PSY FINAL

If someone that lived in North America 200 years ago traveled in a time machine to our present industrialized culture, what would be the most startling difference he would notice in terms of development?

Adolescence begins earlier today.

What does the human smile of greeting have in common with the non-human primate smile described as a silent, bared-teeth display?

All of the answers are examples of what the human smile of greeting has in common with the non-human primate silent, bared-teeth display.

Which statement does NOT distinguish an animal's play from serious, non-play behavior?

Animals do not learn as much from play as they do from non-play behavior.

Amino Acids can be arranged in several sequences to form different protein molecules. What is the total number of distinct amino acids identified?

20

Genetically, Robert and Rebecca have _____ pair(s) of chromosome(s) that is/are similar and _____ pair(s) of chromosome(s) that is/are completely different.

22; 1

What is the main difference between a 15 month old infant and a 2 year old child in their way of acting when feeling empathy towards others?

A 2 year old child will express a wanting to comfort other people.

Statistically, which scenario would MOST likely receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A 20-year-old male who has difficulty keeping a job due to suspicions of coworkers planning against him and few close relationships because of inappropriate shows of emotion.

Which statement is a key piece of evidence that supports Wilson and Daly's "the young-male syndrome" hypothesis?

A high proportion of violence among young males is triggered by public signs of disrespect or challenges to status.

What was Darwin's original insight that led to his theory of evolution?

Breeding in nature is selective and can produce changes in plants and animals over generations.

Which statement does NOT illustrate how research on children's social fantasy play supports Vygotsky's view?

Children show greater advances in moral reasoning when discussing social dilemmas with their peers rather than with their parents.

How is hair color an example of a genotype?

Hair color refers to the set of genes an individual inherits.

_____ conducted the classic study that demonstrated fear could be conditioned in humans.

John B. Watson.

[ch13] The term _____ refers to instances of compliance when the person making the request is perceived as an authority figure or leader and the request is perceived as an order or command.

Obedience

The umbilical cord is a(n) _____ since it is a result of natural selection and allowed for our survival.

adaptation

Survey research on the nature of adolescent rebellion seems to show that adolescents typically _____ and that _____.

admire and accept many of their parents' values; rebellion is usually aimed at parental control over their behavior.

How do parents fit in with adolescence?

adolescence is often a time of rebellion against parents

Studies of adolescent rebellion in North America consistently show that:

adolescent rebellion is usually directed at immediate forms of parental control over them.

The _____ effect is demonstrated if you happen to smell food and suddenly feel hungry.

appetizer

Diana Baumrind's study of nursery school children supported Hoffman's theory of discipline in that the children of _____ parents were found to be friendlier, more cooperative, and less disruptive than children of _____ parents.

authoritative; permissive or authoritarian.

Under the "anxious" cluster, which personality disorder is characterized by a fear of rejection and inhibited behavior in social situations?

avoidant.

Regarding the effects of drugs, the _____ reaction tends to counteract the direct effect.

compensatory.

Mac always drives the same way to his best friend's house, and on the way he always passes the golden arches of the local burger joint. Although Mac is not always hungry as he passes these arches, he seems to always develop a craving to eat one of their burgers when he sees the arches. Mac is displaying a phenomenon known as:

conditioned hunger.

Thomas, Andrew, and George are forming a peer group, while Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie are forming a separate peer group. Statistically, the peer groups formed by Thomas, Andrew, and George will likely be:

larger, more competitive, and more hierarchical than peer groups formed by Cindy, Mary, and Stephanie.

What schedule is NOT one of the four basic types of partial-reinforcement?

response-ratio schedule.

Habituation refers to a decline in the magnitude of a:

response.

The 1973 decision by the American Psychiatric Association to drop homosexuality from its list of mental disorders is an example of the:

role of culture in determining what is or is not a disorder.

The disorder that accounts for a higher percentage of the in-patient population of mental hospitals than any other diagnostic category is:

schizophrenia.

