Psy Chapter 4, 5, 6

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Flooding

A behavioral fear reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absense of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

Systematic Desentization

A behavioral fear-reduction technique in which hierarchy for fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

Abstinence Syndrome

A characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decrease in an addictive drugs level of usage

Higher-Order Conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neural stimulus comes to elicit a response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus

Circadian rhytum

A cycle that is connected with the 24 period of the earths rotation

Stimulant

A drug that increases activity of the nervous system

Depressant

A drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system

Counter Conditioning

A fear reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

Opiates

A group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Method of savings

A measure of retention in which the difference between the numbers of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

Icon

A mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory

Echo

A mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory

Cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of one's enviroment

Substance use disorder

A problem characterized by loss of control over usage social impairment risky use and tolerance and withdrawal systems

Shaping

A procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

Positive reinforcer

A reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

Negative reinforcer

A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

Conditional

A response to a conditioned stimulus is termed a _____________ response

Unconditional

A response to an unconditioned stimulus is called a _______________ response

Fixed-interval schedule

A schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

Variable-ratio schedule

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

Continuous reinforcement

A schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

Variable-interval schedule

A schedule which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

Classical Conditioning

A simple form of learning in which a neural stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with other stimulus

Operant Conditioning

A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior it is reinforced

Narcolepsy

A sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly

Rapid eye movement (REM)

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements which have been linked to dreaming

Cocaine

A stimulate that boast self confidence but also triggers rise in blood pressure and constricts coronary arteries

Chunk

A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning

Secondary Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established asssociation

Hippocampus

A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories

Control

A substance use disorder characterized by loss of _______________ over the use of substance

Role theory

A theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypotized

Schema

A way of mentally representing the world such as a belief or an expectation that can influence perception of persons objects and situations

Contingency

According to ___________________ theory learning occurs because a CS indicates that the UCS is likely to follow

Learning

According to behaviorist a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience cognitive theorists process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

Learning

According to behaviorists _______________is relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior that occurs because of experience

Activation

According to the _________________ synthesis model dreams reflect neural activity

Priming

Activation of specific associations in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory

Be prone to fantasy

Allegra is said to have hypnotic suggestibility she is likely to

Barbiturate

An addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though there in a trance

Memory Trace

An assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

Engram

An assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace

Electromyograph(EMG)

An instrument that measures muscle tension

Model

An organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism

Primary reinforcer

An unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological make up of the organism and not on learning

Orienting Reflex

An unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus

Phencyclindine(PCP)

Another hallucinogen whose name is an acroym for its chemical structure

Conditioned Reinforcer

Another team for a secondary reinforcer

Working memory

Another term for short term memory

Elaborative

Another way of strong information is by _____________________ rehearsal when we relate new information to things we know

Paradoxial

Because EEG patterns during REM sleep resemble those of the waking state REM sleep is also called ______________________ sleep

Operant Behavior

Behavior that operates on or manipulates the environment

Successive Approximations

Behaviors which are progressively closer to targer behavior

Abstinence

Biological or physiological systems of a substance use disorder include tolerance and an _________________ syndrome when one discontinues use of the substance

Chunking and Maintenance rehearsal

Breaking THUNSTOFAM into three syllables THUN-STO-FAM and then repeating them many times in an effort to remember the ten letters is an example of using techniques of

Hydrocarbons

Chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon

Opiods

Chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from opium poppy

Consiousness

Concept with many meanings including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of ones thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state

Awareness

Consciousness has several meanings including sensory awareness the selective aspect of attention direct inner ___________________ personal unity and the waking state

permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience

Define Learning

DT's Heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, frightening hallucinations of crawling animals

Delirium Tremens referred to as; What does it cause

activation of specific associations in memory often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort

Describe priming

episodic memories that take place in our presence semantic general knowledge procedural implicit procedures or skills

