PSY Ch 10

What are the differences between an achievement test and an aptitude test?

Achievement: what you learned: how well you've learned someting: exam Aptitude: predict your ability to learn a skill: how well you'll do in the future: IQ, SAT

_____ is to a multiple-choice test in a U.S. history class as _____ is to the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).

Achievement; aptitude

What is an intelligence test, and what is the difference between achievement and aptitude tests?

An intelligence test is a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others, using numerical scores. Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn, while achievement tests measure what we have already learned.

____ intelligence is assessed by intelligence tests, which present well-defined problems having a single right answer.

Analytical

Sternberg's 3 Intelligences (Triarchic Theory):

Analytical Intelligence- school smarts, traditional academic problem solving. Creative Intelligence- ability to generate novel ideas. Practical Intelligence- street smarts, skill at handling everyday tasks.

5. When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of a. reliability. b. content validity. c. heritability. d. predictive validity.

A. Scores are consistent.

What did Binet hope to achieve by establishing a child's mental age?

Binet hoped that the child's mental age (the age that typically corresponds to the child's level of performance), would help identify appropriate school placements of children.

Describe the IQ test distribution: What shape is it? What score do 68% of people fall in? What is the Flynn effect?

Bell-shaped; The 1st standardized deviation; IQ's from this generation are greater than the previous generations.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is best able to tell us A. what part of an individual's intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance. B. whether the test-taker will succeed in a job. C. how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning. D. whether the test-taker has specific skills for music and the performing arts.

C. how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.

4. A 9-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 12-year-old was said to have an IQ of a. 75. b. 115. c. 125. d. 133.

D. Metal age / chronological age TIMES 100 12/9 X 100 = 133

Upon what assumption did Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon base their concept of mental age?

Dull children should perform as well as younger children on the tests, and bright children should perform as well as older children.

What are the four components of emotional intelligence?

Emotional intelligence, which is an aspect of social intelligence, is the ability to 1. perceive, 2. understand, 3. manage, and 4. use emotions. Emotionally intelligent people achieve greater personal and professional success. Some critics question whether calling these abilities "intelligence" stretches that concept too far.

The existence of savant syndrome seems to support

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

_____ demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage.

J. McVicker Hunt

To be diagnosed with _____ a person must score a 70 or lower on an intelligence test and experience difficulty in independent living.

an intellectual disability

What is intelligence?

The mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Intelligence quotient (IQ):

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Normal curve: (normal distribution)

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

What are the two meanings of bias identified in the text?

detecting differences in performance caused by cultural experiences and predictive validity for only some groups of test takers

Correlation coefficients were used in this section. Here's a quick review: Correlations do not indicate cause-effect, but they do tell us whether two things are associated in some way. A correlation of −1.0 represents perfect ______________ (agreement/disagreement) between two sets of scores: As one score goes up, the other score goes ______________ (up/down). A correlation of ______________ represents no association. The highest correlation, +1.0, represents perfect ______________ (agreement/disagreement): As the first score goes up, the other score goes ______________ (up/down).

disagreement; down; zero; agreement; up

_____ intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use feeings.

emotional

Which of the following is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test? confirmation bias factor analysis availability heuristic standard deviation

factor analysis

For top performance, scientists doing research may need more ____ intelligence (speedy and abstract reasoning), which tends to decrease with age.

fluid

Dr. Rich is a psychologist who studies social influences on behavior. She has published ten articles and three books in the past three years, which is quite an accomplishment for a psychological scientist. This is probably because her _____ is currently at its peak.

fluid intelligence

What is another name for General Intelligence Factor?

g factor

Charles Spearman suggested we have one ____ ______ underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.

general intelligence

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

heritability

The extent to which group differences in intelligence are attributable to genetic factors is known as the ______________ of intelligence.

heritablitiy

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

intelligence test

Mental age:

is a concept related to intelligence. It looks at how a specific child, at a specific age—usually today, now—performs intellectually, compared to average intellectual performance for that physical age, measured in years.

The original intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to measure performance in _____, which refers to the chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

mental age

IQ equation

mental age/chronological age X 100

Intelligence test

method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others, using numerical scores.

WAIS:

most widely used intelligence test today, yields overall IQ as well as separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. Contains versions for children, and provides clues for strengths and weaknesses. [Scores on intelligence/aptitude tests tend to form a normal, bell-shaped curve.]

