psy

Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. B Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. C Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. D Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. E Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.

A Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.

The change in the curvature of the lens that enables the eye to focus on objects at various distances is called A accommodation B adaptation C conduction D convergence E consonance

A accommodation

One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely A an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment B an inherited familial characteristic C an example of imitation of behavior modeled by other family members D a classically conditioned taste aversion response E a common but temporary aversion to bitter tastes produced by cold viruses

A an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is A green B red C blue D violet E black

A green

When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which of the following psychological terms describes Rosa's inability to taste? A Vestibular sense B Just-noticeable difference C Feature analysis D Optic chiasm E Sensory interaction

E Sensory interaction

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? A The cochlea B The auditory nerve C The anvil D The stirrup E The eardrum

E The eardrum

When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the A reticular formation B occipital lobe C parietal lobe D thalamus E hippocampus

E hippocampus

A survey shows that children who have encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in school than children whose homes lack encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that having encyclopedias at home improves grades. This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the researcher has incorrectly A failed to allow for experimenter bias B identified the independent variable C identified the dependent variable D inferred correlation from causation E inferred causation from correlation

E inferred causation from correlation

A sound is often detected by one ear more intensely and a fraction of a second earlier than it is detected by the other ear. These cues help individuals determine the A pitch of the sound wave B timbre of the sound wave C absolute threshold for sound perception D frequency of the sound wave E location of the source

E location of the source

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called A auditory localization B dichotic listening C deep processing D divided attention E selective attention

E selective attention

Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires A perceptual constancy B feature detection C sensory adaptation D blindsight E selective attention

E selective attention

Balance is influenced by the A cochlea B basilar membrane C eardrum D auditory nerve E semicircular canals

E semicircular canals

The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle 2 human faces in black with white vase in middle known as A proximity B figure-ground C closure D common fate E simplicity

E simplicity

Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? A Gate-control theory B Opponent-process theory C Trichromatic theory D Expectancy theory E Phantom pain

A Gate-control theory

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? A Occipital cortex B Retina C Optic chiasm D Lens E Cornea

A Occipital cortex

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? A Sleep apnea B Narcolepsy C Insomnia D Night terrors E The REM rebound effect

A Sleep apnea

When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called A stroboscopic motion B motion parallax C motion constancy D linear perspective E the Müller-Lyer illusion

B motion parallax

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. B Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. C Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. D Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. E Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.

A Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular.

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept? A Context effects B Binocular cues C Divided attention D Schemas E Bottom-up processing

A Context effects

In terms of the effect on the central nervous system, alcohol is most accurately classified as which of the following types of drug? A Depressant B Narcotic C Psychoactive D Stimulant E Hallucinogen

A Depressant

Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention B confuse information in long-term memory associated with the various tasks they are trying to perform C have a heightened awareness of each task they are trying to perform, so it is difficult for them to ignore one task temporarily in order to complete another task D process information associated with the various tasks at a deep level, so they encode too much information to recall easily and therefore their performance deteriorates E encode information efficiently, but they have a difficult time retrieving it for use on a given task

A switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention

Dr. Patel is conducting a study to test a hair-growth shampoo she is developing. She instructs fifty participants to use the hair-growth shampoo once daily for a month and another fifty to use a regular shampoo once a day for a month. Dr. Patel measures the participants' hair length at the beginning and the end of the thirty days. Which of the following is the dependent variable? A The type of shampoo B Change in hair length C Participants D The placebo E The thirty days

B Change in hair length

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision? A Rods B Cones C Optic nerves D Wavelengths E Hues

B Cones

The ability to see a cube in the diagram above is best explained by which of the following? A The resting potential of neurons in the optic nerve B Gestalt principles of closure and continuity C The inverted and reversed image that a visual stimulus produces on the retina D The opponent process theory of vision E The trichromatic theory of vision

B Gestalt principles of closure and continuity

Damage to which of the following best explains conduction deafness? A Basilar membrane B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup C Auditory nerve D Temporal lobe E Central sulcus

B Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? A Functional fixedness B Perceptual set C Inattentional blindness D Bottom-up processing E Context-dependent memory

B Perceptual set

Jason is attending a parade that features the local high school band. Jason's friend Brent plays the trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the following would best allow Jason to hear Brent's trombone? A Sensory adaptation B Selective attention C Perceptual constancy D Weber's law E Functional fixe

B Selective attention

Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? A Accommodation B Sensory adaptation C Weber's law D Assimilation E Phi phenomenon

B Sensory adaptation

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A Occipital lobe B Wernicke's area C Auditory cortex D Parietal lobe E Basal ganglia

B Wernicke's area

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's A contrast sensitivity B absolute threshold C response threshold D critical frequency E just noticeable difference