Describe the difference between episodic semantic and procedural memories

retrieval failure know the information but cant access it

Describe tip of tongue phenomenum

Nonconscious

Descriptive of bodily processes, such as growing hair, of which we can not become conscious we may recognize that our hair is growing be we can not directly experience the biological process

Flash bulb

Detailed memories of surprising important and emotional events are termed ____________________ memories

Valium

Diazepam is generic for

Recognition is picking syallbels from a list and recall is picking syallbules repeated

Differentiate between recognition and recall

Flashbacks

Distorted perceptions or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after LSD usage but mimic the LSD experience

Psychoactive substances

Drugs that have psychological effect such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions

Narcotics

Drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep the term is usually reserved for opiates

Five

During a typical eight-hour night we under go how many _______________ trips through the different stages of sleep

A substance use disorder

Elyse is a college student who has developed a tolerance to heroin and experiences withdrawal symptoms whenever she doesn't have a fix at least every 8 hrs she feels she has lost control and has to organize her life around her habit she would be classified as having

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief rapid stimulation

Stimulus

Environmental condition that elicits a response

Tip-of-tongue phenomenon

Evan met Lesley at a party three weeks ago he bumps into her on the way to class he feels as though he knows her name but cant retrieve the information this experience is referred to as

Synapses

Experience enhances the avenues of communication among brain cells by development of dendrites and _______________________

Spontaneous

Extinguished responses often show ________________ recovery as a function of the passage of time

Anterograde Amnesia

Failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Retrograde amnesia

Failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

Mindful Mediation

Form of mediation that provides clients with the techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems

Sleep terrors

Frightening dream like experiences that occur during our deepest stages of NREM sleep, nightmares in contrast occur during REM sleep

Different brain areas

From the clinical evidence brain injury it appears that storage bins for long-term memories are located in

Semantic Memory

General knowledge as opposed to episodic memory

Tolerance

Habituation to a drug with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed to achieve similar effects

Mescaline

Hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus

Prospective Memory

Hamilton told himself to remember to get three things at the corner deli on the way he ran into Jason and chatted for a few minutes. Afterward he could only remember two of the items chatting with Jason had apparently interfered with Hamilton's _______________

Absense of reinforcement

How does extinction occur

Trance

Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though they are in a ___________________

Discrimination

If little Albert was only frightened by the toy that he played with, what is this called

You will relearn it more quickly than you originally learned it

If you learn how to do something once then forget it what is most likely to happen if you attempt to relearn it

Eidetic

Imagery is the ability to retain exact mental representations of visual stimuli over long periods of time

Proactive

In ____________________ interference older learning with the capacity to retrieve more recently learned material

Retroactive

In _____________________- interference new learning interferes with the retrieval of old learning

Fixed-Internal

In a ___________________ schedule a specific amount of time must elapse since a previous correct response before reinforcement again becomes available

unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, conditional response, unconditional response

In a classic study conducted by John Watson a little boy names little albert is frightened by a loud noise while playing with a white fuzzy toy. After that he was afraid of the white fuzzy toy. The loud noise was an _____________________. The white fuzzy toy is a ______________, The fear of the toy is a __________________________, The fear of the loud noise is an ________________________.

Generalization

In conditioning the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which response was conditioned

Discrimination

In conditioning the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not forecast an unconditioned stimulus

Repression

In freud's psychodynamic theory the ejection of anxiety evoking ideas from conscious awareness

A relaxation response

In his classic study of transcendental mediation Benson found that medication leads to

Mantra

In mediation one focuses on a ________________________ to alter the normal person-environment relationship

Displace

In memory theory to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information

Discriminative Stimulus

In operant conditioning a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

conditional response

In pavlovs research salivation to the bell was a

Unconsciousness

In psycho dynamic theory descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness; also without consciousness

Repression

In psycho dynamic theory the automatic (unconscious) ejection of anxiety evoking ideas impulses or images of awareness

