PSY - Chapter SEVEN

goal

Molly is manipulating a Rubik's cube. Finally, each side is a single color. This is known as the _____ state.

acquired knowledge, or what has been learned

achievement

heightened activity in an area of the frontal lobes known as the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and a quieting down of another area known as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). This calming down of the DLPFC, which receives and filters input from the MPFC about internal intentions, may effectively relax the rules about which intentions are turned into action, setting the stage for creativity.

brain activity in free-stylers

assessments designed to minimize people put at disadvantage due to their cultural background. culture-relevant tests are more realistic.

culture-fair intelligence test

the cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal. can involve predictions.

decision making

changes at the level of the neuron enable us to store, retrieve, and manipulate info. Brain plasticity allows trauma recovery. CTs help identify problems in brain. The same neurons are activated when one sees something and one imagines the same thing. fMRIs and Pet scans help too.

describe the biological processes associated with cognition

occurs when the wording of questions or the context of a problem influences the outcome of a decision.

framing effect

a barrier to problem solving that occurs when familiar objects can only be imagined to function in their normal or usual way. a fixation.

functional fixedness

a singular underlying aptitude or intellectual competence that drives abilities in many areas, including verbal, spatial, and reasoning abilities. Spearman.

general intelligence (g-factor)

highly intelligent' defined as having an IQ score of 130+. 140+ is genius.

gifted

the rules associated with word and sentence structure. I.e. punctuation placement and which tense to use. combines syntax and semantics.

grammar

same; supporting

he process of language acquisition is _____ for signed language as for spoken language, _____ the idea of a language acquisition device.

the degree to which genes are responsible for a particular characteristic observed within a population; the proportion of variation in a characteristic attributed to genetic factors

heritability

problem-solving approaches that incorporate a rule of thumb or broad application of a strategy problem-solving strategy that is usually successful. use general strategies that provide shortcuts helps narrow possibilities. ie. 1 oz meat = deck of cards. its common to create subgoals.also common to use means-ends analysis

heuristics

With availability heuristics, we may overestimate the probability of something happening based on your recall of a similar past event. With representativeness heuristics, we may stereotype someone due to choosing a person in the past as a representative of all other people who look like them.

how can heuristics lead us astray?

Thinking is a type of cognition It involves comes to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief.

how is cognition related to thinking?

Heuristics use a rule-of-thumb. 1) create subgoals 2) means-end analysis

identify different types of heuristics used to solve problems

an understanding or solution that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity (aha!). frontal & temporal lobe involved.

insight

delay in thinking, intelligence, and social & practical skills before age 18. IQ below 70.

intellectual disability

innate ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences. somewhat of a cultural construct.

intelligence

a score from an intelligence assessment; originally based on mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. Today, we don't use the actual quotient score.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

similar genes tend to have similar IQs. Heritability of general cognitive abilitiese in groups is 50/50 nature-nurture. gender doesnt affect IQ much.

is intelligence genetic?

a system for using symbols (words, gestures, sound) to think and communicate

language

single feature - base decision on single aspect additive model- base decision on multiple aspects

single feature v. additive model

occurs when test developers administer a test to a large sample and then publish the average scores for specified groups. representative of intended population.

standardization

scores a person's general intelligence

stanford-binet test

70

Intellectual disability is defined as an IQ below:

formal

A pentagon is a five-sided polygon with five interior angles. This statement defines a _____ concept.

.30

A researcher asks participants to rate the vividness of their memory for each of a series of past events. She then asks participants to estimate the likelihood of each event recurring in the future. Based on the textbook's discussion, which coefficient might the researcher find when she correlates these two variables?

valid

A test that does fails to measure what it is intended to measure is NOT:

culture-fair

An intelligence test in which respondents complete sequences of abstract figures is likely to be free of cultural bias and is therefore probably:

70;130

Approximately 95% of the human population has an IQ score between _____ and _____.

grammar

At a faculty-student mixer, Dorian's psychology professor introduces him to a researcher from the linguistics department. Dorian's professor remarks that the linguist is "one of the world's most prominent syntacticians." Based on his study of the psychology of language, Dorian guesses that the linguist studies:

BASIC

Midlevel concepts are also called _____ concepts.

morpheme; phoneme

Consider how the building blocks of language are usually expressed in writing. Word is to letter as _____ is to _____.

phonemes

Consider the homonym pair "stalk" (a plant's stem) and "stalk" (to pursue). The members of this pair have the same:

Early psychologists: Introspection and personal conscious activities Rise of behaviorism: Focus on behaviors Cognitive revolution: Cognition and thinking

Describe how we got to the cognitive revolution.

super ordinate = broad (furniture) subordinate = specific (rocking chair) middle = general (chair)

Describe the super ordinate v. subordinate in hierarchies.

ability to refer to things that are absent or hypothetical.