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)

predictive validity

The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results, for example on retesting. In other words, these tests have high ____

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

reliability

A _____ test gives consistent scores.

reliable

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Emotional intelligence:

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Validity:

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

Reliability:

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting.

Intelligence

the mental potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

aptitude test

An employer with a pool of applicants for a single available position is interested in testing each applicant's potential. To help her decide whom she should hire, she should use an ______________ (achievement/aptitude) test. That same employer wishing to test the effectiveness of a new, on-the-job training program would be wise to use an ______________ (achievement/aptitude) test.

aptitude; achievment

These are studies in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

cross relational studies

To say that the heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of

the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

A _____ test measures what it is supposed to measure.

valid

A professor hands out an exam that is supposed to be on Chapters 11 and 12. The students are shocked to see that the exam is covering Chapters 13 and 14 instead. The exam clearly lacks _____ in relation to Chapters 11 and 12.

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also content validity and predictive validity.)

validity

Identical twins' brains seem to be virtually the same in areas associated with _____ intelligence.

verbal

Identical twins' brains are virtually the same in areas associated with _________________ intelligence.

verbal and spatial

Stereotype threat:

women are stereotyped that they won't do well on math exam. so the THREAT is that they KNOW they won't do as well as men so they WONT do as well because they believe it. not that they aren't capable, they'll just do poorer.

Remember: 1.0 indicates a perfect correlation; _____ indicates no correlation at all.

zero

What are some criticisms against multiple intelligences?

-Research has shown that there is a general intelligence -Success is a combo of talent and grit, not just high intelligence

What two factors allow someone to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability?

1. 70 or below on IQ test 2. Must show difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living

Emotional Intelligence: Includes 4 abilities (must have ALL):

1. Perceiving emotions 2. Understanding emotions 3. Managing emotions 4. Using emotions to enable adaptive creative thinking

Intelligence tests: What 3 criteria must a psychological test have to meet in order to be valid? What does each mean?

1. Standardized- a defining uniform in testing procedure and meaningful scores by COMPARING with the performance of a pretested group. 2. Reliable- extent to which a test yields consistent results as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of a test, alternate tests or retesting. 3. Valid- extent to which a test measures or predicts what is supposed to happen.

A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2 percent of all scores earns an intelligence score of:

120

On the original Stanford-Binet test, an 8-year-old who responds with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old would have an intelligence quotient (IQ) of:

125

What is the IQ of a 4-year-old with a mental age of 5?

125 (5 ÷ 4 × 100 = 125)

The IQ of a 6-year-old with a measured mental age of 9 would be

150

Sternberg's 3 intelligences: What are the 3 proposed intelligences?

1: Analytical: Academic problem-solving assessed by intelligence tests. 2: Creative: Innovative smarts. Ability to generate novel ideas. 3: Practical: Everyday tasks.

The heritability of intelligence is estimated to be:

50-80%

Gardner's multiple intelligences a) How many types of intelligences are proposed to exist?

8, MAYBE 9

11. A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy most likely took a(n) ________ test. a. aptitude b. g factor c. emotional intelligence d. achievement

A

7. Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for a. nontwin siblings reared together. b. fraternal twins reared together. c. identical twins reared together. d. identical twins reared apart.

A

9. Stereotype threat is most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ________ test and to depress male students' performance on a difficult ________ test. a. math problem-solving; verbal fluency b. verbal fluency; math problem-solving c. spatial abilities; athletic abilities d. athletic abilities; spatial abilities

A

A check on your understanding of heritability: If environments become more equal, the heritability of intelligence would a. increase. b. decrease. c. be unchanged.

A (Heritability—variation explained by genetic influences—will increase as environmental variation decreases.)

What is savant syndrome?

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as compilation or drawing. (Mental disability but REALLY GOOD in one area.)

To be widely accepted, a psychological test must meet three criteria:

A psychological test must be standardized (pretested on a similar group of people), reliable (yielding consistent results), and valid (measuring what it is supposed to measure).

What is the stereotype threat? How can it lower your test score?

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. Self doubts can impair your performance, attention and learning.

What is the difference between a test that is biased culturally and a test that is biased in terms of its validity?