Preconscious

In psycho dynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention

Flooding

In the behavior-therapy method of ________________ a client is continuously exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so also termed childhood amnesia

Context-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored or learned

State-dependent memory

Information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored or learned

Albert

John B Watson and Rosalie Raynor used conditioning to teach a boy who is known as Little ______________ to fear rats

CS, CR

Johnny was tormented in the school yard every day by a bully with bright red fizzy hair. One day Johnny's father brought his boss Mr. Dale home, The boss had bright red frizzy hair and Johnny ran to his room cry Mr Dale's hair functioned as ________________ and Johnnys fear was a _________________________

Latent Learning

Johnny watches television violence for an hour or two a day but he is not violent outside the home. Then one day Billy attacks him on the way home from school and Johnny imitates the behavior he saw on television to fight Billy off and teach Billy to never attack him again. Although Johnny had not shown violent behavior until he was attacked we can assume that when watching television he was engaging in

Direct inner awareness

Knowledge of ones own thoughts feelings and memories without the use of sensory organs

Latent Learning

Learning that is hidden or concealed

Generalization

Little Albert also became fearful of other white fuzzy toys. What is this called

Disassociative amnesia

Loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma

LSD

Lysergic acid diethyiamide a hallucinogen

Nonsense Syllables

Meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched inbetween that are used to study memory

Episodic Memory

Memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence

Episodic

Memories of the events that happen to a person are _________________ memories

Retrospective Memory

Memory for past events activities and learning experiences as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories

Explicit Memory

Memory that clearly and distinctly expresses (explicates) specific information

Implicit Memory

Memory that is suggested (implied) but not plainly expressed as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly

Prospective Memory

Memory to perform an act in the future as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

Maintenance Rehearsal

Mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

Maintenance Rehearsal

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

Encode

Modifies information so that it can be placed in memory encoding is the first stage of information processing

Alcohol

Most popular drug on college campuses

Paired associates

Nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall

Evolutionary

Notion that animal that are most at risk from predators sleepless is taken from which of the following perspectives

Partial reinforcement

One of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced

Maintenance

One way of storing information is by _________________________ rehearsal or by mentally repeating it

Memory

Process by which information is encoded stored and retrieved

Extinction

Process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learning response because the events that had followed the stimuli is no longer occur (The learned response is said to be extinguished)

Study on Sunday Nights, Fixed-interval

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to __________________ because they are on a _______________ schedule of reinforcement

Alpha waves

Raid low amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation

Biological Preparedness

Readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological make up of the organism

Episodic

Remembering what you had for dinner is an example of ________________________ memory

Extinguish

Repeated presentation of a CS (such as a tune) without the UCS (such as meat) will ___________________ the CR (salivation)

Conditioned Stimulus

Roberto kept seeing signs on the highway advertising Pizza Hut, He started salivating at the possibility of having pizza, The signs were

Iconic memory

Sensory register that briefly hold mental representations of visual stimuli

Variable-ratio

Slot machine tend to keep gamblers playing by using a ___________________ schedule of reinforcement

Second hand smoke

Smoke from tobacco products and exhalations of other people referred to as passive smoking

Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery

Spotted Zebra learns to stop going to a particular water hole after approaching it several times and finding that it is dry, However after a month or two passes they may return to the water hole learning to stop going to the water hole because it is dry but then returning to it after time passes is an example of __________ followed by _________________

Amphetamines

Stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl-ethylamine colorless liquid consisting of carbon hydrogen and nitrogen

Delta Waves

Strong slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep

Hallucinogenic

Substance that causes hallucinations

Hallucinogenics

Substances distort perceptions

Sleep apnea

Temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping

Sensory, short-term, long-term

The Atkinson-shiffrin model hypothesizes three stages of memory ________________________, _______________________-, ___________________________

Observational Learning

The acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means of experience

Suppression

The deliberate or conscious placing of certain ideas or impulses or images out of awareness

