Psy 354 final cards

morphemes

The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or a grammatical function. For example, truck consists of a number of phonemes but only one morpheme, because none of the components that create the word truck means anything.

Zeitgeist means:

The spirit of the times

What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?

The study of human consciousness

Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?

The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete

Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning?

The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete.

According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.

The uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks

According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.

The uniqueness of humans; the abnormal

hich of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists?

The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement

Intellectual level

The examiner took the highest year for which all five items had been successfully passed as the base, then added 1/5 of a year for each subsequent correct answer to compute the child's intellectual level. Children with intellectual level is more than two years behind their ages be seriously considered for special education.

The naturalistic and humane treatment of patients that was inspired by Hippocrates and Galen lasted until the:

The fall of the Roman Empire

Thorndike

The first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior was done by

Clever Hans

The horse that could supposedly count

Positivism

The idea that knowledge can only be derived from direct observation would be known as

What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?

The importance of subjective experience

What did romanticism and existentialism have in common?

The importance of subjective experience.

William Stern

The individual who came up with the idea of a ratio setting mental age over chronological age to created an IQ was

According to kant, our phenomenological experience results from:

The interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

Object constancy

The knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they're not within immediate sensory awareness

What aspect of Aristotle's philosophy became the cornerstone of most modern theories of learning?

The laws of association

semantics

The meanings of words and sentences.

What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind?

The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas.

Reflection

The mirroring back to the client the substance of what he or she just said using different words

inhibition

The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was

What was true of Comte's proposed Utopian society?

The natural selflessness and the moral resolution of women was emphasized

Kant and helmholtz agreed that:

The perceiver transforms what the senses provide

Sensory motor stage

The period from birth to approximately age 2. Child's intelligence during this period involves basic sensory and motor activities and has nothing to do with abstract thought in the adult sense

c. lexical ambiguity

The phrases "First National Bank" and "river bank" illustrate ___. a. balanced dominance b. biased dominance c. lexical ambiguity d. the word frequency effect

According to Popper, what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?

The principle of falsifiability

Intelligence quotient

The ratio of mental age to chronological age

coherence in texts

The representation of a text or story in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text or story is related to information in another part.

animals learned constantly

The results of an experiment run by tolman and honzik indicate

syntax

The rules for combining words into sentences.

b. temporal

The savant syndrome is often associated with damage to the anterior ___ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. frontal d. parietal

Two point threshold

The smallest distance between two point of stimulation where they are experienced as two separate points instead of one.

A major difference between connectionism (neural networks) and good old fashioned AI (GOFAI) is that GOFAI systems ____ and neural networks ____.

reason about the information they contain; change associations based on experience

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. This belief was called:

recapitulation theory

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called?

recapitulation theory

In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals, Münsterberg attempted to strengthen the thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties. He referred to this technique as:

reciprocal antagonism

Neural network systems have been most successful at:

recognizing patterns and objects

Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists is the same, namely, to:

reduce uncertainty

Because Democritus attempted to explain events occurring in one domain (observable phenomena) in terms of events occurring in another domain (the arrangements of atoms), he is considered a(n):

reductionist

Kurt Goldstein

referred to the tendency to maintain integrity and wholeness in the face of injury as a motive toward achieving 'self-actualization' in his studies with brain-injured soldiers.

Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.

regression toward the mean

Galton used the concept of ________ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring.

regression toward the mean

Humanistic psychologists:

reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal

If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization, he or she is said to be:

reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal

Immature religion

religious attachment adopted largely for self-aggrandizing reason; it is unreflective, literal-minded, bigoted, and intolerant of other beliefs

According to your text, the mind-body problem:

remains one of psychology's persistent problems

According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience.

remembering; recall

Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.

repressed; expressed

While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called:

resistance

For Skinner, behavior elicited by a known stimulus is called ____ behavior, and behavior that was simply emitted by an organism is called ____ behavior.

respondent; operant

By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:

retention curve

Georg Elias Müller was the first to demonstrate:

retroactive inhibition

According to Hebb, ____ allows neurons that are temporarily separated to become associated.

reverberating neural activity

galton

revised his position on intelligence by saying that the potential for high intelligence is inherited but that it must be nurtured by a proper environment

terman

revised the binet-simon scale for intelligence into the stanford-binet test

rise of psycho-physiological research

sciences depended on the accurate observation of their content

The original members of the American Psychological Association (APA) believed that anything in psychology worth applying to practical matters came from:

scientific psychology

According to Popper, psychology's persistent questions would be persistent even if they were scientific questions because:

scientific solutions can only attain the status of "not yet disconfirmed"

Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the:

second-signal system

According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, tidology and psychology are inexact sciences because their ___ are not understood

secondary laws

At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the:

seduction theory

In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:

seek to improve the human condition

Eugenics

selective breeding - Galton

According to James, all of the following were components of the empirical self except:

self as a knower

When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained) as their own, he or she is experiencing:

self-alienation

James defined ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.

self-esteem

Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins?

self-psychology

According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain.

sensation

According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain:

sensation

fechner's formula

sensation= constant log stimulus this means that for sensations to rise arithmetically, stimuli must rise geometrically

What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?

sensations, feelings, and convention

According to Muller we are directly aware of

sensory impulses.

According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by:

sentiments

In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n):

set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted

According to Miller, the magical number for humans' capacity to process information is:

seven +/- two

Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:

she was a woman

Yerkes believed that immigration ____.

should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused

Rate of Nerve Conduction

showed that nerve impulses are measurable and fairly slow - Helmholtz

In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society.

skepticism; cynicism

According to Thorndike, schools should teach:

skills that will be useful to students when they leave school.

Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as:

social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

social Darwinism- individual organism, species, political systems, and entire societies are alike in their tendency to evolve from relatively simple entities into complex ones

Solomon Asch

social conformity: showed that the tendency to conform was not confined to atypical individuals but was perhaps a universal inclination influenced by powerful situational factors. Asch Line Experiment

According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable:

social interest

expertise

somebody who has a great deal of highly organized domain-specific knowledge, where a domain is a network of knowledge, such as chess, mathematics, or music.

The study of ____ is especially important to ethologists.

species-specific behavior

In 1960, Donald Hebb referred to the American revolution in psychology. According to Hebb, only one phase of the American revolution in psychology had taken place at that time:

the behavioristic movement

spencer

the best policy for a government to follow is a laissez-faire policy that provides for free competition among citizens

Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.

the consciousness

According to May, ____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.

the daimonic

nature-nurture controversy

the debate over the extent to which important attributes are inherited or learned

Wundt's principle of ____ states that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.

the development of opposites

Copernicus argued that:

the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory)

Alfred Russel Wallace

thought of a new theory of evolution, wrote it up and sent it to Darwin. Darwin read this proof and saw a brief outline of his own theory. There was much debate on who's theor willbe used .

According to Hebb, when a cell assembly fires, we experience a(n):

thought of an environmental object

To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:

three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors

Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, our nationality. This he called:

thrownness

In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ________ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ________.

tongue/middle of the back

William Wundt

took the work of helmholtz, weber, and fechner and synthesized it into a unfield field of study organized around a particular study led to the first laboratory in psych first school in psych Voluntarism- focused on will, choice, purpose

In explaining how the elements of thought combine, Titchener emphasized:

traditional associationism

James Esdaile

trained his assistants to mesmerize patients before their operations and became the first person to use mesmeric anesthesia on a large scale.

Joseph Delboeuf

visited the Salpetriere to conclude that not only magnetic effects but also the entire enactments of grand hypnotisme were the results of patients with great investment in their roles

Eleanor Jack Gibson

visual cliff- a platform with a transparent glass floor Her studies suggested that depth perception occurs even in extremely young subjects who lack the sorts of experiences that Helmholtz believed were necessary for learning the major premises involved in unconscious inference.

According to Wundt, empiricism lacked an appreciation of:

volitional processes

Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:

voluntarism

Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:

voluntarism.

binet

wanted to directly measure the complex mental operations thought to be involved in intelligence

Max Wertheimer

wanted to study the optical illusion of apparent movement: the perception of continuous motion that occurs when observing a succession of slightly varying still images (phi phenomenon) -

law of forward

was discovered by Charles Bell

James Braid

was the first to define hypnotism as the practice of inducing a mesmeric trance.

Lashley's search for the engram:

was unsuccessful

Skinners Reinforcement Theory

we do what we get rewarded to do. We decide what is a reward, Rewards work better than punishments.

When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:

were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success

Which of the following is not one of the themes that describe functionalist ideas?

were opposed to study of animals and children

Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:

what does not kill me, makes me stronger

Law of contiguity

what you do last in a situation is what you will tend to do if the situation recurs Timing between behavior you are trying to change and consequences Gunthrie

Insightful learning occurs:

when an organism weighs all the options for problem solving through experience

Philosophy began:

when logos replaced mythos

peak experiences

when suddenly the world is perceived in a new and appreciative way

For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.

why

For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.

why

The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:

will

For Binswanger, the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:

world-design

According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child?

worldview - guiding fictions - lifestyle

Helmholtz found that when individual with normal sight wore distorted lenses they:

would make perceptual mistakes at first but then would adapt and perceive normally.

d. situation is to preconceptions

The water jug problem is to the candle problem as ___. a. the two-string problem is to functional fixedness b. functional fixedness is to the two-string problem c. preconceptions is to situation d. situation is to preconceptions

For Nietzsche, The most basic motive for human behavior was:

The will to power

According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):

conditions of worth

binet

conducted research on hypnotism but the results were due to poor experimental control

Roberts Bartholow

connected his needles o a mild electrical supply and stimulated the exposed surface, producing involuntary muscular contractions on the opposite side of the body. Sadly, he killed a patient when he pushed a needle too deep.

Hebb's contention that neurons that are active together become associated was instrumental in the development of:

connectionism

In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:

conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their:

consequences

Vladimir M. Bechterev

extended Pavlov's technique to study muscular responses such as the withdrawal of a dogs paw when electric shock was administered as the unconditioned stimulus.

phrenology

extension of faculties of thought to the structure of brain and the assumed subsequent effect on the shape of the skull developed by gall, popularized by Spurzheim

If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur

extinction

If, after conditioning has taken place, a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US), ____ will occur.

extinction

The recent interest in cognitive psychology spurred a renewed interest in:

faculty psychology and the mind-body problem

Elizabeth Loftus

false memories: memories for events that had not occurred, could be deliberately created. Devised a scenario for a hypothetical childhood event that would have been mildly traumatic and memorable but without lasting negative consequences. Found that the subjects "remembered" the false story with somewhat less clarity than true ones but accepted it anyway and provided further details and embellishments such as describing the rescuers clothes.

Wittgenstein replaced the traditional concept of essence or universal with that of:

family resemblance

The Jonah complex refers to the:

fear of one's own success

Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from:

feelings of pleasure and pain

Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs) that come to signal biologically significant events the:

first-signal system

sociobiology

fitness is determined by how successful one is at perpetuation one's genes but not necessarily how successful one is at producing offspring

Kelly called his approach to treatment:

fixed-role therapy

physiological needs

food, shelter, whose lack of satisfaction is physically catastrophic for the individual

Seligman has found that:

for any given species of animal, some associations are easier to learn than others

Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first

forensic psychologists

Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first:

forensic psychologists

spearman

found that measures of sensory acuity correlate highly among themselves but they also correlate highly with cleverness in school

terman

found that the common expression "early ripe, early rot" was not accurate

cattell

founded the first psychology lab designed for undergraduate students

Morton Prince

founded the journal of abnormal psych. and social psych.

May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:

free

According to Vaihinger, the fiction of ____ is at the heart of such concepts as morality and jurisprudence.

freedom

Hebb's rule is based on associative laws of ____ and ____.

frequency; contiguity

Structuralists are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the:

function of the mind

According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:

functional

According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:

functional.

Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should

furnish practical knowledge

Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should:

furnish practical knowledge

Condillac felt that Locke:

gave the mind unnecessary innate powers

Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):

general impression

selective breeding

general intelligence of people can be improved by encouraging the mating of bright people and discouraging the mating of people who are less bright

In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:

generalization

In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:

generalization.

According to Bouchard, any similarities in intelligence or personality between twins separated at birth must be due to:

genetic influences

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise:

geometrically

The major conclusion from Terman's study of genius was that:

gifted children became gifted adults

According to Heidegger, an inauthentic life results whenever one:

gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others

wilhelm wundt

goals: understand basic elements of thought, and the laws that govern the development of complex thought wundt stressed the idea that selective attention or volition (concept of will) was a major variable in psych

Lashley's work:

gradually showed that brain activity was similar to the description of the Gestaltists

What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years?

great-person approach

According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing?

habit

Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response.

habit strength

Handbook of Psychobiography

has guidelines for the responsible writing of psychobiography, including appropriate examples with case studies of several prominent psychologists, as well as figures from the arts and politics.