Displacement refers to the:

Standardization

Dr. Dodd examines the relationship between senior citizens' performance on several cognitive tasks and their responses to a self-report measure of physical activity. However, the physical activity measure he uses was normed only on college students. Based on this information, the MOST apparent weakness of Dr. Dodd's study is the _____ of the activity measure.

pragmatics

Dr. Wong studies the social rules that seem to govern conversations. Dr. Wong studies:

sometimes there is no algorithm available to solve a problem. heuristics are usually quicker than algorithms. heuristics take less effort to apply than do algorithms

Good reasons to use heuristics

Size of the image is related to how much detail people can see in their mind's eye. Fewer details can be detected on smaller images.

How is size of image related to detail seen in mind's eye?

8

Howard Gardner proposed _____ distinct forms of intelligence.

9. This makes it hard to learn the accent of a new language after 9 months old.

Infants can recognize all phonemes from all languages until they are about _____ months old.

Frontal & temporal

Insight is associated with increased activity in the _____ lobes.

chimpanzees obtaining bananas

Kohler studied insight by observing:

heuristic

Lance is solving the anagram "MAHLTGIRO." He tries to create words using common combinations of the anagram's letters, such as "TH." Lance is using a(n):

similarly; Chomsky

Language development proceeds _____ across cultures, supporting _____'s concept of a language acquisition device.

fluency; originality

Many solutions are to _____ as unique solutions are to _____.

heuristics

Means-end analysis and forming subgoals are examples of problem-solving:

a mental set

One tends to rely on one's customary problem-solving patterns in new situations. This is called:

the availability heuristic

People overestimate the frequency of school shootings because such events are highly publicized when they do occur. This illustrates:

1930s; 1950s

Psychologists' focus shifted away from the study of cognition in the _____ and back toward it in the _____.

Demonstrates how a question can be worded in a positive way or in a negative way

Questioning

is used to assess components of nonverbal intelligence.

Raven's Progressive Matrices test

frontal

Recent research suggests that reduced activity in the brain's _____ lobe may be associated with the relaxed mental constraint seen in fluency, flexibility, and divergent thinking.

mental rotation

Shepard and Metzler (1971) are associated with the study of:

cognitive

The "_____ revolution" in psychology began in the 1950s.

one-half

The cause of intellectual disability is unknown in about _____ of the cases.

5

The critical period for language development occurs between birth and _____ year(s) of age.

algorithm

The formula "two parts oil to one part vinegar" is guaranteed to yield decent oil-and-vinegar salad dressing. In problem-solving terms, this recipe is a(n):

Stern

The intelligence quotient formula was devised by:

representative

The most ______ example of a concept is called a prototype.

positively; supporting

The size of a mental image is _____ related to the number of details one can detect in it, _____ the idea that mental imagery is similar to perception.

phonemes

The textbook describes actor Orlando Bloom's struggle with dyslexia. Research suggests that the roots of dyslexia lie in difficulty with:

morphemes

The textbook describes psychologists' efforts to examine nonhuman primates' ability to learn language. In most cases, the primates learned many signs or word symbols. With respect to the building blocks of language, therefore, primates appear able to master:

Concluded auditory images are similar to true auditory stimuli in their properties Found that auditory images involve brain areas used in auditory perception (i.e., right temporal lobe; Broca's area)

What did Hubbard conclude?

functional fixedness

When one thinks only of an object's customary uses, one is demonstrating:

the availability heuristic.

When you are asked a multiple choice question, eliminate options that are obviously incorrect, and eliminate options that contain absolute terms such as "all" or "every." These rules of thumb are known as:

the phoneme; displacement

With respect to the building blocks of language, the smallest, most specific block is _____, and the most abstract, general block is _____.