Savings

The difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed

Marijuana

The dried vegetable matter of the cannabis sativa plant

Tip-of-tongue phenomenon

The feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved also called feeling of knowing experience

Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM)

The first four stages of sleep

Selective attention

The focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus

Proactive Interference

The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

Retroactive interference

The interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

Elaborative Rehearsal

The kind of coding in which new information is related to information that is already known

Retrieval

The location of stored information and its return to consciousness the third stage of information processing

Eidetic Imagery

The maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

Storage

The maintenance of information over time the second stage of information processing

Encoding

The process of modifying information so that we can place it in memory is called

Spontaneous Recovery

The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

Operant

The same as an operant behavior

Echoic Memory

The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli

Transcendental mediation (TM)

The simplified form of mediation brought to the united states by the Maharishi yogi and used as a method for coping with stress

Biofeedback training

The systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

Serial-position effect

The tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series

Long-term memory

The type of stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

Sensory memory

The type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus sensory memory holds impressions briefly but long enough so that a series of perceptions are psychologically continuous

Short-term memory

The type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays also called working memory

Activation-Synthesis model

The view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern

Contingency Theory

The view that learning occurs when stimuli provides information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

Response set theory

The view that response expectancy's play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist

Interference theory

The view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it

Law of Effect

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp on responses and unpleasant events them out

Reinforce

To follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

Implicit

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking, Tracy's __________________ memory made this possible

Bedwetting

What are children most likely to outgrow

A dolphin is given a fish every time it jumps through a hoop

What best illustrates operant conditioning according to skinner

High frequency brain waves are associated with being away

What is a correct statement concerning brain waves and cycles

Ritalin

What is mostly prescribed for hyperactive children

DSM-5

What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders edition 5 called

Increase

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

High blood pressure rapid pulse restlessness tremors anxiety weakness

When clay joined AA in order to stop drinking he received a pamphlet that described the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal these include

Sensory awareness

When we are conscious of seeing something or hearing sound we are referring to consciousness as

Association

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that responses can be learned by through

Semantic Memory

You recall what you ate for breakfast this morning, but you know wrote Hamlet, You knowledge that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet is an example of

Programmed

________________ learning breaks down learning tasks into small steps and reinforces correct performance of each step

Semantic

_____________________ memories concern generalized knowledge

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

a previously neural stimulus that elicits a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with a stimulus that already elicited that response

Reflex

a simple unlearned response to a stimulus

reinforcer

an event that follows a response and increases the probability of its recurrence is called

memories that are traumatic or emotional easy to recall

describe flashbulb memories

limitless

describe the storage capacity of long-term memory

5 to 10 pieces 1min

describe the storage capacity of short-term memory

makes behavior less likely to continue

how is punishment used

extinction

if a behavior is not reinforced it will eventually disappear what is this called

positive reinforcement

if a worker receives a bonus for completing a job early what is being used

unconditional and neutral

in classical conditioning learning occurs because of the pairing of a _________________ and _______________

delivered consistently

punishment is most effective under what conditions

secondary

receiving a medal is what type of reinforcer

rehearasal

repeating information to move it from short-term to long-term

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

conditional response

the response to a conditioned stimulus is a

learning techniques for organizing or chunking information

what are some suggestions for improving memory

positive and negative reinforcements

what are two types of reinforcements

selective attention

what determines if information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory

Type of learning classical conditioning and operant conditioning

what is conditioning? Name two types

process by which information is encoded stored and retrieved

what is memory

fact that a bodily state exists during learning can be a strong cue for later memories

what is state dependent learning

encoding

what is the first step in placing information into memory

encoding

what is transferring information into a usable form called

unconditional stimulus

what kind of event evokes a particular response without learning

Shaping

what process rewards successive approximations

primary and secondary reinforcer

what two types of reinforcers

fixed ratio schedule

when a specific number of responses is required what schedule is being used

continuous reinforcement

when every correct response is being reinforced ___________________________ is being being used


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