PSY Chapter 5

Skinner coined the term operant to describe:

active behaviors that operate on the environment to generate consequences.

According to vicarious learning, children would behave less aggressively when: 1) non-aggressive models were punished 2) aggressive models were rewarded 3) non-aggressive models were ignored 4) aggressive models were punished

aggressive models were punished

A behaviorist would most likely agree with which of the following statements? 1) "Psychology should focus on the study of mental processes" 2) "The scientific study of the mind is best accomplished through the use of introspective reports" 3) "The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior" 4) "The purpose of psychology is to explain conscious thought and perceptions"

"The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior"

The "law of effect" states 1) behaviors that lead to pleasing states will not occur in an artificial cage environment 2) any behavior that leads to a pleasing state is likely to be replaced 3) the effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself 4) any behavior that leads to a non-pleasing state is likely to be repeated

any behavior that leads to a pleasing state is likely to be repeated

The technical definition of a reinforcer is:

any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again

More than a thousand research studies have demonstrated that children who watch a great deal of television violence: 1) are better behaved than children who watch a great deal of tv without a high level of violence 2) are less affected by tv violence than children who are only occasionally exposed to tv violence 3) are less likely to behave aggressively in real life 4) are more likely to believe that violent behavior is acceptable

are more likely to believe that violent behavior is acceptable

The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.

Albert Bandura; observational and vicarious learning

What is the law of effect?

It was a principle formulated by Edward Thorndike that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences.

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes w/ danger than flowers and danger. According to the evolutionary perspective, this tendency is called ____ 1) neuro-conditioning 2) surrounding adaptation 3) organism biology 4) biological preparedness

biological preparedness

After carrying a step stool to the kitchen, 5 year old Laura is able to reach the Scotch tape dispenser on the kitchen counter. What is the operant in this ex? 1) carrying the step stool to the kitchen 2) the age of the child 3) the image of the step stool in the child's mind 4) the Scotch tape dispenser

carrying the step stool to the kitchen

The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: 1) children can be classically conditioned to fear even a favorite toy 2) children quickly form cognitive maps of playrooms and playgrounds 3) children are likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been rewarded for his or her actions

children are likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been rewarded for his or her actions

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell w/ food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n): 1) UCS 2) CS 3) CR 4) UCR

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Simon's rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the crinkling sound of the bag, he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night when Simon was eating a bag of potato chips, the rabbit hears the crinkling sound of the potato chip bag and runs to his cage door. The crinkling sound is the: 1) UCS 2) UCR 3) CR 4) CS

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Ivan Pavlov was a(n)

Russian physiologist

A young child has learned to associate the sight of a nurse's white uniform with the fear and pain of getting an injection. If the young child begins reacting with fear to the sight of any white jacket, what has occurred? 1) stimulus generalization 2) second order conditioning 3) spontaneous recovery 4) stimulus discrimination

Stimulus generalization

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented w/out the unconditioned stimulus, what will likely occur? - stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction, reconditioning

extinction

A rat in a Skinner box is reinforced for the first bar press it makes after one minute has elapsed. The rat is on a ____ schedule of reinforcement 1) fixed-interval 2) fixed-ratio 3) variable-ratio 4) variable-interval

fixed-interval

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every 10 times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement 1) fixed-interval 2) fixed-ratio 3) variable-interval 4) variable-ratio

fixed-ratio

Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and punishment ______ the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. 1) dec; inc 2) inc; dec 3) dec; dec 4) inc; inc

inc; dec

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood a behavior will be repeated. Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood a behavior will be replaced. 1) inc; inc 2) inc; dec 3) dec; dec 4) dec; inc

inc; inc

Aligned w/ Bandura's research on observational and vicarious learning, the American Psychological Association (APA) and other public health orgs stated that viewing entertainment violence: 1) can lead to a dec in aggressive attitudes, values, and behaviors 2) is associated w/ an inc in aggressive behaviors 3) has little or no effect on children's or adult's behavior 4) is associated w/ lower academic performance in females but not males

is associated w/ an inc in aggressive behaviors

In operant conditioning, reinforcement: 1) is defined by inc or strengthening the initiating behavior 2) is defined as any stimulus that automatically elicits a conditioned response (CR) 3) is defined as any stimulus that automatically elicits unconditioned response (UCR) 4) is based upon behaviors that are elicited by discriminative stimuli