B absolute threshold

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive A patterns B depth C size constancy D shape constancy E different hues

B depth

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a A longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time B longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did C cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers' sense of smell improved with age D cross-sectional study on 200 smokers to determine whether smokers' sense of smell stayed the same over time E a survey asking 100 participants how long they have been smoking and how many packs of cigarettes a day they smoke

B longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's research on responses of the brain to visual stimuli showed that A patterns are recognized exclusively by template matching B many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information C pattern recognition occurs in the lateral geniculate nucleus D the retinal image must be upside down to be recognized E pattern recognition is better in normal-sighted individuals than in nearsighted or farsighted individuals

B many cortical cells respond most strongly to specific visual information

Receptors for olfaction are located A on the basilar membrane of the cochlea B in taste buds on the tongue C in the nasal cavity D in the esophagus E in the dermis

C in the nasal cavity

In vision, transduction occurs within the A optic nerve B visual cortex C retina D lens E cornea

C retina

Negative afterimages are explained by A the trichromatic theory B color detection by rods C the opponent-process theory D a lack of adaptation E dichromatic color perception

C the opponent-process theory

The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called A figure-ground B motion parallax C closure D proximity E shape constancy

C closure

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's A sound localization ability B dichotic listening ability C difference threshold D echoic memory E attention span

C difference threshold

Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following? A Calmness B A coma C Memory loss D Aggression E Sleep

D Aggression

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli? A Absolute threshold B Sensation C Perception D Difference threshold E Subliminal stimulus

D Difference threshold

Which of the following is a binocular cue for depth perception? A Linear perspective B Texture gradient C Interposition D Retinal disparity E Motion parallax

D Retinal disparity

The biological clock that operates in human beings to adjust their functioning to night-and-day periodicity is referred to as A spontaneous neural activity B the biofeedback monitor C a fixed-interval schedule D a circadian rhythm E active consciousness

D a circadian rhythm

An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve the state of well-being attained in the past. This individual is showing A withdrawal symptoms B alcohol-induced psychosis C state-dependent learning D alcohol tolerance E delirium tremens

D alcohol tolerance

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the A lens B sclera C fovea D blind spot E aqueous humor

D blind spot

he area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the A suprachiasmatic nucleus B cerebellum C limbic system D medulla E hippocampus

D medulla

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT A bitter B sweet C salty D spicy E sour

D spicy

Professor Ahad has forty-three students in section one of the psychology classes she teaches and fifty-two students in section two. Section one meets at eight a.m. and, section two meets at one p.m. Professor Ahad gives all of her students the same final exam, and those in section two score significantly higher than those in section one. Professor Ahad concludes that her section one students are academically inferior to students in section two. The biggest problem with Professor Ahad's conclusion is that A she did not randomly assign the students to her classroom. B she needs an equal number of students in each class in order to draw comparisons. C there is no dependent variable in this scenario. D time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario. E she should have used the single-blind method.

D time of day is a confounding variable in this scenario.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect? A Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. B Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. C Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. D Vernon is more social at parties when he has had caffeine. E Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

E Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Which monocular depth cue is illustrated in the figure above? A Accommodation B Texture gradient C Relative size D Interposition E Linear perspective

E Linear perspective

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain? (tinting to the right 2 grey line muscles) A B C D E

E

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct? A A case study in which the researcher records a person's facial expressions when the person encounters different smells and then determines that when a person smells a good smell, the person smiles. B A case study in which the researcher asks a person to name the smells the person is experiencing and then finds that the person has a hard time naming smells that are offensive. C A study in which 50 participants are asked to rate the degree to which different smells evoke happy memories. The researcher then determines which smells are associated with happy memories. D A study in which the researcher randomly selects two groups of 30 people and exposes one group to the smell of roses and the other group to the smell of gasoline to determine whether members of the group that smelled roses act nicer to one another afterward. E A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

E A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

What is the best way to ensure that results of a study are generalizable to a population? A By making sure to use as many participants as possible B By making sure the results are significant C By making sure to use an equal number of men and women D By using random assignment E By using a random selection of people in that population

E By using a random selection of people in that population

A person with damage to Broca's area would most likely demonstrate which of the following symptoms? A Forgetfulness B Hearing difficulties C Difficulty controlling balance and coordination D Difficulty controlling emotions E Difficulty with speech production

E Difficulty with speech production

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter? A Epinephrine B Endorphins C Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) D Substance P E Dopamine

E Dopamine

The next question(s) are based on this scenario: A researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to each of two groups. One group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. The children were then observed during a period of free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each group. What is the dependent variable in this study? A Sex of the children B Duration of free play C Type of television program viewed D Level of televised violence E Incidence of aggressive behavior

E Incidence of aggressive behavior