Cognitive dissonance exists when a person:

has incompatible ideas that motivates him or her to change beliefs or behavior

well-defined problems

have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions

Gordon Allport

he and his brother wrote an article about personality traits: the habitual patterns of behavior temperament, intelligence, sociality, and emotion that differentiate one person from another. Declared the outstanding characteristic of humans is their individuality

Binet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because:

he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number

Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:

he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics

how did guthrie account for forgetting

he belived that it is resulted from replacement of an old memory with a new one

Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingworth?

he made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children

Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because:

he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany

Hobbes' theory of human motivation was

hedonistic

According to Szasz, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it

helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life

Jose Custodio de Faria

highly skeptical of general magnetic theory. Demonstrated these states could be induced without the use of a magnet. He showed the secret of mesmeric phenomena lay not in the mysterious powers of the operator but in the predispositions and susceptibilities of the subjects.

spearman

his conception of intelligence was embraced by the new testing movement in the US

Binet conducted his first studies of intelligence on:

his daughters

darwin

his ideas gave birth to a uniquely American type of psychology - a psychology that emphasizes individual differences and their measurement, the adaptive value of thoughts and behavior, and the study of animal behavior

The allegory of the cave demonstrates:

how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance

May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:

human dilemma

darwin

humans differ from other animals only in degree; much can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals

Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that:

humans do not share the same ideas

Watson's final position on instincts was that

humans have no instincts

According to Tolman, the first thing an animal develops in a learning situation is a(n):

hypothesis

Jean-Martin Charcot

hysteria: variety of symptoms that superficially resembled the effects of organic neurological disorders. But unlike ordinary neurological symptoms, these seemed to have no underlying organic issues and violated known facts about the nervous system. Worked in the Salpetriere until hypnotism was shown to be a fraud.

According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality.

id

According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called:

identification with the aggressor

Norman Triplett

noticed bike racers went faster when head-to-head than when competing against themselves in individual time trials. Identified either social enhancement or inhibition of performance in children when given the task of winding fishing reels.

Tolman believed that organisms (including humans) learn by:

observing what leads to what in the environment

According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:

of the remnants of sensory experiences

Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:

of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology

Spencer

offspring inherit the cumulative associations its ancestors learned; inheritance of acquired associations

galton

offspring of illustrious individuals were far more likely to be illustrious than were the offspring of non illustrious individuals

darwin

one of the earliest conflicts with the church was the age of the earth

galton

one of the first to study mental imagery; continuum: some people have no imagination and some have a great ability

By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that:

one's mind exists apart from the Absolute

According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found:

only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason

According to Bacon, science should utilize:

only the direct observation of nature

Operant Behavior

operant behavior is controlled by its consequences and not elicited by known stimulation -Skinner

B. F. Skinner

operant conditioning: organisms act on or operate on their environments and then encounter various consequences for their actions. Contingencies of reinforcement: the specific conditions under which the responses were reinforced or not with food pellets. Fixed-interval reinforcement schedule Fixed-ration reinforcement variable-interval reinforcement Variable-ration reinforcement

If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n):

operational definition

Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be:

operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events

According to Rogers, using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.

organismic valuing process

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it.

original law of effect

If a phenomenon has two or more causes it is said to be ____, a very important concept in Freudian theory.

overdetermined

Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.

overt behavior

Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?

paired-associate

What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior?

passions

Nietzsche believed that:

people are their own creation

McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways. Instincts have three components. Which of the following is one of the three?

perception, behavior and emotion.

Unlike ____, which is passive and automatic, ____ is active and voluntary.

perception; apperception

Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior.

performance

For Tolman, motivation influences ____ but not ____.

performance; learning

The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more:

personal

What did Rousseau trust most as a guide for human conduct?

personal feelings

Anna Freud beleived that the superego develops in the ___ stage, while Klein believed it delopes in the ___ stage

phallic, oral

Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage.

phallic; oral

For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer.

phenomenological experience

To study mental acts and intentionality, Brentano used:

phenomenological methods

Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by:

philosopher-kings

Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her faculties is called:

phrenology

Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded

phrenology

Largely because of its relationship with ____, faculty psychology came into disfavor among scientists and was essentially discarded.

phrenology

What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?

physical monism

With regard to the mind-body relationship, Hobbes denied the existence of a nonmaterial mind; therefore, he was a(n):

physical monist

The belief that all sciences should be unified and use a common language was called:

physicalism

Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the proper order?

physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th century?

physiology

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a(n):

physis

According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of:

pleasantness-unpleasantness

Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:

pleasure in having one's basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are:

polar opposites

Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called:

positivism

Which of the following has been described as "radical relativism"?

postmodernism

The ____ believes that "truth" is always determined by cultural, group, or personal perspectives.

postmodernist

Sechenov:

postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain

Sechenov

postulated that both overt and covert behavior(mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain

Who was the first African-American in the U.S. to earn a Ph.D. in psychology?

Sumner

For Nietzsche, people approaching their full potential are

Supermen

c. Broca's aphasia

Suppose a patient said the following: "Uh...I...the...tub and...h..h..hot." Such an utterance would be consistent with ___. a. either Wernicke's or Broca's aphasia b. Wenicke's aphasia c. Broca's aphasia d. neither Wernicke's nor Broca's aphasia

d. The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.

Suppose we read that "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet while he was sitting at his desk." Which of the following would NOT indicate instrument interference from this sentence? a. Shakespeare probably used a quill pen and definitely not a computer. b. Shakespeare likely wrote on a wooden rather than a metal desk. c. By writing Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote a play. d. The type of chair that Shakespeare sat in was a stool.

c. specific element is to underlying principle

Surface feature is to structural feature as ___. a. source problem is to analogical transfer b. analogical transfer is to source problem c. specific element is to underlying principle d. underlying principle is to specific element

c. similarities ; in a conversation

Syntactic priming emphasizes the ___ with respect to sentences spoken ___. a. uniqueness ; in a conversation b. uniqueness ; by one person c. similarities ; in a conversation d. similarities ; by one person

True

T/F Based on his work with the "thought meter" Wundt believed that internal cognitive processes could be studied

True

T/F Watson discussed language, speech, and thinking as if the were just additional simple behaviors.

J.E. Wallace Wallin

Tempted to Delineate The exact nature of clinical psychology, the aims of clinical work, the kinds of cases clinical psychologist could handle, and how clinical psychology was different from other closely related professions

Personnel selection

Test that would match workers aptitudes and skills to appropriate jobs

Who was the first to emphasize natural explanations and to minimize supernatural explanations?

Thales

Hobbes believed in which of the following/

That democracy was dangerous

Which of the following did Burt believe?

The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited.

Why did the APA create the category of associate member for psychologists who held a doctorate but had no scientific publications beyond their dissertation?

The APA had a strong interest in the scientific pursuit of psychological inquiry

What did Galton find about mental imagery?

The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed.

Psychotechnics

The application of psychology to business and industry.

information processing

The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages.

a. letters are affected by their surroundings

The basic premise behind word superiority is ___. a. letters are affected by their surroundings b. knowledge of meaning helps to fill in the blanks c. knowledge of the meanings of words in a language and knowledge of other characteristics help create speech segmentation d. the context provided by the surrounding words aids in the perception of a word.

d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

The basic premise of preinventive forms particularly presumes that ___. a. genetics and intelligence predominantly predetermine creative behavior b. one is especially creative during periods of mental illness c. group brainstorming is necessary for creativity d. many ideas precede a finished creative product

positivism

The belief that knowledge comes from empirical evidence only is called

Projecting human attributes onto nature is called:

anthropomorphism

According to Heidegger, what goes hand in hand with freedom?

anxiety and responsibility

Heidegger believed that when individuals exercise their freedom, they experience ____, and if they do not, they experience ____.

anxiety; guilt

Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic's point of view?

anything natural is good

According to Lewin, a psychological fact was:

anything of which a person was aware at any given moment

What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems?

anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently

The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of:

apparent movement

The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:

apperceived

social darwinism

application of Spencer's notion of the survival of the fittest to society

Münsterberg's efforts did much to create:

applied psychology

Within psychology in the U.S., interests in individual differences and ____ have always been closely related.

applied psychology

spencer

applied the notion of evolution to everything

When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this?

approach-avoidance conflict

Neural networks based on Hebb's rule ____; however, back-propagation systems ____.

are self-correcting; require a "teacher" to provide feedback about performance

darwin

argued that human emotions are remnants of animal emotions that had once been necessary for survival

Max Wertheimer

argued that the most important kind of learning does not occur by the gradual and laborious trial and error but but flashes of insight.

Dan McAdams

argues that an individual life can be most profitably aproached and conceptualized at three separate but complementary levels. 1st emphasizes the person's standing on the broad, relatively stable dispositional traits 2nd considers more particularized characteristic adaptations 3rd level explores the individuals integrative life story

William Paley

argument from design- according to this man, the marvelously complicated organs of various species are so perfectly constructed and adapted that they must have been designed as finished products by some powerful and knowledgeable creator.

Developments in cybernetics, information theory, and computer technology combined to form the field of:

artificial intelligence (AI)

Ebbinghaus was the first to study learning and memory:

as they occur

According to the text, the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:

assimilate the doctrine of evolution

Rosalie Rayner

assisted Watson in the study of little Albert. Eventually married Watson

Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ________ by philosophers and psychologists.

associationism

Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it:

attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity

Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the:

attentional processes

wechsler

average score on his test was set at 100, and higher and lower performances were evaluated against deviations from that standard

NETtalk exemplifies the type of neural network that utilizes:

back-propagation

J.S. Mill believed that discrimination against women is

basically wrong

Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:

be free of any preconceptions

According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must:

be perceived

natural selection

because more members of a species are born than environmental resources can support, nature selects those with characteristics most conducive to survival under the circumstances, which allows them to reproduce

galton

because sensory acuity is mainly a function of natural endowment, intelligence is inherited

Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:

behaviorist

According to Binswanger, authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will. He referred to this transformational process as:

being-beyond-the-world

mature religion

belief in spiritual reality while simultaneously accepting an inevitable unknowableness and mystery regarding ultimate questions. It encourages humility, self-questioning, and tolerance for the viewpoints of others.

binet

believed inheritance places an upper limit on one's intellectual abilities but that almost everyone functions below their potential

Who created the field that came to be known as information theory?

Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:

Clever Han's phenomenon

The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the:

Clever Hans phenomenon

Henry Goddard

Coined the term moron. What is director of research at the training school for the feebleminded in Vineland New Jersey.

Ladd-Franklin' vision theory

Color vision involved 3 stages: Achromatic vision, then blue green, then red green, more accurate

According to Herbart, an idea is allowed to enter consciousness if it is:

Compatible with the imperceptive mass

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA)

Conducted by Thomas Bouchard , identifies and closely studied a total of 81 monozygotic and 56 dizygotic twin pairs who had been reared in separate families

binet

believed intelligence is not a single ability but several; reflects faculty psychology

burt

believed it was fruitless to try to raise a student's intellectual ability through remedial educational programs

Thomas Malthus

believed most humans are destined to live in poverty because their capacity to increase population greatly exceeds their capacity to increase food production.

burt

believed students of high native intellectual ability should be provided with ore challenging educational opportunities than students with low native intellectual ability

binet

believed that everyone could grow intellectually if properly stimulated

hollingworth

believed that women reach positions of prominence less often than males not because of intellectual inferiority, but because of the social roles assigned to them

darwin

believes that evolution just happens; there is no direction or purpose involved

Abelard's proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:

conceptualism

cattell

concluded that intelligence was about 65% genetically determined

stern

introduced the term mental age

The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are:

introversion and extroversion

galton

invented weather map; suggested fingerprints could be used for personal identification; studied composite portraiture or the creation of new faces based on combining multiple photographs

Idiographic methods

investigate and describe what it is that makes a give person unique, an approach that is more qualitative than quantitative

Koffka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called a ____; in addition, he called a remnant of this a ____.

memory process; memory trace

Christiana Morgan

collaborated with Murray and had an extramarital love affair with each other until she died.

Ewald Hering

color afterimages-when you stared at a stimulus ad shift your gaze to a neutrally colored background, then you will see an afterimage of the same stimulus only its complementary color. He argued this was the existence of some sort of opponent processes in the visual system causing it to respond in an either/or fashion

Theory of Auditory Perception

combos of fiber stimulation explain the auditory experiences we have - Helmholtz

George J. Romanes

comparative pscyh- studied the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of various animals could shed light on their human counterparts in the same way previous studies of their physical structures had done.

Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it.

compound association

Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day.

materialism

Elsie Oschrin Bregman

Conducted research on recruitment, selection, training, management, and the design of jobs in these areas

What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the error variability?

Error variability is variability in the DV scores due to factors other than the IV, such as individual diff, measurement error and extraneous variables (also referred to as within-group variability)

What term did Galton use for the improvement of a species through selective breeding?

Eugenics

Natural Selection

Accidental variations among members of a species that prove to have survival value

Feelings

Accompanied sensations and could be described along three dimensions (tridimensional theory of pleasantness) [Pleasantness-unpleasantness; excitement-calm; strain-relaxtion] of feelings

Natural Selection

According to Darwin's account of evolutionary Principles the environmental pressures which determine the traits which are most useful in a species would be considered the process of

reduction of a drive

According to Hull, for learning to take place, a response must be followed by

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

According to Lamarck, any habits adult members of a species developed that were conducive to survival would be passed onto their offspring. This was called

Quasi Needs

According to Lewin, psychological rather than biological needs.

pleasantness-unpleasantness

According to Titchener all emotions could be explained by employing the dimension of

made a stimulus error

According to Titchener when a person imparted their own interpretation of meaning during an introspection they would have

Galton

Eugenics Regression towards the mean The Word-Association Test

Recapitulation Theory

Evolution can be seen through life cycle -G Stanley Hall

Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process?

