influence by applying three techniques 1. affirmation, 2. repitition of affirmations, 3. social contagion
Louis Goldberg
wrote and article about the Big Five titled, "What the hell took so long?" proposed that personality psychologists were too obsessed for too long with the person-situation controversy to attend to the more important subject
Charles Renouvier
wrote and essay on free will that James read and decided to believe in free will because it rejected mechanistic physiology.
Christian von Ehrenfels
wrote of certain perceptual Gestaltqualitaten or "form qualities" that could not be introspectively broken down into separate sensory elements, but instead resided in the overall configurations of objects or ideas. For example, the squareness of a square and the melody of a musical piece reside not in their separate arts, but in their total configurations.
According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.
yellow
For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.
the condition of the brain; the condition of the four humors of the body