_____ is the depressed mood many people living in northern latitudes experience during winter months.

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Antoine is a young boy who plays confidently in the presence of his mother, who cries when she leaves the room, and who displays pleasure when she returns. Mary Ainsworth would classify Antoine as:

securely attached.

[ch13] Steve and Harold are asked to compete in a spelling bee in front of the whole school. Steve, a good speller, actually spells better than usual in front of the audience. Harold, who usually has a little difficulty with his spelling, spells worse than usual in front of the audience. Psychologists would attribute Steve's improved performance to _____ and Harold's decline in performance to _____.

social facilitation; social interference

[ch13] According to research findings in the area of impression management, Jillian will be the most concerned with managing her impression when she is around:

someone she's talked to a few times while riding the subway to work.

The collecting and storing of nuts is a(n) _____ of squirrels.

species-typical behavior.

Cultural differences in the use of the eyebrow flash illustrate that:

species-typical behaviors can be modified by learning.

"In _____ phobias, the fear is of some specific, nonsocial category of object or situation."

specific

Although in the days following a serious car accident, Christine's muscles tensed every time she got into her car, this reaction eventually disappeared and Christine no longer felt tense. Christine was quite surprised when, several months later, she got into the car and her muscles tensed. This renewal of the conditioned reflex with the passage of time is called:

spontaneous recovery.

Joe usually gets hungry around noon and his coworker Ryan is almost always with him when this occurs. As a result, the mere sight of Ryan at other times of the day makes Joe hungry. Usually, however, Joe can only eat at noon during his lunch break even though the sight of Ryan may make him feel hungry at other times. Because of this, his hunger response to Ryan will extinguish. If, however, Ryan goes on vacation for a week and comes back that next Monday, Joe's hunger response will likely return in the process known as:

spontaneous recovery.

Pavlov and his colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex does not return the animal to its unconditioned state. That is to say, if a conditioned stimulus is presented again after some time, the conditioned response will be produced again. Which process explains this discovery?

spontaneous recovery.

The passage of time after extinction produces the phenomenon known as:

spontaneous recovery.

According to the hopelessness theory of depression, depression-prone individuals tend to attribute their negative experiences to causes that are:

stable and global.

[ch13] Cialdini and his colleagues investigated the effects of implicit norms on people's behavior by creating different signs aimed at decreasing the pilfering of petrified wood from Petrified Forest National Park. The sign that was effective in decreasing the amount of stealing to well below the base-line rate implied that:

stealing wood is rare and it is not okay to steal rare objects.

An unexpected loud noise would be considered a _____, and the jump it produces in the person hearing it is a _____.

stimulus; response.

[ch13] What goal refers to the solution of Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment, which deals with one group cooperating with other groups?

superordinate goal

"A _____ is any characteristic of a person s actions, thoughts, or feelings that could be a potential indicator of a mental disorder."

symptom

Disorders in DSM-5 are defined principally in terms of:

symptoms.

The DSM-5 identifies _____ personality disorders that are often divided into _____ clusters.

ten; three.

Explanations accounting for the apparent sex differences in the prevalence of specific disorders have centered on all of the following differences EXCEPT the:

tendency of men and women to be influenced by others.

The concept of biological preparedness as the basis for species-typical behavior must be considered relative rather than absolute because all of the following EXCEPT _____ need to be considered.

the animal's gender.

Lori is busily working at her desk. When Lori finally looks at the clock and realizes that it is already past the time that she normally eats dinner, she begins to feel much hungrier than she did before she knew the time. Feeling hungrier after checking the time is an example of _____ and can be explained in terms of classical conditioning.

the appetizer effect.

Which approach to learning seeks to characterize learning exclusively in terms of observable stimuli and responses, without referring to events inside the learner?

the behavioral perspective.

One belief derived from the notion that evolution has foresight is:

the belief that humans are "more evolved" than other species.

One interpretation of Pavlov's conditioning experiments with dogs is that the dogs learned to expect food when the conditioned stimulus appeared, and their salivation was a consequence of that expectation. This interpretation fits best with which of the following perspectives on learning?

the cognitive perspective.