Evolution just happens

Catharine Cox

Examine the childhood biographies of some 300 other eminent historical geniuses. Are you that if binet-type intelligence test had been available in the past, most people who turned out to be intellectually prominent in adulthood would also have achieved high IQ scores of children

Rollo May

Existential psychotherapy: emphasize the quest for meaning in life as the paramount issue for modern humanity

According to Khun, what happens during the revolutionary stage of science?

Existing paradigms are displaced

According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from

Experiences of pleasure and pain

perception, apperception

According to Wundt, _____ is passive and automatic while ____ is active and voluntary.

Mediate

Accurately measurable like EEG results - a representation of consciousness - Wundt

What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience?

Act the way you want to feel.

Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment?

Adaptive features

Walter Dill Scott

Addressed how psychology might be useful in advertising. Used the interest in psychology from the advertising community as an opportunity to test some of his theories about the roles of involuntary attention and suggestion in influencing behavior

Broca's Area

After patient dies he saw that front left hemisphere was damaged and that it was connected to the mans inability to form speech - used clinical method - look at problem person had then once he is dead study his brain

The enlightenment is also referred to as the:

Age of reason

Thorndike

Experiment box with cats, learn through trial and error Laid foundation for behavioral psychology

How did Guthrie account for forgetting?

He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.

Which of the following was an accomplishment of Charcot?

He described a disease of the motor neurons, which is still called Charcot's disease.

Which of the following did Yerkes contribute to intelligence testing?

He developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests

Which of the following did Hebb accomplish?

He linked the reticular activating system with cognitive and behavioral performance

Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?

He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures

Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"?

He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures.

Karl Lashley

He trained rats on a aze and another simple learning task, and Franz performed selective brain ablations. They found little experimental evidence for localization. Equipotentiality- the apparent capacity of any intact part of a functional brain to carry out... the memory functions which are lost b the destruction of other parts. Law of mass action- the more extensive the brain injury, the less the opportunity for equipotentiality to operate. His experiments seemed to rule out any simple theory of memory localization in the brain.

A neural network that proposes that the strengths of the connections among units that are active together are increased by mathematically increasing their weights is referred to as:

Hebb's rule

Johannes Muller

Helmholtz teacher. Still clung to the idea of vitalism (all living organisms have within themselves a nonphysical "life force")

Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:

Helmholtzian physiologists

Edmund C. Sanford

Helped Calkins plan a laboratory for Wellesley.

What indicates how much of the variation among measures (e.g., test scores) is attributed to genetic influences?

Heritability

Differential piece-rate system

Hey standard time was set for each task at work you had to do. Any worker who completed the task and that timer faster than a higher rate of pay; anyone who did not meet the standard time was penalized

Alphonse de Candolle

Highly impressed with the importance of environmental and cultural factors and perpetuating successful family is like it's own.

d. two

How many morphemes are contained in the word "bedroom?" a. It is impossible to determine based on this information. b. seven c. one d. two

Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology?

Humans are only quantitatively different from other animals

Which statement best illustrates Gassendi's beliefs?

Humans consists of nothing but matter.

After visiting with Galileo, Hobbs became convinced that:

Humans could be completely understood employing only the concepts of matter in motion

Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement, "Existence precedes essence"?

Humans have no essence at birth and therefore, they become what they choose to be.

According to Tolman, the first thing an animal developed in a learning situation is a(n)

Hypothesis

Stage theory of cognitive development

Hypothesizes the existence of four major sequential stages between infancy in late adolescence, each one involving the acquisition of new strategies and ways of thinking that permit the solution of previously unsolvable problems

Josef Gall

I didn't find fibers connecting hemispheres of the brain (corpus collosum) Phrenology: human faculties can be identified and located in specific parts of the brain Important for theory of localization of function

according to freud, the ___ contains all instincts and is the driving force to personality.

ID

William Stern

IQ test

Horatio Newman, Frank N. Freeman and Karl Holzinger

Identifies and studied nineteen pairs of identical twins who had been reared in separate households although with varying degrees of contact with each other. Interesting cases of Ed and Fred.

Pragmatism

If it works, it's valid - James

Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve?

The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite.

Gall believed which of the following?

The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties.

free will

The central concept of Wundt's voluntarism was

Clever Hans Phenomenon

The creation of apparently high-level intelligent feats by nonhuman animals by consciously or unconsciously furnishing them with subtle cues that guide their behavior.

What does the line graph show us about the data in this study?

The crossing of the lines means that there is an interaction in the IV's and it shows that there is a difference between the male reactions in cold and hot environments as compared to the female reaction in cold and hot environments

Which of the following did Darwin believe?

The difference between humans and other animals is only one of degree.

Formal operations stage

Ages 11 or 12. Become fully capable of mature experimental or inductive reasoning and analyzing problems systematically The chemical experiment

Who was the first physician to argue against labeling individuals as witches?​

Agrippa

Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism?

All theoretical terms must be operationally defined.

Adaptive Features

Allow adequate adjustment to enviornment

In 1988, a group of scientific psychologists protested the prevailing interests of the American Psychological Association (APA) by creating the:

American Psychological Society (APS)

What is the most parsimonious research design we have studied this semester?

An 2 group design

functional fixedness

An effect that occurs when the ideas a person has about an object's function inhibit the person's ability to use the object for a different function.

Leon Kamin

Analyzed Cyril Burts 1966 article and other papers pertaining to separated twins. Decided that Burt's findings "were not worth our current scientific attention"

Which of the following statements is supported by the work of the Brelands?

Animal behavior cannot be properly understood without a knowledge of the animal's instinctual tendencies.

Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.

Apollonian

At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:

Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies

According to herbart, the _____ contains all of the ideas to which we are attending

Apperceptive mass

Conflict Approach

Approach- Approach - two good choices Avoidance - Approach - one choice w/good and bad points Avoidance-Avoidance - two bad choices Lewin

d. It is possible but not necessarily guaranteed.

Are the number of letters in a given word the same as the number of phonemes in that word? a. Yes. b. No. c. It is impossible to determine that answer. d. It is possible but not necessarily guaranteed.

Lewin distinguished between ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized inner essences and categories, and ____ explanation of natural events, which emphasized external causation and dynamics of forces.

Aristotle's; Galileo's

For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas in the complex ideas

Association

Pavlov is to conditioned reflex as Bechterev is to:

Association reflex

What are the components of a factorial design?

At least 2 IV's with multiple levels -Between-group designs(independent) -Within-group designs (correlated) -Mixed group designs (both independent and correlated)

Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions?

At one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival.

Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded is because it:

Attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of James' stream of consciousness? Select one: a. it is personal b. it can be divided up for analysis c. it is constantly changing d. it is selective

B.

Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? Select one: a. James b. Dewey c. Hall d. Münsterberg

B.

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and non speculative, his view of science was very similar to that of

Bacon

Because Comte believed that science should be practical and nonspeculative, his view of science was very similar to that of:

Bacon

David Wechsler

Became acutely aware of the need for a better test than the Stanford-Binet for the intellectual qualities of his adult population. Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

Francis Galton

Became captivated by the idea of human psychological variables that were potentially inheritable and therefore romantic future evolution. Anthropometric Laboratory- exhibit used to test people's "intelligence" -developed a new approach known as the psychology of individual differences: focuses on the measurement and study of variations among people on a psychological characteristic, rather than the general qualities of that characteristic. Was obsessed with intelligence being heriditary First to use the self-questionnaire method

Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion?

Bechterev

methodological confounds

Bechterev was critical of Pavlov's work because he thought that surgical manipulations were

Descriptive behaviorism

Behaviorism that is positivistic in that it describes relationships between environmental events and behavior rather than attempting to explain those relationships. Skinner

Carl Rogers

Believed that the validity of any particular inside should be determined not by their conformity with the therapist pre-existing views provide his clients themselves Used client centered therapy

Jerome Bruner

Believed the rapid attainment of formally operational thinking would be a vital step in the education of scientists and mathematicians.

individual psychology

Binet and Victor Henri how to develop a series of short test that could be administered to one person in less than two hours that could provide information comparable in richness, complexity, and comprehensiveness to that obtained from the many hours of intensive analysis traditionally devoted to an individual case study

Mental Orthopedics

Binet believed that disadvantaged children could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of

Special Education attention

Binet believed that the major function of his scale was to identify children who needed

Who is most likely to support the statement, "Our genetic predisposition determines our behavior?"

Biological determinist

According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:

Bored

De-skilling

Breaking down skilled labor into standardized tasks through careful analysis of industrial work

Act psychology

Brentano is most known for his account of

Concrete operations stage

By age 7 or so, they have gained an appreciation of abstract concepts such as quantity and volume which are conserved even as substances undergo changes in appearance. But concretely operational children remain tied to their immediately given situation in still other ways

James Ussher

Calculated the Earth's age to be only about 6000 years old by adding up the ages of the Old Testament patriarchs after Adam and Eve, according to the bible

As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.

meanings; specific words

factor analysis

measuring either an individual or a group of individuals in a variety of ways; all the measures are intercorrelated to determine which of them vary together in some systematic way; examine the matrix of correlations to determine which measures vary together and how many factors need to be populated to account for the intercorrelations observed

Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles.

mechanical

Clark Hull

mechanistic behaviorism: the idea that earning could be conceptualized in terms of mathematical laws that specified relationships among a host of variables, such as habit strength, drive strength and stimulus intensity.

According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.

mediate; immediate

The professional relationship between Watson and Lashley was strained because:

Lashley's research did not support Watson's switchboard conception of the brain

The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.

Law of Prägnanz

Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations?

Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder

Whose name is correctly associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance?

Leon Festinger

Kurt Lewin

Life space- every individual person resides in a unique psychological field which is the totality of his or her psychological situation at any given moment.

____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism.

Logical

Aphasia

Loss of the ability to produce speech - Broca

Phernology

Lump brain - you mind has different functions in different places - Gall

analogy

Making a comparison in order to show a similarity between two different things.

What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?

Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population

What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?

Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population.

Which psychologist would posit that psychology is a science with a core content and widely accepted processes and principles?

Matarazzo

IQ test Calculations

Mental Age/Actual age X 100

Theory of Perception

Mental experiences are interpreted by recollection of past experience -Helmholtz

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell?

Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.

Theory of Signs

Mind constructs idea or reality from incomplete distorted information senses bring in - Helmholtz

What does it mean if a factorial design at least one between-subjects IV and one within-subjects IV?

Mixed Assignment (has both independent and correlated groups) Groups

Instinct

Modified by experience, happen naturally - James

debunk psychic phenomenon

Munsterburg attempted to:

Nature and nurture

Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world; nurture is every influence that affects him after birth

____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism.

Neobehaviorism

Cortical Mosaic

Neural stimuli either inhibits or excites brain -Pavlov

Which of the following is true concerning Monads?

Next to God, humans possess the Monads capable of the clearest thinking

Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society as a(n):

Noble Savage

Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions?

Non determinist and soft determinist

Who created the field of cybernetics?

Norbert Wiener

Charles Spearman

Observed and emphasized that When coefficients and correlations are computed all the various items and seven measures used on intelligence test tend to be positively and hierarchically intercorrelated. The single most important factor know about any person's intelligence was his or her general intelligence level, or overall mental power

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:

Occam's razor

William McDougal

One of the strongest proponents f instinct theories of Behaviorism was

Which type of analysis do we use for a one-way multiple group design?

One way ANOVA

____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.

Ontology

Mary Whiton Calkins

Originated the paired-associates technique: presented subjects with stimuli consisting of numerals pair with colors. After varying numbers of presentations, she showed the colors alone and tested for recall of the paired numerals. Self-psychology: Calkins saw the self as active, guiding, purposeful and present in all acts of self consciousness. Regarded the conscious self to be the basic subject matter of psychology

Watson made ____ the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology.

Overt behavior

Wilhelm von Osten

Owner of the horse that could supposedly count

According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:

Paradigm

Spinoza's concept of _____ might be called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud psychoanalysis

Passion

What, according to human, is the ultimate cause of behavior?

Passions

First-signal system

Pavlov called the stimuli that were unlearned and biologically signifigant

Experimental Neurosis

Pavlov experiment with dog- circle and oval then mixed makes them crazy

Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)?

Pearson

Karl Pearson

Pearson's r: refined Galtons coefficient of correlation. Can be used in any situation involving the degree of association between two measurable variables

Bouchard reached which of the following conclusions?

People have similar personality traits to the extent that they are genetically related.

According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consisted of:

People recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering in to a personal relation with God.

Insightful learning has several characteristics

Performance is usually smooth and free of errors. A solution gained by insight is retained for long periods of time. The transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete

Which one of the following did Rousseau trust as a guide for human conduct?

Personal Feelings

c. fixation

Peter is stuck trying to understand some extraneous information with regards to a math problem and, as such, he finds it difficult to proceed. Peters appears to be showing ___. a. restructuring b. functional fixedness c. fixation d. a mental set

Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:

Philosophical Studies

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior

Physical determinist

Johann Kaspar Lavater

Physiognomy- The reading of a person's character in his or her physical features

Who developed a cognitive development theory and is considered an even more prolific writer than Wundt?

