Psy Chapter 4, 5, 6
Flooding
A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absense of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished
Systematic Desentization
A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which hierarchy for fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed
Abstinence Syndrome
A characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decrease in an addictive drugs level of usage
Higher-Order Conditioning
A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neural stimulus comes to elicit a response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus
Circadian rhytum
A cycle that is connected with the 24 period of the earths rotation
Stimulant
A drug that increases activity of the nervous system
Depressant
A drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system
Counter Conditioning
A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities
Opiates
A group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a conditioned stimulus
Method of savings
A measure of retention in which the difference between the numbers of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated
Icon
A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory
Echo
A mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of one's enviroment
Substance use disorder
A problem characterized by loss of control over usage social impairment risky use and tolerance and withdrawal systems
Shaping
A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior
Positive reinforcer
A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant
Negative reinforcer
A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant
Conditional
A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a _____________ response
Unconditional
A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a _______________ response
Fixed-interval schedule
A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Variable-ratio schedule
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses
Continuous reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced
Variable-interval schedule
A schedule which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available
Classical Conditioning
A simple form of learning in which a neural stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus
Operant Conditioning
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior it is reinforced
Narcolepsy
A sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly
Rapid eye movement (REM)
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements which have been linked to dreaming
Cocaine
A stimulate that boast self confidence but also triggers rise in blood pressure and constricts coronary arteries
Chunk
A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning
Secondary Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established asssociation
Hippocampus
A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories
Control
A substance use disorder characterized by loss of _______________ over the use of substance
Role theory
A theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypotized
Schema
A way of mentally representing the world such as a belief or an expectation that can influence perception of persons objects and situations
Contingency
According to ___________________ theory learning occurs because a CS indicates that the UCS is likely to follow
Learning
According to behaviorist a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience cognitive theorists process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience
Learning
According to behaviorists _______________is relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior that occurs because of experience
Activation
According to the _________________ synthesis model dreams reflect neural activity
Priming
Activation of specific associations in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory
Be prone to fantasy
Allegra is said to have hypnotic suggestibility she is likely to
Barbiturate
An addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep
Hypnosis
An altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though there in a trance
Memory Trace
An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus
Engram
An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace
Electromyograph(EMG)
An instrument that measures muscle tension
Model
An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism
Primary reinforcer
An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological make up of the organism and not on learning
Orienting Reflex
An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus
Phencyclindine(PCP)
Another hallucinogen whose name is an acroym for its chemical structure
Conditioned Reinforcer
Another team for a secondary reinforcer
Working memory
Another term for short term memory
Elaborative
Another way of strong information is by _____________________ rehearsal when we relate new information to things we know
Paradoxial
Because EEG patterns during REM sleep resemble those of the waking state REM sleep is also called ______________________ sleep
Operant Behavior
Behavior that operates on or manipulates the environment
Successive Approximations
Behaviors which are progressively closer to targer behavior
Abstinence
Biological or physiological systems of a substance use disorder include tolerance and an _________________ syndrome when one discontinues use of the substance
Chunking and Maintenance rehearsal
Breaking THUNSTOFAM into three syllables THUN-STO-FAM and then repeating them many times in an effort to remember the ten letters is an example of using techniques of
Hydrocarbons
Chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon
Opiods
Chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from opium poppy
Consiousness
Concept with many meanings including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of ones thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state
Awareness
Consciousness has several meanings including sensory awareness the selective aspect of attention direct inner ___________________ personal unity and the waking state
permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience
Define Learning
DT's Heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, frightening hallucinations of crawling animals
Delirium Tremens referred to as; What does it cause
activation of specific associations in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort
Describe priming
episodic memories that take place in our presence semantic general knowledge procedural implicit procedures or skills
Describe the difference between episodic semantic and procedural memories
retrieval failure know the information but cant access it
Describe tip of tongue phenomenum
Nonconscious
Descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we can not become conscious we may recognize that our hair is growing be we can not directly experience the biological process
Flash bulb
Detailed memories of surprising important and emotional events are termed ____________________ memories
Valium
Diazepam is generic for
Recognition is picking syallbels from a list and recall is picking syallbules repeated
Differentiate between recognition and recall
Flashbacks
Distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage but mimic the LSD experience
Psychoactive substances
Drugs that have psychological effect such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions
Narcotics
Drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep the term is usually reserved for opiates
Five
During a typical eight-hour night we under go how many _______________ trips through the different stages of sleep
A substance use disorder
Elyse is a college student who has developed a tolerance to heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms whenever she doesn't have a fix at least every 8 hrs she feels she has lost control and has to organize her life around her habit she would be classified as having
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation
Stimulus