The psychological perspective identified with an attempt to understand learning in terms of hypothetical mental entities, such as expectancies, that can be inferred from observable behavior is:

the cognitive perspective.

What factor helps ensure the degree of biological preparedness for a species-typical behavior?

the combination of anatomical structures and neural systems.

Assuming that genes influence behavior directly, rather than through the interaction with the environment, is referred to as:

the deterministic fallacy.

[ch13] The strategy of getting a potential customer to grant an initial small request, which prepares the customer psychologically to grant a subsequent larger request, is known as:

the foot-in-the-door technique.

What does a distal explanation of behavior aim to explain?

the functions of a behavior with regard to survival and reproduction.

To be considered a reflex, a behavior must be a relatively automatic stimulus-response sequence mediated by?

the nervous system.

The term phenotype refers to:

the observable properties of the body and behavioral traits that are caused by both the environment and genes.

When deciding where a person belonged on the scale of moral reasoning, with what was Kohlberg most concerned?

the reason the person gave to justify his/her answer.

Generalization is best identified with the experiment involving:

the salivating dogs of Pavlov.

What is parental investment?

the time, energy, and risk that are involved with raising offspring.

Support for the expectancy theory of classical conditioning comes from research showing that conditioning occurs only, or at least mainly, when the new stimulus provides information that truly helps the animal predict the arrival of:

the unconditioned stimulus.

According to Piaget, if Hillary and Mike's play is always supervised by adults, they will not learn:

to understand rules based on reason.

Alessandro is a newborn baby boy. Erik Erikson would say the primary social problem to be resolved in Alessandro's life is developing a sense of:

trust.

Piaget argues that _____ is crucial to moral development.

unsupervised play with peers

Ellen is always wondering why her newborn baby is always holding her fingers extreme tightly. Her infant does it reflexively. Ellen saw on a television program how infant monkeys and apes cling tightly with their hands and feet to their mother's fur. Because humans do not have hair for infants to hold onto, this grasping trait in humans is now considered a(n):

vestigial characteristics

Habituation _____ stimulus-response sequence, whereas classical conditioning _____ stimulus-response sequence.

weakens an existing; produces a new.

A monogamous male would have _____ investment in raising his young, whereas a polygamist male would have _____ parental investment.

equal; lesser.

Researchers found that in _______ culture(s) studied, boys play mostly with boys and girls play mostly with girls. Through playing with others of their own sex, children________.

every; develop the gender-specific skills and attitudes of their culture.

Which principle helps to explain the finding that a conditioned response is often quite different from the unconditioned response?

expectancy theory.

Jane's cat gives her a lot of attention when she opens the refrigerator because opening it is a stimulus that has been reliably paired with cat food. It is almost as if the cat can predict that the food would come soon, which is explained by the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

expectancy.

The _____ theory of classical conditioning relates to an organism's ability to predict when the unconditioned stimulus will occur.

expectancy.

Jenny and Alisha have been best friends for the past 20 years and still spend the majority of their time together. They have gotten to know each other so well that they can predict what the other will do based on their behavior. This is most relevant to the _____ theory of _____.

expectancy; classical conditioning.

_____ is defined as criticisms and negative attitudes or feelings expressed about and toward a person with a mental disorder by family members with whom that person lives.

expressed emotion

When Jamie first started working at a deli, she would eat the dill pickles that made her mouth water. She did this so often that her mouth would water just at the sight of the pickle jar. Eventually, her boss put an end to her pickle eating and her mouth stopped watering at the sight of the pickle jar. Jamie's behavior underwent:

extinction.

Mary is doing a project for her animal psychology lab. Using classical conditioning, she successfully conditions a freezing response to a light in rats by pairing the light with a startling sound. She sets up her apparatus to automatically pair these stimuli and finds that the sound device broke down and the light was being presented continuously without it. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, _____ likely took place, but if she waits a day or two _____ will take place.

extinction; spontaneous recovery.