Piaget

Charles Sanders Peirce

Pragmatism- scientific ideas and knowledge can never be absolutely certain, but only subject to varying degrees of pragmatic belief. In other words, ideas worked with varying degrees of effectiveness in adapting to the world.

syntactic ambiguity

Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions when having a conversation.

Martin Seligman

Promoted positive psychology Introduce the influential concept of "learned helplessness" as a major factor in depressive conditions a factor that can often be overcome through cognitive behavioral therapy

Lev Vygotsky

Promoting an approach to developmental psychology that has been described as socio-cultural. It's main argument is that everything in a child's mental development Must occur first on a social level before it can become internalized and individual

G. Stanley Hall

Proposed recapitulationism: the stages of each persons intellectual, emotional, and psychological development pass through the same ones as our pre-human ancestors Also believe in the prominent variation hypothesis.

Gardner Lindzey

Proposed the idea of creating a Handbook of Social Psychology. Also contributed to the status of personality psychology by co-authoring Theories of Personality.

Luther's new religious movement that denied the authority of the pope was called:

Protestantism

According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in _____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology

Psychic determinism

What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy?

The doctrine of specific nerve energies

The Gestaltists viewed the brain as:

a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information

Plato's analogy of the divided line illustrates:

a hierarchy of understanding

The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies:

a mental set and a determining tendency

search

a model of visual attention that explains how we find our intended target when looking in a crowded visual field.

sociobiology

a modern extension of Darwin's theory of the explanation of human and nonhuman social behavior

According to Carr, which of the following is a necessary part of an adaptive act?

a motive or need

Galileo was among the first to suggest that:

a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible

Thematic Apperception Test

a series of 32 black and white pictures or photographs depicting ambiguous but potentially dramatic scenes. Subjects had to make up a story about each picture including a description of what is happening, what led up to it, and how the situation turned out.

According to Hume, the mind is:

a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment

According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____.

a social judgment

One-trial learning

a stimulus pattern gains its full associative strength on the occasion of its first pairing with a response (you learn it all at once) -rejection of the law of frequency - Gunthrie

pragmatics

a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning

Hippolyte Bernheim

abandoned his conventional practice to become a hypnotherapist. suggestibility: he defined as : the aptitude to transform an idea into an act."

Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:

absolute threshold

Albert Camus is often associated with the existential idea that to search for life's pre-ordained purpose is futile. This concept is referred to as the:

absurd

Hans J. Eysenck

acknowledged Allport as the patron saint of personality psych. but vigorously rejected his promotion of idiographic methods and insisted that the field should exclusively nomothetic.

According to May, exercising one's freedom means:

acting contrary to traditions, mores, or conventions

person-situation controversy

addressed the question of whether a person's behavior in a given situation is more strongly determined by his/her pre-existing personality traits or by the demands of the particular circumstances

Formal Discipline

adjusting education to focus on a singular faculty (like memory) in order to grow that part of the brain - Gall

terman

adopted Stern's "intelligence ratio" and suggested it be multiplied by 100 to remove the decimal and to call the ratio IQ

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom?

aesthetic, ethical, religious

Theory of intelligence

all intellectual test must involve the exercise of a single common factor he called general intelligence or g. Also propose that each individual type of item required and ability specific to itself an S factor

Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely:

all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection

For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:

allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of:

allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object.

According to Spencer, the best government is one that:

allows free competition among all its citizens

For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that:

allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will

According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it:

allows many specific S-R associations to be formed

For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it:

allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized

evolutionary psychology

also known as sociobiology

Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:

an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts

According to Seligman, ____ determines how easily an animal will learn an association.

an association's place on the preparedness continuum

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

an easily administered multiple-chice test for measuring these factors, which has undergone several successful revisions.

The co-option of an original adaptation for a useful but unrelated function is called:

an exaptation

According to pragmatism:

an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness

The Hippocratics believed that physical illness was caused by:

an imbalance of the four bodily humors

According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from:

an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage

according to melanie klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from

an infants interactions with his or her mothers breast dureing the oral stage

fitness

an organism's ability to survive and reproduce

Personology Society

an organization to develop and promote Murray's case study method, as well as answer Allport's question about how psychological life histories should be written

According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive caused:

an unending cycle of needs and need of satisfactions

According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes:

an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction

According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females.

anima

According to Descartes, when a sense receptor is stimulated, "delicate threads" are pulled and cavities in the brain are opened, thereby releasing ____ into the nerves.

animal spirits

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.

medical

Bartlett in his book, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, demonstrated that:

memory is greatly influenced by personal, cognitive themes and schemas

John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others

mental chemistry

Binet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of:

mental orthopedics

binet

mental orthopedics; children should learn how to learn

For Stumpf, the proper objects of study for psychology are:

mental phenomena

If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes:

metaphysical nonsense

Comte and Mach had in common the belief that

metaphysical speculation must be avoided

Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:

metaphysical speculation must be avoided

Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?

methodological behaviorism

Who would be most likely to view artificial intelligence (AI) as potentially useful in an effort to understand humans?

methodological behaviorists

methods and contributions

methods: limits: a varied S is compared to a standard method of constant stimuli: pairs of S are presented, one a standard and the other a variation method of adjustment: participant adjusts one S until it appears equal to a standard contributions: fechner created field of psychophysics, led way to psychology as an independent field.

darwin

mistaken assumption that contemporary primitive people are the link between primates and modern humans and are therefore inferior

darwin

mistaken assumption that long practiced habits become heritable instincts

darwin

mistaken assumption that women are intellectually inferior to men

Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus, while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.

modality; intensity

Big Five

model of personality traits that addressed 5 factors of personality. Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

sociobiology

modification of Darwin's definition of fitness from the survival and reproductive success of the individual to the perpetuation of one's genes

For Tolman, ____ was the same as ____.

molar behavior; purposive behavior

galton

monozygotic twins are very similar to each other even when they are reared apart and dizygotic twins are dissimilar even when they are reared together

Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology.

motivation

According to Husserl, experimental psychology:

must be preceded by phenomenological analysis

The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:

naive realism

Genetic epistemology

name Piaget used to study the development of children's ways of knowing about the world. In this sense genetic meant developmental not hereditary

According to May, ____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories.

narrative therapy

Behavioral geneticists tend toward ____ because they believe that at least some thought processes or behavior patterns are strongly influenced by heredity.

nativism

Chomsky's explanation of language is basically:

nativistic

According to Darwin, evolution resulted from the ________ of those accidental variations that proved to have survival value.

natural selection

To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ____.

naturalistic observation of various forms

To study the higher mental processes, Wundt believed that we must use ________

naturalistic observation of various forms

simon

necessary to have an adequate method of distinguishing them from normal children

According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what:

need or drive is present

psychogenic needs

needs that become aroused in various ways by environmental "presses" -among more notable of these were the need for achievement, affiliation, power, and for autonomy

Connectionism takes as its model a complex system of artificial neurons called a:

neural network

According to May, the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition, religious dogma, the expectation of others, or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices.

neurotic anxiety

Once Aristotle's ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:

no longer challengeable

Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n):

noble savage

The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n):

nondeterminist

Habit

not automatic, can increase or decrease through practice - James

Goddard, along with several leading scientists of the day, believed that individuals with intellectual disabilities should:

not be allowed to reproduce

The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.

not believing in anything

Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.

reason

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on

the ancient law of contiguity

In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept?

the associative principles of contiguity and frequency

According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____.

the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks

According to the Zeigarrnik effect, when subjects were allowed to complete some tasks but not others...

the uncompleted tasks were remembered better than the completed tasks.

According to the third-force psychologists, behaviorism neglected ____ and psychoanalysis focused on ____.

the uniqueness of humans; the abnormal

psychobiography

the use of psychoanalytic and other psychological personality theories to interpret and illuminate an individuals life story

eugenics

the use of selective breeding to increase the general intelligence of the population

Hebb's preferred approach to studying cognitive processes was to speculate about:

their biological foundations

According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations

theological

Struggle for Survival

there are more offspring's then can survive in an enviornment

According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment:

there is a struggle for survival

According to the text, psychology's persistent questions are persistent because:

they are philosophical questions

Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:

they fear death

adaptive features

those features than an organism possesses that allow it to survive and reproduce

ill-defined problems

those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solutions

spearman

viewed intelligence as largely inherited where binet viewed it as modifiable by experience

d. common ground

"Yeah" is a good example of ___ in conversations. a. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis b. syntactic coordination c. the given-new contract d. common ground

weber's law

"a just noticeable change in a stimulus is a constant ratio of the original stimulus" describes the relationship between quantities or intensities of stimuli and the increases needed to be added for humans to be able to detect differences

Broca

(BP) Speech Production

general intelligence

(g) the aspect of intelligence that is largely inherited and coordinates specific intellectual abilities

coefficient of correlation

(r) a mathematical expression indicating the magnitude of correlation between two variables

What is the effect size for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?

*Partial Eta Squared IS the Effect Size Eta for A x B = .430 Eta for A = .222 Eta for B = .039

Just Noticeable Difference

- smallest physical difference b/w 2 stimuli that can be recognized as a difference

How do we write up results in APA when just writing about main effects 2

-The main effect of Sex was not significant, F(1,16) = .643 , p = .434 ,partial η²= .039(effect size).

How do we write up results in APA when just writing about main effects 1

-The main effect of Temp was significant, F(1,16) = 4.571 , p = .048, partial η²= .222(effect size).

how do we write up results in APA when significant

-There was/was not a significant interaction between Temp and Sex, F(1, 16) = 12.071, p =.003, partial η²= .430, which demonstrated that males were the most aggressive, compared to the females who were less aggressive in the 90 degrees room, in contrast, the females were more aggressive and males were least aggressive in the 65 degrees room.

Gustav Theodor Fechner

-absolute threshold- the smallest intensity of a stimulus that can be perceived at all -known for suffering an ye injury from staring at the sun too long for afterimages. -psychophysics: the study of relationships between the objectively measured intensities of various stimuli and the subjective impressions of those intensities -Fechners Law

c. operators

Carl is trying to solve a puzzle. In doing so, he knows that a stipulated rule is that red pieces cannot touch blue pieces. This example specifically highlights the function of ___. a. the initial stage b. subgoals c. operators d. problem space

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:

Causal laws

In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?

Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.

In all the applications of skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?

Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.

Erasmus Darwin

Charles Darwin's grandfather. One of the most famous intellectual figures of his day: a doctor, inventor, poet, and general man of science.

Marquis de Puysegur

-artificial somnambulism: referred to the state of peaceful sleep in the course of induction. -Posthypnotic amnesia: subjects seemed to forget the trance experiences upon awakening but remembered them when re-magnetized -posthypnotic suggestion: subjects in trance are told they will perform a certain act after awakening, but will forget that they had been instructed to do so.

Which of the following characterized the Enlightenment?

-rationality and the methods of science were glorified -a belief that societal perfection could be approximated -a belief that knowledge was power (all of these choices)

According to Sternberg and Grigorenko, what creates unproductive diversity within psychology?

...

Bouchard estimated the heritability of intelligence to be about:

.70

Two goals for Experimental Psychology

1) Discover elements of thought - complex thought broken down into parts 2) How elements combine to create complex mental experiences

Stream of Consciousness

1) Personal - thoughts are unique to individual 2) Consciousness needs to be understood as a whole not in parts 3) Constantly changing 4) Consciousness is selective - we can focus on something and not another thing 5) Consciousness is functional - helps individuals adapt James

1st and 2nd signal

1st signal - unconditioned - scared of sharks 2nd signal - conditioned response - scared of music connected to sharks Pavlov

Conservation of quantity

2 examples- the piles of clay example and the water in different glasses example

What is a 2 x 3 factorial design? Be able to recognize an example.

2 x 3 = 1 interaction Example 2 x 3 sex could be factor A male-female, factor B Three varied amounts of caffeine

How many participants were in this sample?

20 ( total n of 10 of group 1 + total n of 10 of group 2 = 20 participants)

Titchener concluded that there are about ____ identifiable sensations, most of which are related to the sense of ____.

40,000; vision

Bouchard and his colleagues found the heritability for personality traits to be about ____ and for religious interest, attitudes, and values to be about ____.

50;50

Estimates show that about ____ of the membership of the American Psychological Association (APA) identify themselves as health care providers.

70%

Psychophysics

A branch of psychology concerned with measuring the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses to the stimuli.

According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning?

A child's natural interests

Searle concluded which of the following?

A computer can pass the Turing test without being able to think.

a. utilize the lexical decision task

A fairly common way to test for the word frequency effect is to ___. a. utilize the lexical decision task b. perform saccadic eye movements c. demonstrate the word superiority effect d. test for speech segmentation

Gestalt approach

A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of organization, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring.

According to nietzsche, The difference between freedom and slavery is

A matter of choice

c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking

A possible drawback to expertise is ___. a. impossible as they are no possible drawbacks to expertise b. it may not be possible to gain in-depth knowledge of all fields c. not being able to look at a problem with flexible thinking d. experts are slower at solving problems

mental sets

A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem based on a person's experience or what has worked in the past.

Two-string problem

A problem first described by Maier in which a person is given the task of attaching two strings together that are too far apart to be reached at the same time. This task was devised to illustrate the operation of functional fixedness.