is defined by inc or strengthening the initiating behavior

Essentially, classical conditioning is a process of:

learning an association between a neutral and a reflex

To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of: 1) pos reinforcement 2) neg reinforcement, escape conditioning 3) neg reinforcement, avoidance conditioning 4) punishment

neg reinforcement, avoidance conditioning

If Jack takes away his son's video game after his son misbehaves, what technique is Jack using to modify his son's behavior? 1) pos punishment 2) neg reinforcement 3) pos reinforcement 4) neg punishment

negative punishment

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in: 1) classical conditioning 2) operant conditioning 3) occasion setting 4) observational learning

observational learning

Learning by watching and imitating others is called: 1) pos reinforcement 2) neg reinforcement 3) observational learning 4) vicarious learning

observational learning

_____ conditioning (or learning) is learning by imitation, while _____ conditioning (or learning) is learned by watching or hearing about the consequences of behavior. 1) reinforced; vicarious 2) vicarious; observational 3) latent; observational 4) observational; vicarious

observational; vicarious

According to operant conditioning, effects that inc behaviors are _____; effects that dec behaviors are _____. 1) right; wrong 2) reinforcers; punishers 3) rewards; consequences 4) positive; negative

reinforces; punishers

Fred's dog was classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Fred then repeatedly paired the bell w/ another stimulus, a whistle. Now whenever he blows the whistle, his dog salivates, even though the whistle has never paired w/ food. This ex illustrates: spontaneous recovery, a placebo response, second-order conditioning, biological preparedness

second-order conditioning

Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their math worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss C is using a ______ to reward desired behavior. 1) punishment by removal 2) primary reinforcer 3) neg reinforcer 4) secondary or conditioned reinforcer

secondary or conditioned reinforcer

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called: 1) generalization training 2) stimulus discrimination 3) neg reinforcement 4) shaping

shaping

Which behavior is a reflex, meaning that it is governed by the nervous system and occurs automatically? 1) studying hard to get good grade 2) throwing a ball on command 3) shivering in response to cold 4) watching TV because it is fun and relaxing

shivering in response to cold

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called: 1) stimulus genralization 2) backward conditioning 3) stimulus discrimination 4) spontaneous recovery

stimulus generalization

Which of the following examples is consistent w/ the Law of Effect? 1) the more you watch soccer on TV, the more likely you will continue to play soccer 2) the more you play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer 3) the younger you are when you begin to play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer 4) the more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer

the more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer

In a "Skinner box" experiment with rats, the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

In his original studies of digestion, Pavlov placed food on a dog's tongue to make the dog salivate. In this situation, the dog's salivation was a(n): 1) CS 2) CR 3) UCR 4) OR

unconditioned response (UCR)

Prior to conditioning, a dog will salivate in response to food placed in its mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while the dog salivating to the food would be labeled the _____. 1) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus 2) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 3) unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus 4) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

You watched your co-worker ask your boss for a raise. To your surprise, your boss fired your co-worker immediately after he asked for a raise. You learned this through: 1) operant conditioning 2) observational learning 3) vicarious learning 4) classical conditioning

vicarious learning

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which of the following characteristics of television depictions of violent behavior would make the violent behavior more likely to be imitated? 1) the violent programs show the long-term neg consequences of violence, such as the months of painful rehabilitation following a gunshot wound 2) violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual 3) the aggressive person is punished for his or her violent behavior 4) the victim of the aggressive behavior is the main character of the program

violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n): 1) CR 2) UCR 3) CS 4) UCS

UCR

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion will cause your eyes to automatically water or produce tears. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would termed a(n): 1) UCS 2) CS 3) CR 4) UCR

UCR

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____. 1) CS; UCS 2) CS;CR 3) CR; UCR 4) UCS; UCR

UCS; UCR

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed. Which of the following is accurate? 1) his parents would be better off making his bed for him 2) time out would negatively reinforce Jaspreet 3) the nagging by his parents is a neg punishment 4) when Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? 1) praise from parents 2) a promotion at work 3) a glass of water 4) a good grade on a test

a glass of water

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what 2 elements are repeatedly paired? 1) an UCS and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response (VEBR) 2) a neutral stimulus (N) and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (UCS) 3) a stimulus (S) and a response (R) 4) a behavioral response (BR) and a natural environmental consequence (NEC)

a neutral stimulus (N) and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response (UCS)

Psychologists formally define learning as:

a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.