A test may be culturally biased if higher scores are achieved by those with certain cultural experiences. That same test may not be biased in terms of validity if it predicts what it is supposed to predict. For example, the SAT may be culturally biased in favor of those with experience in the U.S. school system, but it does still accurately predict U.S. college success.

What are the traits of those at the low and high intelligence extremes?

At the low extreme are those with unusually low scores. An intelligence test score of or below 70 is one diagnostic criterion for the diagnosis of intellectual disability; other criteria are limited conceptual, social, and practical skills. One condition included in this category is Down syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. People at the high-intelligence extreme tend to be healthy and well-adjusted, as well as unusually successful academically. Schools sometimes "track" such children, separating them from students with lower scores. Such programs can become self-fulfilling prophecies as both groups live up to—or down to—others' perceptions and expectations.

8. Increasing years of schooling over the last half century have most likely contributed to a. stereotype threat. b. the Flynn effect. c. the normal curve. d. savant syndrome.

B

Achievement Test

test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Who believed we have one general intelligence (often shortened to g) that is at the heart of all our intelligent behavior?

Charles Spearman

What are the 3 phases of research development?

Cross-sectional evidence for intellectual decline: researchers test and compare people from across different age groups Longitudinally-retesting the same cohort (same group of people) over a period of years. 3rd??????/

How stable are intelligence scores over the life span, and how does aging affect crystallized and fluid intelligence?

Cross-sectional studies (comparing people of different ages) and longitudinal studies (retesting the same group over a period of years) have shown that fluid intelligence declines in older adults, in part because neural processing slows. However, crystallized intelligence tends to increase. The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age. At age 4, scores fluctuate somewhat but begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. By early adolescence, scores are very stable and predictive.

10. Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as a. g factor. b. Down syndrome. c. emotional intelligence. d. savant syndrome.

D

12. Some hereditarians have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would shove average intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of a. the normal curve. b. the g factor. c. emotional intelligence. d. the Flynn effect.

D

2. When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates a. factor analysis. b. analytic intelligence. c. divergent thinking. d. emotional intelligence.

D

13. University grades are used to assess the ________ of the SAT. a. heritability b. reliability c. standardization d. predictive validity

D.

6. Comparing the academic performance of those whose scores are extremely low on intelligence tests with those whose scores are extremely high is an effective way to highlight the tests' a. standardization. b. heritability. c. reliability. d. validity.

D.

1. Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores? a. standardization b. validation c. heritability estimates d. factor analysis

D. Takes every factor alone and analyzes it.

T or F. Intelligence tests administered to 5-year-olds are NOT predictive of later school achievement.

FALSE

Because of the _____ effect, people of the same ability may be classified differently depending on when they were tested.

Flynn

Some people have been fearful that higher twentieth-century birth rates among those with lower intelligence scores would push human intelligence scores progressively downward. This fear has been most directly alleviated by the discovery of the _____ effect.

Flynn

History of Mental Ability Testing...

Francis Galton (1884) First attempt to assess intellectual intelligence; found no correlation between measures. Focused on heritability of genius (Hereditary Genius): is "genius" genetic? Alfred Binet Tended toward environmental explanation of intelligence differences; measured children's mental ages. Lewis Terman Revised Binet's test for wider use in the U.S... Stanford-Binet Came up with the IQ equation- mental age/chronological age x100 (normal IQ= 100) David Wechsler

Have you any idea why more intelligent people might live longer? Deary (2008) reports four possible explanations:

Intelligence facilitates more education, better jobs, and a healthier environment. Intelligence encourages healthy living: less smoking, better diet, more exercise. Prenatal events or early childhood illnesses might have influenced both intelligence and health. A "well-wired body," as evidenced by fast reaction speeds, perhaps fosters both intelligence and longevity.

Why do psychologists NOT diagnose an intellectual disability based solely on the person's intelligence test score?

IQ score is only one measure of a person's ability to function. Other important factors to consider in an overall assessment include conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills.

When and why were intelligence tests created, and how do today's tests differ from early intelligence tests?