Tower of Hanoi problem

A problem involving moving discs from one set of pegs to another. It has been used to illustrate the process involved in means-end analysis.

Multilated checkerboard problem

A problem that has been used to study how the statement of a problem influences a person's ability to reach a solution.

Gestalt Psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.

garden path sentences

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence.

The General Problem

A situation in which there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle.

Behavior therapy

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt manipulative behaviors into more constructive behaviors -Skinner

What is the Sum of Squared Deviations between groups (mean square?) for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?

A(Temp) x B(Sex)= 33.800 A(temp)= 12.800 B(sex)= 1.800

James referred to individuals who were intellectual, idealistic, religious and who believed in free will as: Select one: a. tender-minded b. tough-minded c. fools d. pragmatic

A.

Fitness

Ability to survive and reproduce

Pierre Flourens

Ablation- surgical removal of specific small parts of an animals brain Proved the cerebellum was indeed the center of a specific function

Elton Mayo

Conducted the Hawthorne Studies. Emphasize the importance of in life and leadership by educated minutes traders who would facilitate cooperative relationships among people work. He wrote that work provided an important sense of one social identity because it involved participation in social customs, inherited traditions and skills, and assigned roles

Funtionalism

Consciousness and Behavior Individuals adapt to environment

Immediate

Consciousness of a person while performing a task -Wundt liked

a. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle.

Consider the sentence "Gloria, the glorious poodle, won the dog show. She has won this award for the second time." A correct anaphoric reference from this sentence would be___. a. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle. b. "She" refers to Gloria the poodle 's owner. c. "The poodle" refers to Gloria. d. "This award" refers to the same award won by Gloria the poodle.

Bain felt that the law of _____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors

Constructive association

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:

Controlled passion

Bessel used personal equations to:

Correct differences in the reaction times among various observers

B. What does it mean if a factorial design Only within subjects IVs?

Correlated/formed with Non-random assignment groups,

Hall did all of the following except: Select one: a. he established the first working psychology laboratory in the United States b. he founded the first American journal dedicated to psychological issues c. he attained the first Ph.D. in psychology given in the United States d. he developed the first intelligence test in the U.S.

D.

John Stevens Henslow

Darwins mentor when he was studying at Cambridge.

Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.

Dasein

Pfungst

Debunked the horse that could supposedly count

David Ferrier

Demonstrated several other functionally distinct centers in the cortex. Stimulated the occipital lobe at the back of a monkeys brain. Found the occipital cortex contains the visual area, the temporal lobe has an auditory area and a sensory strip behind the motor strip that is associated with sensory functions for the same body parts.

Hawthorne Studies

Demonstrated that physical and economic conditions alone we're not sufficient to explain productivity in the workplace. psychological and social factors were also important

Witmer is credited with which of the following?

Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals

Bain's goal was to

Describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Developed a system called scientific management, with the goal of increasing worker efficiency and productivity in the newly mechanized factories .

William Moulton Marston

Developed and aggressively promoted a set of techniques for the detection of lying.

James Flynn

Developed the Flynn effect: The fact that over the past century as the new revisions of tests have been developed subjects have been getting smarter I don't impressively steady rate. When people take two different tests that have been developed and standardized at two different times, average IQ scores are invariably lower on the more recent test

Leonarde Keeler

Developed the keeler polygraph. Was used in police stations across the country but only measured physiological arousal and anxiety which were not good predictors of lying

Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?

Dewey

Why does using a correlated-groups design reduce error variability?

Difference between people is decreased, compared to individuals and the Most common correlated group is repeated measures group

Modes of representation

Different ways of conceptualizing, or mentally representing, the material Enactive mode: Doing something with the material under study, representing it and getting to know it Iconic mode: Focuses on its perceptual qualities using this mode of representation Symbolic mode:Appreciating the objects abstract qualities.

If we find a significant interaction, what should we do next?

Do not pay attention to main effects, interpret the data only.

The training that Witmer envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees?

Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD)

Bärbel Inhelder

Dropped a cube of sugar into a glass of water and asked children between the ages of five and 11 what was happening as the cube dissolved and disappeared. Collaborated with Piaget on a more comprehensive book length project that he called the construction of quantity

learning and memory

Ebbinghaus was the first person to systematically study

Which of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology?

Elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans.

Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?

Empiricists used induction via a "bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach

Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists?

Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach

Principle of Conservation of Energy

Energy is never created or lost in a system but it is only transformed from one form to another. The more energy we use the more we need to consume Helmholtz

Stanely Milgrim

Experiment in which the participant was to administer a shock for each wrong answer to the other "participant" and each time the voltage went up. The "doctor" instructed them to go on and showed that subjects would obey instructions from a credible authority to inflict pain to a surprisingly and distressingly high degree. These were the Milgrim Obedience studies

Rosenthal Effect

Experimenter bias; researchers see what they want to see; minimized in double-blind

PEN Model

Eysnck agrued that by far the ost powerful information one can have about an individual is on the three dimensions of Psychoticism, Extroversion-introversion, and neuroticism

What is one of the criticisms of adaptationism?

Factors other than adaptation can cause evolutionary change

In Lockes philosophy, the concept of association explains

Faulty Beliefs

Time study

Figuring out how to enable workers to do more in less time by giving them quick, repetitive, menial tasks, often on assembly line

Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a phd in psychology. Taught st Howard and presented a paper on mental hygiene and religion.

Herbert Spencer

First person to use the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

predict and control

For Watson the goal of psychology for behavior was

According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology?

For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes

Ernest Aubertin

Found a patient that had the same brain damage and speech disorder jean baptiste was looking for but his condition posed obvious speculation in conscious or unconscious faking by the patient because the speech impairment happened when someone pushed the part of his skull.

Paul Broca

Founded the Paris Anthropological Society to bring together other people with similar interests. The case of "Tan" Broca's Area: front left region of the brain associated with aphasia

Herbart's concepts of the unconscious, repression, and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.

Freud

Emil du Bois-Reymond

Friend of Helmholtz who would go on to help him establish the physical nature of the nerve impulse

More research on Localization

Fritsch and Hitzig: discovered motor cortex Ferrier: discovered sensory cortex these two findings extended the Bell-magendic law to the brain no localization for love, kindness, vitality. functions were not found where phrenologists predicted them to be

Mental imagery

Galton asked subjects to imagine various scenes and then describe their mental images in detail

Sensory acuity

Galton believed that intelligence was Largely determined by

Mental orthopedics

Games and tasks used to allow children to extend their intelligence and grow to their limits

Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?

George Miller and Jerome Bruner

Lashley's address to the International Congress of Psychology did much to further the acceptance of:

Gestalt psychology

There is a kinship between information-processing psychology and which of the following?

Gestalt psychology

Pantheism is the belief that:

God is everywhere and in everything

According to Berkeley, external reality exists because:

God perceives it

Descartes concluded that we can trust sensory information because:

God will not deceive us

During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being ____-centered.

God; human

Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil?

Goethe

movements, acts, skills

Gutherie used what terms to explain how single trial learning occured

Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ____ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.

Guthrie

Because he believed learning occurs in one trial, ________ rejected the law of frequency in his explanation of learning.

Guthrie

Adolphe Quetelet

Had earlier know that measurements such as height and weight when measured from large populations invariably fell into a bell-shaped, normal distribution.

With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed?

Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Theodore Simon

He and Binet set out to develop a test to identify children whose mental handicap rendered them permanently unable to benefit from an ordinary education

Eduard Hitzig

He and fritsch stimulated the brain of dogs to find he motor strip

Gustav Fritsch

He and hitzig found that stimulation to specific points in the region now know as the motor strip elicited specific movement on the opposite side of the body.

Jean Piaget

He attempted to cut through the simple brutal numbers that normally sit as intelligent scores in order to rebuild the children's underlying thought processes

Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education?

He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning.

How did Guthrie account for forgetting

He believed that is resulted from the replacement of an old association with a new one.

a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field.

If you are an expert, then we necessarily assume that ___. a. you've devoted considerable time to a given field. b. you are superior at solving all possible problems c. you are extremely creative d. you have exceptionally high intelligence

d. creative cognition

If you're asked to construct an object with three random parts, then you're likely engaged in an exercise designed to demonstrate ___. a. latent inhibition b. group brainstorming c. preinventive forms d. creative cognition

the tone

In Pavlov's original experiments, what was the conditioned stimulus?

reciprocal antagonism

In his study and treatment of the mentally ill, Munsterburg attempted to strengthen thoughts opposite to those causing the clients to have difficulties. He referred tho this technique as

operators

In problem solving, permissible moves that can be made toward a problem's solution.

a. Ed got a watch.

In the sentence "Ed was given a watch for his birthday" what is the new information? a. Ed got a watch. b. Ed had a birthday. c. Ed's previous watch was broken. d. Ed enjoys cake on his birthday.

1859

In what year did Charles Darwin publish "On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selections"?

Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior

Inclusive fitness

a. What does it mean if a factorial design has only between-subjects IVs?

Independent/Randomly assigned groups,

A. What does it mean if a factorial design has only between-subjects IVs? B. Only within subjects IVs? C. At least one between-subjects IV and one within-subjects IV?

Independent/Randomly assigned groups, Correlated/formed with Non-random assignment groups, Mixed Assignment (has both independent and correlated groups) Groups

Deviation IQs

Indications of where subject stand on normal distributions of previous results from people of their own age

The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:

Individual brain areas have specialized functions

For hering, space perception results from:

Information from the retina about height, left-right position, and depth

What field is most interested in the transformation that information undergoes as it enters a communication system, as it operates within the system, and as it leaves the system?

Information theory

Kant Believed that the categories of thought are:

Innate

Hugo Münsterberg

Insisted that scientific psychology were superior to commonsense, he believed it's methods in finding should be used to improve the judgments of ordinary people.

A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.

Instincts

Giftedness

Intelligence level of children here's IQs were much higher than 100

How can you calculate the number of possible interactions (not levels) in a factorial design? Demonstrate with an example.

Interaction a x b = 1 interaction (2 x 2) interaction a x b x c = 4 interactions =(2 x 2 x 2)

Mamie Phipps Clark and Kenneth B. Clark

Investigated the development of racial density in black and white children that were cited in a brief submitted to the 1954 US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. This case led to the decision to make it illegal to segregate public schools.

____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.

Irrationalism

For Spinoza, free will:

Is a fiction

Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant?

It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical structures.

What does Levene's test tell us and why is this significant to our analysis?

It tells us the test was not significant and safe to interpret the Anovas effects by using the p-value to test against significant or not (p<.05) or not sig. (p>.05) Levene's test is used to assess variance homogeneity, which is a precondition for parametric tests such as the t-test and ANOVA. So, it is significant to our analysis or else we cannot run the ANOVA.

Esteem needs

It's that involve the desire for a stable, firmly-based, usually high evaluation of themselves for self respect for more self-esteem and for the esteem of others

Carl Lange

James-Lange theory of emotion- idea that emotions represent the perception of bodily responses

For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas

James; Münsterberg

For ____, ideas causes behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas.

James; Münsterberg

Although connectionism in the neural network model has been well accepted, it does have its critics. Who, in spite of supporting the Computational Theory of Mind (CTM), has written about the limits in explaining human cognition through any computational model?

Jerry Fodor

Weber's Law

Just Noticeable Difference

According to Flanagan, when cognitive scientists are asked about their philosophical forebears, one hears the name of ____ more than any other.

Kant

Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?

Kenneth Clark

Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

Darwin

Lamarck - claimed traits for survival are passed on Spencer - humans evolve too - survival of the fittest Darwin - traveled to islands on the Beagle and saw animals were different on every island

Thomas Willis

Publish the first accurate and detailed description of the brains complex physical shape , illustrated with plates by that celebrated architect Christopher Wren. Emphasize the substance of the brains various structures rather than its spaces in the fluids that filled them.

Donald O. Hebb

Published a book that related learning and other behavior to the hypothetical functioning of neurological networks in the brain he called cell assemblies.

Shepherd Ivory Franz

Published a study of effects of cortical ablations on cats that had previously been trained to escape a puzzle box. Was interested in the effects ablations had on a specific, learned response The lesions caused responses to be lost but not other ablations. What was more important is that the frontally a later animals were able to sometimes relearn their escape responses.

the type of behavior studied by mcdougall differed from that studied by pavlov and watson in that it was

Purposive

What is a quasi-experiment? Demonstrate with an example.

Quasi-Experiment participants are not randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (employed when the researcher is interested in independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned.)

What is the difference between a quasi-experiment and a true experiment? Demonstrate with an example.

Quasi-Experiment participants are not randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (employed when the researcher is interested in independent variables that cannot be randomly assigned.) True experiment participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (used to establish cause and effect relationships with at least an experimental and control group)

Watson

Radical Behaviorist - all behavior determined by environment

____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.

Radical behaviorism

Preoperational stage

Recognizing that certain manipulations or operations upon an object can transform it from one state to another and then re-transform it back again. Ages 2-7

Word association technique

Recorded the first reactions that come to mind when seeing a list of stimulus words

a. the presence of mental illness and increased creativity

Reduced latent inhibition is associated with ___. a. the presence of mental illness and increased creativity b. increased creativity (only) c. the presence of mental illness and decreased creativity d. temporal lobe damage and increased creativity

Hawthorne effect

Refers to the impact, on performance or behavior, of being aware that you are participating in the study

What is a, main-effect and what does it tell us?