Which would NOT be an example of the contribution of environment to development?

eye color changes due to the surrounding environment.

[ch13] Some people might try to explain the typical behavior of Milgram's participants by suggesting that they were somehow abnormal. This explanation has been found to be:

false given the many replications of the experiment producing the same results with a wide variety of participants.

John B. Watson was the first psychologist to show that _____ can be conditioned in human beings.

fear.

In anxiety disorders, when the problematic stimulus is very specific, the symptom is generally referred to as _____; when it is vague or not identifiable, the term _____ is generally used.

fear; anxiety.

The cluster of "anxious" personality disorders is characterized by _____ and _____.

fear; anxiety.

A _____ schedule of reinforcement is one in which the first behavior after a set, consistent period of time is reinforced.

fixed-interval.

Peggy works as a seamstress for a women's clothing store. In order to receive each paycheck, she must finish 15 dresses. Peggy's performance is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio.

_____ coined the terms "operant response" and "operant conditioning."

B.F. Skinner.

Why do people fear old age?

Because old age entails loss.

Language use in humans can best be understood in terms of:

biological preparedness.

Ardena has drastic swings in her mood. Sometimes she feels extremely depressed and other times she feels very energetic and believes she has almost supernatural strength and abilities, which has led her into some serious misadventures. Which of the following would Ardena MOST likely be diagnosed with?

bipolar disorder.

Which of the following would NOT be characterized as a chronic mental disorder derived from irreversible brain damage?

bipolar disorder.

Selena is a 24-year-old female who has decided to seek treatment at the request of her family for frequent mood swings. She reports that she has been engaging in reckless behaviors, such as unsafe sex and substance abuse. She has also recently been arrested for reckless driving. Selena often loses her temper when things do not turn out in her favor, at which she will then engage in self-injurious behavior by cutting herself in order to relieve her frustrations. She also admits increasing suicidal ideologies. Selena would MOST likely be diagnosed with:

borderline personality disorder.

Based on research findings, Maria, a parent and teacher, is much more likely to encourage and instruct _____, which may help to explain their greater numbers in that career field later in life.

boys than girls in physical sciences

The _____ is necessarily involved in all mental disorders.

brain.

Studies of human newborns have reported that:

by the time infants are born, they prefer their own mother's voice to another woman's voice.

Watson and Rayner's experiment on little Albert demonstrated that human emotional responses _____ conditioned.

can be classically.

[ch13] Which public service announcement would be the MOST effective, according to Robert Cialdini?

"Don't binge drink. Only 10% of all college students have more than two drinks at a party."

Which is NOT one of the three clusters of personality disorders described in the text?

"isolated" personality disorders.

The rate of evolutionary change:

can be slow or fast, depending in part on the rate of environmental change.

______ observed attachment behavior in young humans and _____ developed a systematic program of research on attachment.

Bowlby; Harlow.

If Nick is just starting to rely more on his friends by behaving and dressing like them, then what age period is he most likely in?

10-14 years old.

How many infants participated in the research conducted concerning giving toys to caregivers or other adults?

100

(rev F16) If dinosaurs had a single-gene locus that caused skin color, and dominant purebred red skinned (RR) dinosaurs mated with recessive turquoise colored (rr) purebred dinosaurs, what would be the likely color of their offspring?

100% red, 0% turquoise

At what age do young children begin to regularly give objects to others?

12 months.

Brandon began his first biology class with a lecture about protein molecules. Brandon wanted to know what protein molecules consisted of. His professor explained that _____ can be _____ within a protein molecule.

20 amino acids; variously arranged to form the sequences

The normal human cell consists of _____ pairs of chromosomes.

23

When a human sperm and egg unite, the resulting zygote contains:

23 paired chromosomes, one member of each pair coming from each parent.

According to research, what percentage of people in Western societies suffer from a phobia sometime in their life?

7 to 13 percent.

Which statement is TRUE?

A woman is more likely to complain of stress and anxiety.

The process of meiosis causes what outcome?

cells to divide and produce egg or sperm cells.