In the late 1800s, Francis Galton, who believed that genius was inherited, attempted but failed to construct a simple intelligence test. Alfred Binet, who tended toward an environmental explanation of intelligence differences, started the modern intelligence-testing movement in France in 1904 when he developed questions to help predict children's future progress in the Paris school system. During the early twentieth century, Lewis Terman of Stanford University revised Binet's work for use in the United States. Terman believed intelligence was inherited, and he thought his Stanford-Binet could help guide people toward appropriate opportunities. From such tests, William Stern contributed the concept of the IQ (intelligence quotient). During this period, intelligence tests were sometimes used to "document" scientists' assumptions about the innate inferiority of certain ethnic and immigrant groups. The most widely used intelligence tests today are the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler's tests for children. These tests differ from their predecessors in the way they offer an overall intelligence score as well as scores for various verbal and performance areas.

How do psychologists define intelligence, and what are the arguments for g?

Intelligence is a mental quality consisting of the potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Charles Spearman proposed that we have one general intelligence (g) underlying all other specific mental abilities. He helped develop factor analysis, a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related abilities. L. L. Thurstone disagreed and identified seven different clusters of mental abilities. Yet a tendency remained for high scorers in one cluster to score high in other clusters. Studies indicate that g scores are most predictive in novel situations and do not much correlate with skills in evolutionarily familiar situations.

How and why do the genders differ in mental ability scores?

Males and females tend to have the same average intelligence test scores, but they differ in some specific abilities. Girls are better spellers, more verbally fluent, better at locating objects, better at detecting emotions, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color. Boys outperform girls at spatial ability and related mathematics, though in math computation and overall math performance, boys and girls hardly differ. Boys also outnumber girls at the low and high extremes of mental abilities. Evolutionary and cultural explanations have been proposed for these gender differences.

What are some things that support the idea of environment affecting intelligence?

Malnutrition, sensory deprivation and social isolation can deplete normal brain development.

Gardner's 8 relatively independent intelligences

Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal Bodily-kinesthetic Spatial Musical Logical-mathmatical Linguist 9th possible one: existential intelligence (ability to ponder deep Qs about life)

Gardner's multiple intelligences

Our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent inteligences, which include a broad range of sills beyond traditional school smarts Note: Should all of our abilities be considered intelligences? Shouldn't some be called less vital talents?

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Our intelligence is best classified into 3 areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical These three domains can be reliably measured

Thurstone's primary mental abilities

Our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory Note: Even Thurstone's seven mental abilities show a tendency to cluster suggestiing an underlying g factor

How does the existence of savant syndrome support Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

People with savant syndrome have limited mental ability overall but possess one or more exceptional skills, which, according to Howard Gardner, suggests that our abilities come in separate packages rather than being fully expressed by one general intelligence that encompasses all of our talents.

four components of emotional intelligence

Perceiving emotions (recognizing them in faces, music, and stories) Understanding emotions (predicting them and how they may change and blend) Managing emotions (knowing how to express them in varied situations) Using emotions to enable adaptive or creative thinking

Emotional Intelligence: ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Perceiving emotions (recognizing them in faces, music, and stories) Understanding emotions (predicting them and how they may change) Managing emotions (knowing how to express them in different situations) Using emotions (to facilitate performance or get what you want)

How and why do racial and ethnic groups differ in mental ability scores?

Racial and ethnic groups differ in their average intelligence test scores. The evidence suggests that environmental differences are responsible for these group differences.

Researcher A is well-funded to learn about how intelligence changes over the life span. Researcher B wants to study the intelligence of people who are now at various life stages. Which researcher should use the cross-sectional method, and which the longitudinal method?

Researcher A should develop a longitudinal study to examine how intelligence changes in the same people over the life span. Researcher B should develop a cross-sectional study to examine the intelligence of people now at various life stages.

How do Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of multiple intelligences differ, and what criticisms have they faced?

Savant syndrome seems to support Howard Gardner's view that we have multiple intelligences. He proposed eight independent intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist. (He has also proposed a ninth possible intelligence—existential intelligence—the ability to ponder deep questions about life.) Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory proposes three intelligence areas that predict real-world skills: analytical (academic problem-solving), creative, and practical. Critics note research that has confirmed a general intelligence factor. But highly successful people also tend to be conscientious, well-connected, and doggedly energetic.

What trend did he find with people who scored high in an area?

Score above average in other areas.

Emotional intelligence

Social intelligence is an important indicator of life success. Emotional intelligence is a key aspect, consisteing of percieving, understanding, managing, and using emotions The four components that predict social succcess

Is general intelligence found to be stable or variable with age? Is there evidence?

