psy-357 Exam 1

What was the most critical lesson about teratogens learned from studies on the use of the drug DES by pregnant women?

Sometimes the effects of teratogens are not apparent until long after exposure

Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Trust versus mistrust

Which is not an aspect of regular (non-REM) sleep?

Twitching

What is the best evidence for the notion that sociocultural forces play a role in handedness?

When societal attitudes change, the incidence of left-handedness changes.

Eleven-month-old Oreo loves cookies. One day he sees his mother putting cookies into cups for a party. As he is watching, his mom puts one cookie into the first two cups, two cookies into the next two cups, and three cookies into the last two cups. If Oreo is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes cookies, he would most likely reach for

a cup with three cookies.

Ian's mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ian's whining behavior increases in frequency. This sequence is best described as

a negative reinforcement trap

Between early and later childhood, schemes tend to have more ____ properties.

abstract

As an evolutionary theorist, Dr. Zorba is most likely to believe that

adaptive behaviors have a hereditary basis.

Piaget saw equilibration as a balance between

assimilation and accommodation.

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

based on the level of the learner's needs.

Maternal stress is most likely to negatively impact a developing embryo/fetus when that stress is

chronic and extreme

When discussing child development, Olaf uses terms like the "terrible 2s" and the "tranquil 3s." These ideas are most compatible with a ____ view.

discontinuity

The fact that American-raised Hogan's exposure to the German language while in World War II impacted his brain organization is best explained by

experience-dependent growth.

Caleb is four months old. If he is like others his age, when he grasps a rattle, he will grasp it with

his fingers only.

One-year-old Payton notices that when his dad, Archie, is watching football on television, he shouts at the screen. The next time a football game come on, Payton shouts at the screen. Payton's behavior best exemplifies

imitation.

William has noticed that his daughter Bonnie has recently begun to ask a lot of questions like, "What can I be when I grow up?" and "How come the sky is blue?" This behavior is best associated with the ____ stage of development.

initiative versus guilt

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from

interactions with a more skilled individual.

Postpartum depression

may be reduced via breast-feeding.

Dr. Proctor tells Uma that her developing embryo is showing distortions in the development of its circulatory system. As a knowledgeable student of human development, Uma should realize that the problem is within cells of the ____ layer.

mesoderm

Bridget is excellent at walking, running, climbing, and kicking balls. This would suggest that Bridget has good

motor skills.

The nature of the scientific study of human development can best be described as

multidisciplinary.

The field of ____ gives us information about how the four developmental forces interact with each other.

neuroscience

When asked to explain why children sometimes act violently, Dr. Zylar responds, "Generally speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes them to do." It is most likely that Dr. Zylar would be a proponent of ____ theory.

psychodynamic

Whenever Roger says "please," his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Roger's use of the word "please." Giving in to Roger's requests appears to be a form of

reinforcement

A teratogen is any agent that

results in abnormal prenatal development.

Parker is a typical seven-month-old. In terms of locomotion, the best he is able to do is to

sit alone.

The sample taken during an amniocentesis comes from

the fluid surrounding the fetus.

Mr. Link tries to help his students learn how to be assertive by having them watch how other students can be successful by acting assertively. Mr. Link is using principles of ____ to help his students.

social learning theory

Liam is learning the values, behaviors, and roles of his culture. In other words, Liam is experiencing

socialization

If a baby is breast-fed, it is more likely to

transition to solid food more easily.

A gender-schema theorist would be most likely to argue that young children are

uninterested in gender WRONG

A permissive parent is best thought of as

warm and uncontrolling

The developing human organism that has just become completely embedded in the wall of the uterus is called the

Bronfenbrenner WRONG

When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be most likely to say, "Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?"

A behaviorist

According to Piaget, which statement is true regarding the stages of thinking?

All stages must be accomplished in the correct order.

Which parenting style might best be described as "low warmth and high control?"

Authoritarian

Females appear to be at much greater risk from teratogens.

Breathing WRONG

According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their six-month-old?

Consistently responding to the child's needs

Who is most likely interested in the study of human development?

Dr. Deal, who studies how political attitudes change with age

Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament?

Effortful control

Who is best associated with psychosocial theory?

Erikson

At about the age of four, children begin to realize that a person's actions are often connected to the thoughts that he or she has. What kind of study is often used to determine when children grasp this concept?

False-belief studies

The process in which defective cells in the body are replaced with cells that have had the genetic defect "repaired" is called

Genetic engineering.

When dealing with young infants, why is infant-directed speech preferred over normal adult speech?

Infants pay more attention to infant-directed speech.

Carla is researching temperament by determining how often different babies exhibit irritability and anger. Which dimension of temperament is Carla assessing?

Negative affect

Which theory places the greatest emphasis on the relationship between consequences and the probability of a behavior reoccurring in the future?

Operant conditioning

Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments?

Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament

Whose theory of development is best exemplified by the idea that children construct their own knowledge and this constructed knowledge changes with age/experience?

Piaget

After playing by herself for a while, young Annika smiles when she sees the face of her father. What term best describes this response?

Social smile

While attempting to correctly answer this question, you notice that you are mentally commenting to yourself about its level of difficulty. Vygotsky would refer to these internal mental remarks as

private speech.