Genetic drift is a:

chance change in the gene pool.

Which statement is FALSE regarding peer relationships in adolescence?

Adolescents increasingly turn to peers for clues about how to behave, but they still derive emotional support primarily from parents.

Suppose that in a food-preference study, you deprive a group of rats of an essential nutrient and give them a variety of food choices (the same set each day), but only one choice has the nutrient added to it. What would you predict about the outcome of the study?

After a few days, the rats would show a strong preference for whichever food contained the nutrient they had been deprived of.

Which fact calls into question the theory that depression results from a deficit in the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin?

Antidepressant drugs boost neurotransmitter activity immediately after being taken but must be administered for 2 or more weeks in order to affect mood.

When Minnie was trying to punish her baby puppy for eating all the groceries, she decided to spank him. She really wants the puppy to be disciplined and she believes that using force and punishment is the best way. She is a(n) _____ parent.

Authoritarian

Although he was a behaviorist, _____ was interested in how nonreflexive behavior could be altered through learning.

B.F. Skinner.

Which statement describes the level of parental investment of monogamy?

equal for males and females

The males of some animal species (such as birds) are heavily involved in the care of their offspring, while the males of other animal species (such as cats) have very little involvement. According to Trivers's theory of parental investment, which of the following is most likely?

Cats are more likely to be polygynous than birds.

Initially unfearful monkeys were shown a videotape of other monkeys reacting fearfully to a toy rabbit, a flower, and a toy snake. When later placed in the presence of these objects, what was the subject monkeys' response?

Consistent with biological predisposition, the subject monkeys subsequently showed a fear response only to the toy snake.

[ch13] Why is the low-ball technique so effective in sales?

Customers' reduced cognitive dissonance by setting aside doubt in the product.

Which infant behavior did Bowlby NOT find to indicate strong attachment?

Distress when approached by mother after leaving child alone

______ is a congenital (present at birth) disorder that causes damage to many regions of the developing brain, such that the person goes through life with moderate to severe mental retardation. This is a defect caused by an error in ______.

Down syndrome; meiosis.

Dr. Williams is a behaviorist, but unlike John B. Watson, does not consider the stimulus-response reflex to be the fundamental unit of all behavior. Instead, Dr. Williams is interested in nonreflexive behavior. You would recommend that he read up on _____ who provided _____ a model of how nonreflexive behaviors could be altered through learning.

Edward Thorndike; B.F. Skinner.

The front and back doors in John's house have locks consisting only of deadbolts that have to be unlocked with a key, even from the inside of the house. One day John lost his keys, and therefore, was locked inside of his house. After several minutes of panic, John accidentally broke a window and he was able to escape, which produced a satisfying effect. In the future John will likely break a window to get out if the same situation happens again. According to _____, John demonstrated _____.

Edward Thorndike; the Law of Effect.

The _____ control the rate of every chemical reaction in every cell.

Enzymes.

_____ is a field of study that examines gene-regulating activity that does not involve changes to the DNA code and can persist through one or more generations.

Epigenetics.

Which statement is NOT an evolutionary reason that monogamously mating females and males sometimes copulate with partners other than their mate?

Females spend more time taking care of children, which drives the males away and leads them to copulate with other partners.

Joe participated in a study on classical conditioning that used words as conditioned stimuli. Based on what you know about _____ study, what can you predict will happen?

Gregory Razran's; More generalization will occur for words with similar meanings rather than similar features.

Which statement accurately describes evidence that imprinting in prosocial birds-such as chickens and geese-is due to learning guided by biological predisposition?

Hatchlings learn during the critical period to follow the first moving object they see, but given a choice of objects, will follow the one that most resembles an adult female of their species.

Robert Tryon bred rats selectively to show that their individual maze-learning ability has a strong genetic component. What happened?

He succeeded in breeding rat strains that differed substantially in maze-learning performance and concluded that at least this aspect of behavior is influenced by heredity.

Samantha was valedictorian at her high school. Her parents are both doctors, and Samantha's friends often joke that she was born with the smart gene. What influence did her genes really have in her being valedictorian?