Stable. Fluid intelligence declines in older adults, in part because neural processing slows. However, crystallized intelligence tends to increase. The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age.

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

Stanford-Binet

What is factor analysis?

Statistical procedure that identifies cluster of related items.

What does evidence reveal about environmental influences on intelligence?

Studies of twins, family members, and adoptees also provide evidence of environmental influences. Test scores of identical twins raised apart are slightly less similar (though still very highly correlated) than the scores of identical twins raised together. Studies of children raised in extremely impoverished environments with minimal social interaction indicate that life experiences can significantly influence intelligence test performance. No evidence supports the idea that normal, healthy children can be molded into geniuses by growing up in an exceptionally enriched environment.

What evidence points to a genetic influence on intelligence, and what is heritability?

Studies of twins, family members, and adoptees indicate a significant hereditary contribution to intelligence scores. Intelligence seems to be polygenetic, and researchers are searching for genes that exert an influence. Heritability is the proportion of variation among individuals that can be attributed to genes.

What do twin and adoption studies show about the genetic influence of intelligence?

Studies show that people who share the same genes (twins) also share the same mental abilities. Adoption enhances the intelligence scores of mistreated or neglected children.

T or F. Overall, intelligence aptitude tests are not biased because the predictive validity is similar across different groups.

T

T or F. The mental rotation test is a test of spatial abilities

T

What is a normal curve, and what does it mean to say that a test has been standardized and is reliable and valid?

The distribution of test scores often forms a normal (bell-shaped) curve around the central average score, with fewer and fewer scores at the extremes. Standardization establishes a basis for meaningful score comparisons by giving a test to a representative sample of future test-takers. Reliability is the extent to which a test yields consistent results (on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or when people are retested). Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. A test has content validity if it samples the pertinent behavior (as a driving test measures driving ability). It has predictive validity if it predicts a behavior it was designed to predict. (Aptitude tests have predictive ability if they can predict future achievements; their predictive power is best for the early school years.)

Which of the following statements is true of intelligence, according to Charles Spearman? Every act of intelligence is backed by a different factor of intelligence. Those who score high in one area of intelligence typically score higher than average in other areas. Intelligence comprises multiple abilities that come in different packages. General intelligence was a form of intelligence that helped people solve novel problems, not everyday problems.

Those who score high in one area of intelligence typically score higher than average in other areas.

the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

In prosperous country X, everyone eats all they want. In country Y, the rich are well fed, but the semistarved poor are often thin. In which country will the heritability of body weight be greater?

X The heritability (differences due to genes) of body weight will be greater in country X, where environmental differences in available nutrition are minimal.

According to Gardner, can you still be intelligent if you're awful at math and English, but can play sports? Why or why not?

Yes. You then fall under the Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence category.

Spearman's general intelligence (g)

a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas Note: human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor

Savant syndrome:

a condition in which a person with a developmental disability, such as an autism spectrum disorder, demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal.

Intellectual disability:

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life. (conceptual skills, social skills, practical skills) (Formerly referred to as mental retardation.)

General intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

Intelligence test:

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

Achievement test:

a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Aptitude test:

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are

academic creative practical

A multiple choice test in a US history class is a form of an ______ test

achievement

A test designed to assess whether newly graduated medical students should be granted the legal right to practice medicine would most likely be considered a(n) _____ test.

achievement

a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

achievement test

Your friend is nervous about his upcoming art history final exam. You tell him to not worry because it is only a(n) ________________ test, not a(n) ___________________ test like the GRE.

achievment, aptitude

The symmetrical, bell-shaped figure that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes is known as the _____.

normal curve

Aptitude Test

test designed to predict a person's future performance; the capacity to learn.

If intelligence is a single mental ability rather than a group of separate abilities, factor analysis should reveal a _____ of mental abilities.

single cluster

In looking at differences in intellectual ability between groups, most social scientists see the concept of race primarily as a(n) _____ without well-defined physical boundaries.

social construct

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test:

standardization

What psychological principle helps explain why women tend to perform more poorly when they believe their online chess opponent is male?

stereotype threat

____ _____ can lead to poor performance on tests by undermining test-takers' belief that they can do well on

stereotype threat

Emotionally intelligent people tend to

succeed in their careers

Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will:

suffer from Down syndrome.