Refers to the sole effect of One IV in a factorial Design. -It tells us an Interaction - joint simultaneous effect on the DV or more than one IV

Jean Baptiste Bouillad

Rejected much of phrenology but supported the notion that an area in the frontal region of the cortex controls language Offered to pay 500 francs to anyone who could demonstrate a case of severe frontal lobe damage accompanied by speech disorder

Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology?

Rejection of introspection as a research tool

Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?

Relate new material to what has already been learned.

What is the fundamental ego defense mechanism because it is involved in all is the other defense mechanisms.

Repression

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Response happens then emotion

Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test?

Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.

Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism?

Rousseau

According to ____, psychology's persistent questions are most appropriately addressed philosophically rather than scientifically.

Russell and Medawar

How do we calculate Mean Squares Between for Interaction A x B, Factor A? Factor B?

SS Between/ df Between = Mean Squares Between B x A= 33.800/1= 33.800 A= 12.800/1= 12.800 B= 1.800/1= 1.800

Motion studies

Said he used to identify the most efficient way to get a task done

Henry A. Murray

Said that every man knows something about himself that he is willing to tell: he knows something about himself that he's not willing to tell; and there's something about himself that he doesn't know he can tell. The ideal goal of a case study was to elucidate all three of these domains, he believed, using a wide variety of test, interviews and other methods. This became known as personology

Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior?

Salivating when a bell is rung

d. functional fixedness

Sarah is walking her dog when her dog's leash suddenly breaks. Sarah realizes that she needs a new leash right then and there but, at first, she doesn't know how to proceed. Unfortunately, she fails to consider that she could fashion a temporary leash by using the shoelaces from her boots. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the two-string problem b. mental set c. fixation d. functional fixedness

The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:

Scholasticism

c. meaning is to rule

Semantics is to syntax as ___. a. sound is to word b. word is to sound c. meaning is to rule d. rule is to meaning

For Locke, all ideas come from:

Sensation and reflection

Cyril Burt

Successfully promoted a new system in which English schoolchildren were rigor tested at age 11 and then streamed into schools geared toward either university admission or workforce

Carl Wernicke

Sensory aphasia: can speak fluently with correct grammar, but their understanding of spoken language was impaired; in addition, their speech was marked by numerous peculiar words and mispronounciations (paraphasias) Wernicke's area: brain region implicated in sensory aphasia has come be known as this (wernickes aphasia)

Stumpf

Sent his student to debunk the horse that could supposedly count.

According to Jung, we project the ____ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters.

Shadow

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

She and her husband Frank, developed many ways that contributed to efficiency at work from manufacturing to surgery to athletics. Part of their philosophy was that efficiency should reduce fatigue, and motion study should reveal how to design machinery and methods to make workers movements both easier and more efficient

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

She and her husband Harry, carried out experiments for the Coca Cola company in order to determine that caffeine had no impairing effects on people.

Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?

She developed the paired-associate technique.

Although lad Franklin completed all of the requirements for her PhD in 1882, she was not granted the degree until 1926. The delay was because:

She was a woman

All of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?

She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. She was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association. She made significant contributions to self-psychology.

What is the significance level for the Interaction? Factor A? Factor B?

Sig. for A= .048 Which is Significant Sig. for B= .434 Not Significant Sig. for A*B = .003 Which is Significant

Simon

Simon-Binet Intelligence Test

James mill maintain there any mental experience can be reduced to:

Simple ideas

History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science.

Skinner

Radical Behaviorism

Skinner believed that behavior could be completely explained in terms of events external to the organism

Functional Analysis

Skinners approach to research - studying relationship between behavioral and environmental events

structural features

Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features.

surface features

Specific elements that make up a problem. For example, in the radiation problem, the rays and the tumor are surface features.

Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?

Spencer

approach perfection

Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution allowed to operate freely that species would

evolutionary associationism

Spencer's synthesis of the principle of contiguity and evolutionary theory

If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response. This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:

Spontaneous recovery

Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?

St. Anselm

During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true?

Stage One: moral and mental philosophy

Philip Zimbardo

Stanford Prison Experiment

The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by:

Stern

William James

Stream of consciousness- argued the contents of human consciousness are more like a stream than a collection of discrete elements or ideas

Alexander Bain

Stressed the importance of the voluntary repetition of morally desireable actions if they are to become habitual and automatic.

Helmholtz

Strict Materialist or machinist, anti-vitalism (looking at big picture),

Arthur Jensen

Studied the effectiveness of Operation Head Start, intended to enrich inner-city children's cultural and educational experiences thereby helping raise their intelligence and academic achievement test scores.

Wundt

Studied under Helmholtz. He was a mechanistic

Organizational Psychology

Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. -Lewin

Group Dynamics

Study of a groups characteristics and ways of functioning. -Lewin

Marion Almira Bills

Study the impact of lighting on visual sensation. She was a pioneer in research on factors affecting job permanency, or what is now called the employee retention. She also developed wage incentive systems for clerical positions and developed and implemented a job evaluation program.

Word Association test

Subconscious influences on thought Influenced Freud - Galton

Kierkegaard believed that truth was:

Subjective

Interspection

Subjects asked to record their cognitive reactions to stimuli, look into self

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of _____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces with in us by immersing ourselves in such thing as music, poetry, or art.

Sublimation

insight

Sudden realization of a problem's solution.

c. balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely.

The word "cast"—when used to refer to a member of a play or a plaster cast—suggests a. biased dominance since "cast" is more common in terms of a member of a play. b. biased dominance since "cast" is more common in terms of a plaster cast. c. balanced dominance since both meanings are equally likely. d. neither biased nor balanced dominance.

Abraham Maslow

Theory of Self-Actualization and the hierarchy of needs

Theory of Color Vision

There are 3 color receptors corresponding to 3 primary colors, red, green, blue/violet trichromatic theory, subjective color experience Helmholtz

According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.

Thesis

Which is a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

They are creative.

What was true of the British empiricists?

They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles.

Which of the following is true of neural networks?

They process several sequences of information simultaneously.

What was one important discovery of fritsch and hitzig?

They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the opposite side of the body

What did Martin Buber and Ernest Becker share in common with Rollo May?

They were interested in myth and human convention

In contemporary psychology, romanticism and existentialism have combined to form:

Third force Psychology

Third force

This psychology came to be known as humanistic psychology

Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior?

Thorndike

Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior

Thoughts

Ethology was developed primarily by Von Frisch, Lorenz, and:

Tinbergen

Simon-Binet Intelligence Test

To help at risk students

What was a goal of St.Thomas Aquinas?

To strengthen the position of the church through reason

Who introduced the use of intervening variables into psychology?

Tolman

According to the text, Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory can be considered a direct descendent of ____ theory.

Tolman's

Life Space

Total psychological facts (things in a persons awareness) that exist in awareness at one time - all forces acting on a person at a time - Lewin

What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the between-groups

Treatment or between group variability is variability in DV scores due to the effects of the iv

What is a true experiment? Demonstrate with an example.

True experiment participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. (used to establish cause and effect relationships with at least an experimental and control group)

The York Retreat was founded by ____; it provided freedom, respect, and medical treatment for the mentally ill and became a model for mental health institutions throughout the world.​

Tuke

The founder of artificial intelligence was:

Turing

Weber

Two point threshold, Kines thesis/touch, Just Noticeable Difference, Weber's Law, laid ground work for psychophysics

Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:

Unconscious

The first Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) was offered by the:

University of Illinois

Goethe Viewed science as:

Useful but limited

Goethe viewed science as:

Useful but limited

Eupsychia

Utopian society; Maslow tried to imagine institutions that would encourage maximum freedom for people to realize their full potential

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that cause them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations:

Vibratiuncles

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky Use this to describe the difference between what a person is intellectually capable of on his or her own and what is possible with the guidance of someone who is more capable

the themes that describe functionalist ideas?

Wanted psychology to be a practical applied science. Understand the function of the mind. More interested in what made people different rather than their similarities.

Lewis Terman

Wanted to diagnose super intelligence. Introduced the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Lashley did pioneering ethological research with:

Watson

When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener) believed that:

Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper

According to Kant:

We are forever ignorant of the true physical reality

Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as "Godlessness"?

Weyer

The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that

animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so

The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:

anthropocentrism

c. Content of a scene can affect sentence processing.

What conclusion can we draw from instances where different scenes cause different processing of the same sentence? a. Semantics and syntax are processed differently in the brain. b. Semantics can affect sentence processing. c. Content of a scene can affect sentence processing. d. Past experience with statistics of a language plus ongoing experience affects sentence processing.

d. Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.

What is a conclusion of creating situation models? a. Reader's response to words includes simulation of actions. b. Creative process based on past experience adds meaning. c. Creative processes help create coherence. d. Readers create perceptions that match the situations described in sentences.

1879

What is the year in which Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to psychology?

we strike a person, and then become angry

What is true about Emotion according to William James

Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuo find?

What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences.

Scientific and nonsensical

What two types of statements are there according to Pragmatism?

Sensation

When a sense organ is stimulated and the impulse reaches the brain

lexical ambiguity

When a word can have more than one meaning. For example, bug can mean an insect, a listening device, to annoy, or a problem in a computer program.

d. Duncker's radiation problem

Which of the following BEST illustrates the use of problem solving with analogies? a. The think-aloud protocol b. The mutilated checkerboard problem c. The Tower of Hanoi problem d. Duncker's radiation problem

b. The Tower of Hanoi problem

Which of the following specifically illustrates how one works to reach a successful goal state? a. The water jug problem b. The Tower of Hanoi problem c. The candle problem d. The two-string problem

c. idea finding

Which of the following would be a process directly tied to the problem formulation stage of creative problem solving? a. taking action b. planning c. idea finding d. fact finding

Tolman

Who introduced the use of intervening variables into behavioral psychology (which was later said to support cognitive theories)?

William James

Who is most associated with functionalism in the United States?

Titchener

Who prevented Wundt's theories from being accepted due to misrepresentation?

Gutherie

Who rejected the Law of frequency in learning because he believed learning to occur in only one trial?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Who was the first African American to earn a PhD in Psychology?

For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.

Why

Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance?

William of Occam

The founder of sociobiology was:

Wilson

Kurt Koffka

With Wertheimer and Kohler, founded a movement they called Gestalt psychology. Emphasized that Gestalts tend to simplify and organize the perceptual fields in which they occur. (contiguity, similarity)

Why is it inaccurate to say that psychology is becoming cognitively oriented?

With only a few exceptions psychology has always been cognitively oriented.

Emotions could be conditioned

With their research on Little Albert, Watson and Rayner demonstrated

Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?

Without them, societal living would be impossible.

The Hippocratics believed that hysteria afflicted only

Woman

Soldiering

Working below wants normal capacity or speed

Charles Darwin

Wrote the Origin of Species. Traveled on the Beagle as a young scientist where he looked at the mysteries of the earth. Natural selection- different environments impose a natural selection on their inhabitants, disproportionately favoring certain kinds of individuals to survive and reproduce. Recognized that humans, with many anatomical similarities to animals, would logically have to be included in any consistent evolutionary system.

Walter Langer

Wrote: The Mind of Adolf Hitler. Although a success it showed how the psychobiographical approach was vulnerable to to abuse and misuse.

Principle of Contrasts, Principle of Heterogeny, Principle Toward the Development of Opposites

Wundt is known for contributing to what Principles?

America

Wundt's ideas and theories were not accepted in

c. Noticing ; surface features

___ is particularly important when solving by analogies; one such challenge to that process has to do with ___. a. Mapping ; surface features b. Mapping ; functional fixedness c. Noticing ; surface features d. Noticing; functional fixedness

Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by:

a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain

For Titchener, attention is:

a clearness of sensation

factor analysis

a complex statistical technique that involves analyzing correlations among measurements and attempting to explain the observed correlations by postulating various influences (factors)

mental age

a composite score reflecting all the levels of the bidet-simon test that a child could successfully pass

When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called:

a conditioned response

What is the goal of an experiment in terms of the between-groups variability and error variability?

between group variability is variability in DV scores due to the effects of the iv (treatment effect and want the largest varence as possible) Error variability is variability in the DV scores due to factors other than the IV, such as individual diff, measurement error and extraneous variables (also referred to as within-group variability)

According to David Barash, humans possess an innate ____ that structures their social behavior.

biogrammar

Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.

bodily structure

According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied, we feel:

bored

When studying humans, James believed that:

both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used

When studying humans, James felt that:

both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used

Bouchard reasoned that if intelligence and personality are largely determined by experience (nurture) then:

both fraternal and identical twins reared together would correlate highly on these traits

La Mettrie believed that if Descartes had consistently and thoroughly followed his own method, he would have concluded that:

both human and nonhuman animals are machines

According to the sociobiologists, the social behavior of any individual is determined by:

both inherited dispositions (biology) and culture

According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:

both succeeding more and attempting less

Hermann Helmholtz

built a small physiological lab in his barracks where he studied metabolic processes of frogs. Then conducted and demonstrated that the amount of energy and heat generated by frog muscles was roughly equal to the amount of energy released by the oxidation of the food it consumed. He showed that chemical reactions were capable of producing all of the physical activity and heat generated by a living organism. Law of Conservation of energy Idea of sensations and perceptions Blind spot Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

galton

by visually displaying correlational data in the form of scatterplots, he could visually determine the strength of the relationship

Thomas Pettigrew

came to study prejudice with Allport in the 50's. One of the leading experts on black-white race relations

According to proponents of strong artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:

can duplicate human cognitive abilities

Hall believed that masturbation ____.

can harm the quality of eventual offspring

According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence (AI), computer programs:

can only simulate human cognitive abilities

According to proponents of weak artificial intelligence, (AI) computer programs:

can only simulate human cognitive abilities

One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position is that it:

cannot account for the most satisfying human experiences

According to Galileo, secondary qualities:

cannot be measured objectively

life history

case study, potentially the most revealing method of all that Allport used.