Chomsky; Skinner

With respect to theories of language development, nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____

Similar; parietal

_____ areas of the frontal and _____ lobes are activated when people imagine an object as compared to when they look at it.

practical

_____ intelligence is one of Sternberg's three types of intelligence.

Chomsky

_____ proposed the notion of a language acquisition device.

an individual's potential for learning

aptitude

a decision-making strategy that predicts the likelihood of something happening based on how easily a similar type of event from the past can be recalled. Assume something is more common because examples are available. More exposure validates your assumptions. Recency, frequency, familiarity, and vividness all play a role.

availability heuristic

mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge.

cognition

initial state - state at start of problem goal state- state when problem is resolved obstacles step one - understand problem step two - choose an approach trial & error, heuristics, or algorithms step three - evaluate

components of problem solving?

mental representations of categories of objects, situations, and ideas that belong together based on their central features or characteristics. I.e. tri-level hierarchy

concepts

the tendency to look for evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook evidence that runs counter to them.

confirmation bias

a conventional approach to problem thinking that focuses on finding a single best solution to a problem by using previous experience and knowledge

convergent thinking

in problem solving, the ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways; the ability to generate original ideas

creativity

1. abstraction - displacement (ability to refer to things not present) 2. culture - pragmatics (social rules, such as expression) 3. grammar rules - A) Syntax - how words can be combined B) content, rules affecting meaning 4. meaning - morpheme (smallest unit of language w/ meaning) 5. sound - phoneme (basic sound units)

describe the building blocks of language

ability to devise many solutions to a problem; a component of creativity. defies functional fixedness.

divergent thinking

capacity to perceive, understand, regulate, and use emotions to adapt to social situations

emotional intelligence

trial and error - an approach to problem solving that involves finding a solution through a series of attempts and eliminating those that do not work. try every option. good for low-stake, single-possibility problems. a gamble. algorithm - an approach to problem solving using a formula or set of rules that, if followed, ensures a solution.step-by-step procedure to guaranteed solution. can be impractical.

explain how trial and error and algorithms can be used to solve problems

formal concept - mental representations of categories that are created through rigid or logical rules or features. i.e. a circle is a 2D shape with points equidistance from each other. natural concept -the mental representations of categories resulting from experiences in daily life. Varies with culture. i.e. a couch is a piece of furniture to sit on.

formal concepts v. natural concepts

A.k.a. - Sapir Whorf hypothesis. Hypothesis that languages have different effects on thinking and perception. I.e. The inuit have more words for the word "snow", so they theoretically think and experience snow differently and in ways that Americans likely cannot.

linguistic relativity hypothesis

heuristic used to determine how to decrease the distance between a goal (the means) and the current status, leading to the solution of a problem (the end).

means-ends analysis

a score representing the mental abilities of an individual in relation to others of a similar chronological age.

mental age (MA)

images in the mind's eye

mental images

sticking with one's usual solution strategy

mental set

smallest unit of meaning. bound = only makes sense when attached to a word (i.e. the "s" in hands) unbound = can stand alone (i.e. police man)

morphemes

depicts the frequency of values along a continuum; bell-shaped symmetrical distribution, with the highest point reflecting the average score. hill-shape.

normal curve

smallest unit of sound (i.e. "gr"). basic building block of language.

phonemes

the social rules that help to organize language. Behaviorists (Skinner and bandura) argue that it is learned through observation and modelling. Chomsky argues it is innate.

pragmatics

the variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal Initial state to goal state (Newell and colleagues) Obstacle recognition (Matlin)

problem solving

the ideal or most representative example of natural concept; helps us categorize or identify specific members of a concept. i.e. the first thing we think of when thinking of a category.

prototypes

the ability of an assessment to provide consistent, reproducible results

reliability

a decision-making strategy used to evaluate the degree to which the primary characteristics of a person or situation are similar to our prototype of that type of person or situation. stereotyping, rather than using base rates. Our prototypes tend to be based on a limited sample.

representativeness heuristic

score low in intelligence, but excel in a different singular ability

savant syndrome

the rules used to bring meaning to words and sentences. often includes context.

semantics

rules of "word" order

syntax

mental activity associated with coming to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief

thinking

Sternberg's theory suggesting that humans have varying degrees of analytical, creative, and practical abilities

triarchic theory of intelligence

degree to which an assessment measures what it intends to measure

validity

More popular IQ test than stanford-binet. Geared towards adults and older kids, assessing 4 domains of intellectual performance.

wechsler test