Her genes promoted the development of her nervous systems.

Which of the following sounds like the thinking of someone at risk for depression, according to the hopelessness theory?

I didn't get invited to the party because people think I'm a bore.

Susan has been under tremendous stress lately and has had at least one manic episode and at least one depressive episode. Alan, who has also been under a lot of stress, has also experienced these episodes, but the high phase for him wasn't as severe as Susan's. They both take lithium to control the episodes. Susan most likely has bipolar disorder type _____ and Alan most likely has bipolar disorder type _____.

I; II.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the predisposition to a mental disorder and stress?

If an individual's predisposition is low, even great stress may not precipitate the disorder. Also, if an individual's predisposition is high, even a relatively trivial event may precipitate the disorder.

[ch13] Which statement about the participants in Milgram's obedience experiment (and replications of it) is TRUE?

In all categories of people tested, a high rate of obedience has been found.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the relative influence of genes and the environment on behavior?

In no sense can either genes or environment be said to be a more basic influence than the other.

Which statement BEST expresses John Bowlby's application of Darwinian logic to an understanding of social development?

Instinctive predispositions to behaviors such as infant crying and adult responsiveness to it have become virtually universal because of their survival value.

How does a newly weaned wild rat learn what foods to eat?

It eats only what they observe the older rats in the colony eating.

In what way does a happy smile differ from the other form of human smile, the greeting smile?

It involves the eye area.

16-year-old Elliot decides to steal a car in order to show off to his friends. How would Judith Harris explain this adolescent's engagement in such a risky and delinquent activity?

It reflects Elliot's desire to set himself apart from the adult world.

Isabelle notices that after weeks of drinking coffee every morning, she now feels more awake and alert simply at the smell of coffee, even before she drinks her first cup. The learning process she is experiencing was discovered by:

Ivan Pavlov.

Jane and Roland are a married couple who both hold away-from-home jobs in addition to managing their household duties. If they are typical of other such couples, research results suggest that:

Jane is happier with her away-from-home work, while Roland is happier with his at-home work.

Victor took a vacation to Russia where he toured the original laboratory of Ivan Pavlov. When he was in the laboratory, he thought back to the impact that Ivan Pavlov's work had on _____, the founder of behaviorism, and his well-known study called _____.

John B. Watson; the Little Albert study.

Jan will not speed on the freeway because she feels that if she does so, other people might do the same. According to Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, who would be considered to be more morally developed than Jan?

Jon, who broke into the pharmacy and stole medication that he could not afford to save his wife's life.

The _____ states that responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation and that responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

Law of Effect.

Which statement about the greater tendency toward sexual jealousy and violence in males is

Males are physically stronger and therefore are inclined to be more jealous and violent than females.

Which statement about teenage delinquency is TRUE?

Males show much more pronounced recklessness than females.

What is thought to be one of the reasons for the apparent sex differences in the prevalence of mental disorders?

Men typically are more reluctant than women to express mental distress in the form of fear or sadness.

Which statement best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces cells other than egg or sperm cells and meiosis produces egg or sperm cells.

_____ is the belief that nature is good and moral.

Naturalistic fallacy

Why there are sex differences in size and aggressiveness minimal or absent in monogamous species?

Neither sex is much more likely than the other to fight over mates.

Which statement is a research result that provides evidence for an innate human capacity to feel empathy and to act accordingly?

Newborns will cry reflexively at the sound of other crying babies.

Alisha is trying to train her cat to salivate to a bell by presenting the bell after the food. Will this work?

No, because the bell has to signal the availability of the food.

Which statement about dominant and recessive genes is TRUE?

Not all pairs of alleles manifest dominance or recessiveness.

The textbook describes a research study by Richard Herrnstein in which slides depicting natural scenes showing a tree or part of a tree served as discriminative stimuli for key-pecking by pigeons. What did Herrnstein conclude from his research study?

Operant generalization and discrimination can be used to index concept understanding.