The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology is to:

catalog mental acts and processes of environmental interactions

hollingworth

challenged the idea that intelligence is largely inherited and that women are intellectually inferior to males

According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that:

changes the rate with which a response is made

lamarck

characteristics of a species would change as the traits necessary for survival changed

Jean Piaget's major contribution to the field of psychology was:

characterizing the evolution of schemata during maturation and through experience

binet-simon scale of intelligence

child's intelligence level is determined by how much higher or lower than the norm the child performed

The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who:

claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth

Karen Horney

clashed with freud on his theory of female psychology. De-emphasized infantile sexuality in favor of the view that the child's needs for security are more important. Also strongly emphasized the role of culture in determining normal and abnormal behavioral patterns

Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete.

closure

Because of the principle of ________, incomplete figures are seen as complete.

closure

Leon Festinger

cognitive dissonance: when a person simultaneously holds two or more ideas or beliefs that actively conflict with each other. When the person becomes aware of these conflicts, he or she experiences an uncomfortable state of cognitive dissonance and becomes motivated to relieve it. Experiment where participants were instructed to do a menial job and were paid different amounts to lie to the next participant. THose that were paid less presented the task more favorably than those who were paid more.

In the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:

cognitive science

n the 1970's, information-processing psychologists combined their efforts to understand cognition with other professionals such as philosophers, linguists, engineers, and computer scientists, thus creating the field of:

cognitive science

John Broadus Watson

considered the father of behaviorism: which the proper subject matter of psychology was not the traditional mind and consciousness, but rather objective, observable behavior. Behaviorist Manifesto Little Albert Study Radical Environmentalism: the view that env. factors have overwhelmingly greater importance than heredity or a person's physical constitution in determining behavior

For James, the spiritual self:

consists of the person's states of consciousness

For James, the spiritual self

consists of the persons states of consciousness

Using the method of ________, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next

constant stimuli

According to Kelly, people are similar when they:

construe the world in similar ways

In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness), Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:

contemporary cognitive psychologists

inheritance of acquired characteristics

contention that adaptive abilities developed during an organism's lifetime are passed on to the organism's offspring

social darwinism

contention that if given the freedom to compete in society, the ablest individuals will succeed and the weaker ones will fail, and this is as it should be

The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it.

contiguity

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects:

controlled passion

For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one:

controls one's behavior

Erich Fromm

conviction that human beings are unique among animals by their relative freedom from domination by their instincts. They learn how to manipulate their environments and make conscious decisions from countless possible alternatives.

Roger Sperry and his colleagues discovered that information could be transferred from one cerebral hemisphere to the other via the:

corpus callosum and optic chiasm

When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be:

correlated

galton

correlation and regression toward the mean

Terman believed that those with low intelligence:

could not be moral people

If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred.

countertransference

According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____

create ideas of physical attributes (solidarity, extension, shape, motion quantity); create ideas with no physical counterpart; (Color, sound, temperature, taste)

yerkes

created testing for the army to identify those with mental deficiencies, to classify men in terms of their intelligence level, and to select individuals for special training

yerkes

created the army alpha for intelligence and the army beta for intelligence

By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as:

creative synthesis

Gustav Fechner

crisis at 39 interpreted weber's work as indicating body and spirit are no different. he believed all is spirit

Hobbes' approach to studying humans was:

deductive

Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as:

demonstrative knowledge

Ladd-Franklin story

denied doctorate because she was a women

The radical behaviorists addressed the mind-body problem by:

denying the existence of a causal mind

A major problem with the animal research performed by Romanes was that it:

depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing

fitness

determined by an organism's features and its environment

Wundt was a(n):

determinist

wechsler

developed a new intelligence test to better understand his adults clients at a hospital

William Sheldon

developed an apporach combining behaviorist methodology with a theory about physical body types (endomorphic) and (mesomorphic). He investigated the body types and different personality characteristics.

David McClelland

developed quantitative scoring systems for measuring the frequencies with which themes relating to achievement, affiliation, and power appeared in participants' TAT scores. They found that these correlated with overt behavior and personalit traits in theoretically logical ways.

pearson

devised a formula that produced a mathematical expression of the strength of a relationship; produced coefficient of correlation

galton

devised psychology's first word-association test

What are the degrees of freedom (df) between for Interaction A x B? Factor A? Factor B?

df A x B= 1, A= 1, B= 1,

binet

did experimental testing on his two children's mental operations

specific factors

differences in competencies in such things as mathematics, language, and music; describes specific abilities

What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it?

direct realism

Pfungst

discovered Clever Hans Phenomenon

Brenda Milner

discovered the importance of the hippocampus. The Study of H.M.: had a severe form of amnesia in which he was unable to retain any new memories of events or experiences that occurred after the operation. He could clearly remember his identity and details of his life from times before surgery, but any new learning or information remained with him only briefly. Milner found that he could not transfer information from working memory to long-term memory. Also found his declarative memory was impaired but procedural memory was not.

The goal of the 1908 version of the Binet-Simon scale was to:

distinguish among levels of intelligence for normal children

The goal of the 1905 version of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence was to:

distinguish between normal and children with intellectual disabilities

The divisions of psychology listed by the APA today gives a clear indication of the:

diversity of the field

In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states?

dix

phonemes

doesn't have any inherent meaning by itself, but when put together, they can make words.

The work of several individuals contributed to the improvement of physical surroundings and maintenance of the mentally ill. However, treatment was still lacking. Alexander and Selesnick suggested reasons for this poor treatment, such as

ear of the mentally ill

Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach?

eclectic

The Gestaltists are opposed to any type of:

elementism

By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter) ate lunch, Watson and Jones:

eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects through what would later be known as behavior therapy

Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by which of the following?

empathic understanding

In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:

emphasize the uniqueness of humans

spearman

emphasized the unitary nature of intelligence where binet emphasized its diversity

Science has two major components:

empirical observation and theory

Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature.

empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____.

empiricist; rationalist

Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by:

engaging in the activities to be learned

For Tolman, independent variables are ________ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior.

environmental events

The study of knowledge is called:

epistemology

According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:

escape from that freedom

yerkes

established comparative psychology in the US

What term did Galton use for the improvement of living organisms through selective breeding?

eugenics

spencer

evolution means progress; has a purpose, it is the mechanism by which perfection is approximated

darwin

evolution results from the natural selection of those accidental variations among members of a species that prove to have survival value

Sociobiology attempts to explain complex social behavior in terms of ____ theory.

evolutionary

According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomena is called:

evolutionary associationism

The term sociobiology is often used interchangeably with the term:

evolutionary psychology

Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:

evolutionary theory

Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____.

excitation or inhibition:

Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:

existentialism

According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind

experience

According to Helvétius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind.

experience

According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from:

experiences of pleasure and pain

Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as:

experimental neurosis

pavlov found that forcing an organism ti continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often

experimental neurosis

From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter), Wundt concluded that:

experimental psychology must stress selective attention

Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described?

explicit learned behavior

which of the following is one of the four types of behavior watson described

explicit learned behavior

Pavlov

identified "psychic secretions" in dogs when handlers came with food. US, UR, CS, CR. Classical conditioning conditioned reflexes: a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response when it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Higher order conditioning: when one response is originally paired with one stimulus the serves as an unconditioned stimulus in a further series of pairing with another conditioned stimulus.

galton

ideographic work

According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the:

idols of the cave

According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the:

idols of the tribe

According to the Turing test:

if an observer cannot differentiate between the answers to questions given by a human and those given by a computer, the computer can be said to think

The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that:

if one can think of something, it must exist

What does a significant interaction mean in terms of the IVs?

if there is a significant interaction then the effects of one IV are directly influenced by the other IV. -The effect of one iv depends on the Level of the other-

According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to:

ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction

cattell

implicit in his tests were the ideas that if a number of his tests were measuring the same thing (intelligence), performance on those tests should be highly correlated and if the tests were measuring intelligence, they should correlate highly with academic success in college

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:

in physiology

Wundt's voluntarism followed what tradition

in the rationalistic tradition.

Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of:

inclusiveness

When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person becomes:

incongruent

According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that follows a response and:

increases the rate with which a response is made

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):

indeterminist

Walter Mischel

indicated that subjects with widely varying personalities were all powerfully influenced by the experimental situations

The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:

individual brain areas have specialized functions

Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty have in common.

inductive definition

Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are:

inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"

lamarck

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Nativist refers to ____ whereas empiricist refers to ____.

inheritance; experience

galton

inherited intelligence based on sensory acuity and selective breeding

Lashley:

initially sought to support Watsonian behaviorism with neurophysiological evidence

Kant believed that the categories of thought are:

innate

For information-processing psychologists, ____ replaces stimulus and ____ replaces behavior and response.

input; output

wallace

instead of a laissez-faire philosophy concerning human competition; humans can and should guide their own evolution; create government programs that help those individuals less equipped to compete in a complex society

spencer

instincts are nothing more than habits that had been conducive to survival for preceding generations

The Brelands referred to the interference or displacement of learned behavior by instinctive behavior as:

instinctual drift

galton

intelligence is a matter of sensory acuity because humans can know the world only through the senses; the more acute the senses, the more intelligent a person was presumed to be

Goddard's study of the Kallikak family confirmed his belief that:

intelligence is largely inherited

According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most.

intelligent humans

The contention that mental acts always refers to objects or events outside of themselves defines Brentano's concept of:

intentionality

What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?

intentionality

What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself?

intentionality

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed:

interactionism

For Watson, thinking is:

internal speech

According to Adler, traumatic experiences are:​

interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes

Mary Cover Jones

intrigued by the notion that if a fear could be created through condition then perhaps it could be removed. Systematic desensitization:

spencer

introduced "intelligence" as it is used in modern psychology

galton

introduced median and mean

Wilder Penfield

investigated individuals with epilepsy to identify areas of the brain which would produce auras (warning signs before convulsions), sensations (particular smells, tinglings, or other feelings) feelings, or the unexplained arousal of emotions such as rage, guilt, depression or elation. -HE stimulated different locations with an electrode, seeking specific spots whose stimulation would cause his patient to experience their auras. He often found the spots and concluded that they marked diseased brain tissue responsible for the epilepsy.

Wolfgang Kohler

investigated the idea of insight on the Canary Islands during WWI. Studied chimps and emphasized that new adaptive responses arose suddenly, following a completely different organization of the perceptual field. psychophysical isomorphism- psychological facts and the underlying events in the brain resemble each other in all their structural characteristics

The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important?

irrational feelings

A phase sequence:

is a group of cell assemblies that becomes neurologically interrelated

For Watson, speech:

is a type of overt behavior

According to Bacon, accepting a scientific theory:

is likely to bias one's observations

For Aristotle, sensory experience:

is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge

According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:

is reinforcing to the punisher

physicalism

is the idea tat there is a single form of Science using a common set of references and terminology.

Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:

is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Cybernetics:

is the study of the structure and function of information-processing systems

All of the following are true of logical positivism:

it allowed the use of abstract theoretical terms if those terms were logically tied to empirical events. it had a substantial influence on psychology. its ultimate authority was empirical observation.

Presentism maintains that:

it is important to understand the past in terms of contemporary knowledge and standards

Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:

it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because:

it made common sense to do so

All of the following was considered a positive contribution of Gestalt psychology

it opened new avenues of inquiry that have persisted in contemporary cognitive psychology. it moved psychology away from elementism. it demonstrated the organizational nature of perception.

Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:

it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality

Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?

it was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity

Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology:

it was useless in understanding higher mental processes

A brain that is a split-brain preparation has had:

its corpus callosum and optic chiasm ablated

Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:

just noticeable difference

Ernst Heinrich Weber

just noticeable difference (jnd)- the minimum amount of difference between two weights necessary to tell them apart. -

Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.

kinesthetic

Thomas Huxley

known as Darwin's bulldog, defended Darwin's theory of natural selection.

spearman

laid the groundwork for what became factor analysis

Chomsky radically changed the course of psychology by showing that:

language acquisition cannot be explained using operant principles

Edward Chace tolman

latent learning: learning that can occur incidentally an without immediate reinforcement. Purposive behaviorism: the idea that all behavior serves a purpose or is goal-directed

The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.

law of Prägnanz

Which of the following refers to the observation that "what is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done"?

law of contiguity

Tolman believed that:

learning occurs independently of reinforcement

According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time.

life space

idiographic

looking for individual differences in human nature

nomothetic

looking for the generalized and common elements of the mind

Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions?

love

In the 1930's and 1940's, Hull and Tolman postulated intervening variables. For Hull, these variables were ____; for Tolman, they were ____.

mainly physiological; mainly cognitive

According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content.

manifest; latent

S. Smith Stevens

power law- asserts that S is a function of P raised to a particular power times a constant: S=kP^n -confirms te general robustness of Fechner's original inspiration that certain sensory judgements can be at least approximately quantified and shown to relate in a mathematically describable way to events in the physical env.