Environmental condition that elicits a response
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
Evan met Lesley at a party three weeks ago he bumps into her on the way to class he feels as though he knows her name but cant retrieve the information this experience is referred to as
Synapses
Experience enhances the avenues of communication among brain cells by development of dendrites and _______________________
Spontaneous
Extinguished responses often show ________________ recovery as a function of the passage of time
Anterograde Amnesia
Failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Retrograde amnesia
Failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma
Mindful Mediation
Form of mediation that provides clients with the techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems
Sleep terrors
Frightening dream like experiences that occur during our deepest stages of NREM sleep, nightmares in contrast occur during REM sleep
Different brain areas
From the clinical evidence brain injury it appears that storage bins for long-term memories are located in
Semantic Memory
General knowledge as opposed to episodic memory
Tolerance
Habituation to a drug with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects
Mescaline
Hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus
Prospective Memory
Hamilton told himself to remember to get three things at the corner deli on the way he ran into Jason and chatted for a few minutes. Afterward he could only remember two of the items chatting with Jason had apparently interfered with Hamilton's _______________
Absense of reinforcement
How does extinction occur
Trance
Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though they are in a ___________________
Discrimination
If little Albert was only frightened by the toy that he played with, what is this called
You will relearn it more quickly than you originally learned it
If you learn how to do something once then forget it what is most likely to happen if you attempt to relearn it
Eidetic
Imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time
Proactive
In ____________________ interference older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material
Retroactive
In _____________________- interference new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning
Fixed-Internal
In a ___________________ schedule a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response before reinforcement again becomes available
unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditional response, unconditional response
In a classic study conducted by John Watson a little boy names little albert is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a white fuzzy toy. After that he was afraid of the white fuzzy toy. The loud noise was an _____________________. The white fuzzy toy is a ______________, The fear of the toy is a __________________________, The fear of the loud noise is an ________________________.
Generalization
In conditioning the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which response was conditioned
Discrimination
In conditioning the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus
Repression
In freud's psychodynamic theory the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness
A relaxation response
In his classic study of transcendental mediation Benson found that medication leads to
Mantra
In mediation one focuses on a ________________________ to alter the normal person-environment relationship
Displace
In memory theory to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information
Discriminative Stimulus
In operant conditioning a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available
conditional response
In pavlovs research salivation to the bell was a
Unconsciousness
In psycho dynamic theory descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also without consciousness
Repression
In psycho dynamic theory the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety evoking ideas impulses or images of awareness
Preconscious
In psycho dynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention
Flooding
In the behavior-therapy method of ________________ a client is continuously exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished
Infantile Amnesia
Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so also termed childhood amnesia
Context-dependent memory
Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored or learned
State-dependent memory
Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored or learned
Albert
John B Watson and Rosalie Raynor used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as Little ______________ to fear rats
CS, CR
Johnny was tormented in the school yard every day by a bully with bright red fizzy hair. One day Johnny's father brought his boss Mr. Dale home, The boss had bright red frizzy hair and Johnny ran to his room cry Mr Dale's hair functioned as ________________ and Johnnys fear was a _________________________
Latent Learning
Johnny watches television violence for an hour or two a day but he is not violent outside the home. Then one day Billy attacks him on the way home from school and Johnny imitates the behavior he saw on television to fight Billy off and teach Billy to never attack him again. Although Johnny had not shown violent behavior until he was attacked we can assume that when watching television he was engaging in
Direct inner awareness
Knowledge of ones own thoughts feelings and memories without the use of sensory organs
Latent Learning
Learning that is hidden or concealed
Generalization
Little Albert also became fearful of other white fuzzy toys. What is this called
Disassociative amnesia
Loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma
LSD
Lysergic acid diethyiamide a hallucinogen
Nonsense Syllables
Meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched inbetween that are used to study memory
Episodic Memory
Memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence
Episodic
Memories of the events that happen to a person are _________________ memories
Retrospective Memory
Memory for past events activities and learning experiences as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories
Explicit Memory
Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information
Implicit Memory
Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly
Prospective Memory
Memory to perform an act in the future as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs
Maintenance Rehearsal
Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory
Maintenance Rehearsal
Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to
Encode
Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory encoding is the first stage of information processing
Alcohol
Most popular drug on college campuses
Paired associates
Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall
Evolutionary
Notion that animal that are most at risk from predators sleepless is taken from which of the following perspectives
Partial reinforcement
One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced
Maintenance
One way of storing information is by _________________________ rehearsal or by mentally repeating it
Memory
Process by which information is encoded stored and retrieved
Extinction
Process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learning response because the events that had followed the stimuli is no longer occur (The learned response is said to be extinguished)
Study on Sunday Nights, Fixed-interval
Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to __________________ because they are on a _______________ schedule of reinforcement
Alpha waves
Raid low amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation
Biological Preparedness
Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological make up of the organism
Episodic
Remembering what you had for dinner is an example of ________________________ memory
Extinguish
Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tune) without the UCS (such as meat) will ___________________ the CR (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus
Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut, He started salivating at the possibility of having pizza, The signs were
Iconic memory
Sensory register that briefly hold mental representations of visual stimuli
Variable-ratio
Slot machine tend to keep gamblers playing by using a ___________________ schedule of reinforcement
Second hand smoke
Smoke from tobacco products and exhalations of other people referred to as passive smoking
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery
Spotted Zebra learns to stop going to a particular water hole after approaching it several times and finding that it is dry, However after a month or two passes they may return to the water hole learning to stop going to the water hole because it is dry but then returning to it after time passes is an example of __________ followed by _________________
Amphetamines
Stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl-ethylamine colorless liquid consisting of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen
Delta Waves
Strong slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep
Hallucinogenic
Substance that causes hallucinations
Hallucinogenics
Substances distort perceptions
Sleep apnea
Temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping
Sensory, short-term, long-term
The Atkinson-shiffrin model hypothesizes three stages of memory ________________________, _______________________-, ___________________________
Observational Learning
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means of experience
Suppression
The deliberate or conscious placing of certain ideas or impulses or images out of awareness
Savings
The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed
Marijuana
The dried vegetable matter of the cannabis sativa plant
Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved also called feeling of knowing experience
Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM)
The first four stages of sleep
Selective attention
The focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus
Proactive Interference
The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently
Retroactive interference
The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously
Elaborative Rehearsal
The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known
Retrieval
The location of stored information and its return to consciousness the third stage of information processing
Eidetic Imagery
The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes
Storage
The maintenance of information over time the second stage of information processing
Encoding
The process of modifying information so that we can place it in memory is called
Spontaneous Recovery
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time
Operant
The same as an operant behavior
Echoic Memory
The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli
Transcendental mediation (TM)
The simplified form of mediation brought to the united states by the Maharishi yogi and used as a method for coping with stress
Biofeedback training
The systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
Serial-position effect
The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series
Long-term memory
The type of stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage
Sensory memory
The type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus sensory memory holds impressions briefly but long enough so that a series of perceptions are psychologically continuous
Short-term memory
The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays also called working memory
Activation-Synthesis model
The view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern
Contingency Theory
The view that learning occurs when stimuli provides information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli
Response set theory
The view that response expectancy's play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist
Interference theory
The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it
Law of Effect
Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp on responses and unpleasant events them out
Reinforce
To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response
Implicit
Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking, Tracy's __________________ memory made this possible
Bedwetting
What are children most likely to outgrow
A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop
What best illustrates operant conditioning according to skinner
High frequency brain waves are associated with being away
What is a correct statement concerning brain waves and cycles
Ritalin
What is mostly prescribed for hyperactive children
DSM-5
What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders edition 5 called
Increase
When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to
High blood pressure rapid pulse restlessness tremors anxiety weakness
When clay joined AA in order to stop drinking he received a pamphlet that described the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal these include
Sensory awareness
When we are conscious of seeing something or hearing sound we are referring to consciousness as
Association
While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that responses can be learned by through
Semantic Memory
You recall what you ate for breakfast this morning, but you know wrote Hamlet, You knowledge that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet is an example of
Programmed
________________ learning breaks down learning tasks into small steps and reinforces correct performance of each step
Semantic
_____________________ memories concern generalized knowledge
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a previously neural stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response
Reflex
a simple unlearned response to a stimulus
reinforcer
an event that follows a response and increases the probability of its recurrence is called
memories that are traumatic or emotional easy to recall
describe flashbulb memories
limitless
describe the storage capacity of long-term memory
5 to 10 pieces 1min
describe the storage capacity of short-term memory
makes behavior less likely to continue
how is punishment used
extinction
if a behavior is not reinforced it will eventually disappear what is this called
positive reinforcement
if a worker receives a bonus for completing a job early what is being used
unconditional and neutral
in classical conditioning learning occurs because of the pairing of a _________________ and _______________
delivered consistently
punishment is most effective under what conditions
secondary
receiving a medal is what type of reinforcer
rehearasal
repeating information to move it from short-term to long-term
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction
conditional response
the response to a conditioned stimulus is a
learning techniques for organizing or chunking information
what are some suggestions for improving memory
positive and negative reinforcements
what are two types of reinforcements
selective attention
what determines if information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory
Type of learning classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is conditioning? Name two types
process by which information is encoded stored and retrieved
what is memory
fact that a bodily state exists during learning can be a strong cue for later memories
what is state dependent learning
encoding
what is the first step in placing information into memory
encoding
what is transferring information into a usable form called
unconditional stimulus
what kind of event evokes a particular response without learning
Shaping
what process rewards successive approximations
primary and secondary reinforcer
what two types of reinforcers
fixed ratio schedule
when a specific number of responses is required what schedule is being used
continuous reinforcement
when every correct response is being reinforced ___________________________ is being being used