For Watson, the goal of psychology is to:

predict and control behavior

Barash wrote the book, The Whisperings Within. "Whisperings" refers to what?

predispositions to act in certain ways

Contact hypothesis

prejudice between groups can be reduced if in-group and out-group members are placed in situations where they must interact to reach a common goal

Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:

prepare children to live effectively in a complex society

Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to

prepare them for the inevitable hardships of life

hollingworth

primarily concerned with developing educational strategies that would ensure the developmental well-being of gifted students

According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality?

primary quality: size; secondary quality: color

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of:

prior learning

For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience:

proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom)

William Stern

promoted personalistic psych. in which the central concept was the individual and the main goal was understanding each person's individuality. Argued that there are two ways to approach this goal 1: rational individuality, which is the subject persons relative or statistical positions on a large variety of separately measured traits. 2: real individuality, a conception that each person's self is more than the sum of individual characteristics

Alfred Adler

promoted the idea that all children develop strong motives to cope with and overcome their own perceived inferiorities and therefore to achieve master, power, and dominance over their env.

Ruth Benedict

promoted the idea that culture could be thought of as analogous tot he idea of personality within psychology.

Lean Baptist-Lamarck

proposed that species evolve and change by inheriting physical features resulting from the voluntary use or disuse of specific body parts

When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of:

proximity

The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in terms of their biological foundations is called:

psychobiology

The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.

psychological

Nietzsche primarily considered himself a:

psychologist

According to Köhler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of:

psychophysical isomorphism

Regarding the mind-body issue, Titchener referred to himself as a(n):

psychophysical parallelist

For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are

publicly observable

For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:

publicly observable

Robert Woodworth

published the Personal Data Sheet, a series of questions to be answered yes or no. Used to screen out soldiers who were psychologically unfit for active duty in WWI

Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world to discover the essence of conscious experience, or of the person turned inward.

pure phenomenology

The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:

purposive

Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____.

purposiveness

According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.

radical empiricism

According to the text, information-processing psychology follows in the tradition of:

rationalism

What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone?

rationalism

Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt?

rationalism

Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?

rationalism and empiricism

A man is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies:

reaction formation

According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.

reaction potential

According to Heidegger, to live an authentic life, one must first:

realize that one's life is finite

yerkes

realized that performance on so-called intelligence tests could be at least partially explained by such factors as early experience and education; the more privileged person was offered more enriching experiences and education, so they would have higher scores

Helmholtz

speculated past experience of the observer what 'converts' sensation into perception. (frog experiment) found 3 color vision receptors theory of auditory perception mind's job is construct a workable conception of reality given faulty info from senses unconscious inference: gives perceptual meaning to raw sensation as a result of experience

Spencer

spencer-bain principle, survival of the fittest, and social darwinism

Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined:

spontaneous activity and hedonism

The idea of mass action:

states that the amount of loss of ability is related to the amount of destruction in the cortex

According to Hebb, when a phase sequence fires, we experience a(n):

stream of thought

belonging and love needs

strong desires for affection, friendship, and a sense of belonging within a social group

darwin

struggle for survival, natural selection, fitness, adaptive features

Floyd. H. Allport

studied and compared the performances of individuals acting alone versus being members of groups on a series of simple timed tasks Referred to the increase in energy or intensity of work when in the presence of others as social facilitation.

weber's work

studied touch, weight discrimination, found the just noticeable difference (jnd) to be a constant within each modality ( a relative difference between two stimuli) first quantitative law in psychology. First statement of a systematic relationship between physical stimulation and a psychological experience.

goddard

study of the kallikak family; descendants of the elder martin and the worthy girl represented the good side of Deborah's ancestry and the descendants of the younger martin represented the bad side

Nomothetic Methods

study people in terms of general dimensions or characteristics on which they vary to quantitatively specifiable degrees.

Self-actualized subjects

subjects were objective and efficient in their perceptions of reality, arriving at accurate judgments about people or situations quickly and with minimal distortion from their emotions. They also showed unusually high acceptance both of themselves and others as inevitably imperfect human beings.

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art.

sublimation

According to Donders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by:

subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination

intelligence quotient

suggested procedure for quantifying intelligence; calculated by dividing mental age by chronological age

yerkes

suggested that all individuals be given all items on the binet-simon scale and be given points for he items passed; this way, a person's score would be in terms of points earned instead of IQ; removes age as a factor in scoring

In his research on hypnotism, effects that Binet believed were due to the power of a magnet were found to be due to:

suggestion

thurstone

suggests seven intelligence factors

candolle

suggests that climate, religious tolerance, democratic government, and a thriving economy were at least as important as inherited capacity in producing bright individuals (scientists)

Sechenov

supported the use of introspection, believing it was the only way to understand mental process

Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.

systematic experimental introspection

Külpe's technique of ____ involves giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engage in to solve them.

systematic experimental introspection

correlation

systematic variation between two variables

sentence processing

takes place whenever a reader or listener processes a language utterance, either in isolation or in the context of a conversation or a text.

self actualizaiton

tendency of psychologically healthy people to fulfill their potential

Zeigarnik Effect

tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones - Lewin

James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as:

tender-minded

Victor Henri

tested visual memory for schoolchildren in which subjects were briefly shown a single straight line and were then asked to choose the one of its same length from a pair of unequal lines.

The early physician, Alcmaeon, proposed:

that health resulted from a balance of qualities in the body

What term replaces "Mean Squares Within" as MSE in a factorial ANOVA?

the Error term replaces Mean Squares Within in this table to account for all the error variance within the model

Perhaps the closest psychology has ever come to being a single-paradigm discipline has been during:

the Middle Ages

Whereas Watson modeled his psychology after ____, Skinner modeled his after ____.

the Russian physiologists; Thorndike

The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called?

the Spencer-Bain principle

One of the earliest conflicts Darwin had with organized religion was over:

the age of earth

What is a repeated measures ANOVA? Be able to recognize an example.

the equivalent of the one-way ANOVA, but for related, not independent groups, and is the extension of the dependent t-test. A repeated measures ANOVA is also referred to as a within-subjects ANOVA or ANOVA for correlated samples.

mental orthopedics

the exercises that binet suggested for enhancing determination, attention, and discipline; these procedures would prepare a child for formal education

Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer states that:

the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) investigates:

the extent to which machines can replicate the mental powers of humans

Gall believed all of the following

the faculties of the mind were located in specific locations. there was a relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence. the bumps and indentations on the skull could be used to measure the magnitude of the underlying faculties.

pearson

the father of statistics

Using the split-brain preparation, Sperry and his colleagues speculated that:

the functions performed by the two cerebral hemispheres were dramatically different

terman

the gifted child becomes a gifted adult

According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern

the heterogony of ends

According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal-directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern.

the heterogony of ends

According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called:

the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime

the mind

Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.

the mind

Descartes believed that:

the mind is nonmaterial

According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for:

the mind itself

Bechterev suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed.

the natural sciences

All of the following were reasons that Hall opposed coeducation during adolescence and young adulthood except:

the natural superiority of males would discourage females from seeking further education

hierarchy of needs

the need Maslow proposed needed to be met to achieve self-actualization

survival of the fittest

the notion that, in a struggle for limited resources, those organisms with traits conducive to survival under the circumstances will live and reproduce

Spencer-Bain principle

the observation first made by Bain and later by Spencer that behavior resulting in pleasurable consequences tends to be repeated and behavior resulting in painful consequences tends not to be

Historicism refers to the belief that:

the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present

Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:

the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment

Coglab on categorical perception

the phenomenon by which the categories possessed by an observer influences the observers' perception

Schopenhauer believed that life is best viewed as:

the postponement of death

Jean-Paul Sartre was most interested in:

the power we let others have over ourselves

safety needs

the requirement to be protected from threats by predators, criminals, extremes of climate and temperature

binet-simon scale of intelligence

the scale binet and simon devised to directly measure the various cognitive abilities they believed intelligence compromised

morphology

the science of the structure of living things.

struggle for survival

the situation that arises when there are more offspring of a species than environmental resources can support

Zeitgeist means:

the spirit of the times

Thorndike's law of exercise stated that:

the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced

Thorndike's law of exercise stated

the strength of association is based on how often the association is practiced

phonetics

the study of sounds

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extremes to become less extreme in one's offspring

army beta

the test for illiterate individuals in the army or for those who spoke and read a language other than english

army alpha

the test for the literate individuals in the army

inclusive fitness

the type of fitness that involves the survival and perpetuation of copies of one's genes into subsequent generations; with this expanded definition of fitness, one can be fit by helping his/her kin survive and reproduce as well as by producing one's own offspring

Ryan B. Cattell

trained in factor analysis: a set of statistical procedures in which the intercorrelations of large numbers of individual variables can be reduced to smaller factors clusters of principal components Intelligence could be conceptualized not just as a single entity but as a combination of specific factors such as verbal comprehension and fluency, associative memory, abstract reasoning and perceptual speed.

functional autonomy

traits come to manifest this from their childhood origins: for a full understanding of mature, normal person, he insisted that this ongoing functionality was more important than those distant origins

Robert Sessions Woodworth

transfer of training: the effect of instruction and exercise in one mental function on performance in a different one.

When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____.

transference

In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it otherwise would not possess.

transform

Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions.

transpersonal and fourth-force

Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:

treat them as small adults

Ambroise Auguste Liebeault

treated people hypnotically for free or allowed them to be treated by established methods for standard fees.

What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape?

trepanation

Edward Lee Thorndike

trial and error learning: process of exhibiting random behavior that was occasionally successful, gradually becoming more precise law of effect: when particular stimulus-response sequences are followed by pleasure, those responses tend to be strengthened, or "stamped in" the subjects repertoire Leader of functionalism: focused attention on the utility and purpose of behavior

the bell-magendie law (law of forward direction)

two researachers found the motor function of ventral roots and the sensory function of dorsal roots in spinal nerves

According to Rousseau, for a government to be effective it must be based on:

unanimous agreement among members of the community

Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow. In this situation, the increased saliva flow was a(n):

unconditioned response (UR).

In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was the:

unconditioned stimulus

Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to

understand animal consciousness

Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:

understand animal consciousness

Charles Lyell

uniformitatianism: the earth's major features have resulted from gradual processes occurring over vast stretches of time and continue in the present much as they have in the past. disputed catastrohpism: geological feature arose because of a few sudden and massive cataclysms on the Earth's surface.

Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that

unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless

Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that:

unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless

existential dichotomies

unsolvable problems that are an inevitable part of the human condition. One person can achieve only a small fraction of possibilities that open up to him or her. Human intelligence brings with it a conscious knowledge of mortality and the fact that one lives and dies as an isolated individual.

goddard

urged that those with mental deficiencies be sterilized or segregated from the rest of society

Viktor E. Frankl, Karl Jaspers, and Medard Boss:

used existentialism to understand human nature

June Etta Downey

used features of handwriting analysis in 1919 to obtain scores on personal traits such as impulsivity, carefulness, and forcefulness in her Individual Will-Temperament Test

goddard

used the binet-simon scale for immigrants, who were labeled "mentally defective" and deported much of the time

Franz Anton Mesmer

used what we know now as hypnotism to treat his patients. Hypnotism: the process of inducing mental concentration, resulting in a sate of high suggestibility. Animal magnetism: a strong source of internal for or energy which could act therapeutically just like a real magnet The application of this magnetic force came to be known as mesmerism.

According to Hebb, the second phase of the American revolution in psychology would consist of:

using scientific rigor to study cognitive processes

According to ____, the best government is one that provides the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.

utilitarianism

binet-simon scale of intelligence

valid way of distinguishing between normal children and children with mental deficiencies

Wundt believed that feelings are:

various combinations of three attributes

seven intelligence factors

verbal comprehension, word fluency, use of numbers, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning

According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:

view things differently

Gustav Le Bon

wrote The Crowd asserted that the most fundamental social responses of any person derive from unconscious ideas and motives Identified the most effective (and dangerous) crowd leader is unreflective, single-minded, irrational, and fanatical. Leaders increase their influence by applying three techniques 1. affirmation, 2. repitition of affirmations, 3. social contagion

Louis Goldberg

wrote and article about the Big Five titled, "What the hell took so long?" proposed that personality psychologists were too obsessed for too long with the person-situation controversy to attend to the more important subject

Charles Renouvier

wrote and essay on free will that James read and decided to believe in free will because it rejected mechanistic physiology.

Christian von Ehrenfels

wrote of certain perceptual Gestaltqualitaten or "form qualities" that could not be introspectively broken down into separate sensory elements, but instead resided in the overall configurations of objects or ideas. For example, the squareness of a square and the melody of a musical piece reside not in their separate arts, but in their total configurations.

According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.

yellow

For the Hippocratics, physical health was determined by ____ and mental health was determined by ____.​

​the condition of the brain; the condition of the four humors of the body