Which statement about paranoid personality disorder is FALSE?

Paranoid personality disorder appears to be more frequent in women than in men.

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, what happens as people grow older?

People grow less concerned with the future and are more focused on the present.

Maria has done a study for an advanced psychology class. She identified people who were either currently depressed or not depressed and asked them to look back over the past three months and report how many stressful experiences they had. The depressed people reported significantly more stressful events, which Maria interprets to mean that stressful events cause depression. Why should you be skeptical about this claim of a cause-effect relationship between stress and depression?

People who are predisposed for depression may also be predisposed to behave in ways that bring on stressful life events.

Animals' play involves some costs and risks, including the expenditure of energy and the potential of attracting predators. Which statement is most likely the explanation of why evolution by natural selection would have produced a drive in mammals to engage in such apparently purposeless and costly activity?

Play evolved to promote the practice of survival skills in young mammals.

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

Punishment decreases and reinforcement increases the likelihood that a response will recur.

_____ theory explains that behaviors may be altruistic because they help us in terms of long term cooperation with others.

Reciprocity

Neva has reported that she worries about multiple issues, is irritable, and has difficulty sleeping. She has visited several diagnosticians who have all diagnosed her as suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, Neva's diagnosis is considered to be:

Reliable.

If one says that a dog salivates to the sound of a bell because the bell elicits in the dog a mental representation of the food (bell=mental representation of food salivation), they are using a _____ theory of classical conditioning.

S-S.

The _____ theory of classical conditioning is inherently more cognitive than the _____ theory.

S-S; S-R.

_____ was one of the first mental disorders to be studied extensively by behavioral geneticists.

Schizophrenia

Chun is an adolescent that lives in China. Which of the following is true of her?

She regards peer pressure as a positive influence.

Shonda recently went back to college to become a high school teacher and quit her assembly line job. According to Kohn and Slomczynski, this change from a job low in self-direction to one high in self-direction will have what effect on Shonda's parenting style?

She will become more concerned with her children's ability to make decisions and less concerned with obedience for its own sake.

[ch13] What is the difference between social facilitation and social interference?

Social facilitation enhances performance when an audience is present, whereas social interference is a decline in performance when an audience is present.

Dr. Garcia-Lopez has treated many clients for spider phobias, but has never encountered someone with a phobia of electric outlets. This is surprising to her, given the fact that there are no dangerous spiders in the area of the country where she works, but people regularly get hurt or killed from electric shocks. What explanation have theorists offered for this?

Spiders threatened human safety for most of our evolutionary history, whereas electric outlets, although dangerous, have only been around for a very short time.

Suppose a drug addict usually takes his fix in an alley. One day the police are watching the alley, and the addict takes his fix in a bus depot men's room. He dies. Why would the same dose that he could tolerate in the alley kill him in the men's room?

Stimuli in the alley that had become conditioned, while stimuli for physiological responses that counteract the drug's effect were absent in the men's room.

_____ refers to an increase in the salience or attractiveness of the object that the observed individual is acting upon.

Stimulus enhancement.

The _____ and the _____ are often associated with an increased release of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Stress; worry.

Why have researchers proposed that marital happiness may depend even more on the husband's capacity to adjust than the wife's?

Success in a marriage may often depend on the husband's willingness and ability to acquire some of the intimacy skills that were practiced less in his childhood than in his wife's.

Which statement is TRUE of personality disorders?

The DSM-5 identifies 10 personality disorders, which are divided into three clusters.

Suppose a scientist distributes an intelligence quotient test (IQ) to a large group of participants. It is then discovered that the scores vary, with a small number of people getting below average, a majority getting scores that are considered average, and a small number receiving scores above average. What can be concluded about the genetic component of the ability tested on the IQ test?

The behavior is probably influenced by many genes.

In contrast to Mayan mothers, U.S. mothers, who do not sleep with their children, expressed all of the following concerns about sleeping with their children EXCEPT:

The child might not get enough sleep.

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the period of adolescence?

The conflict between parents and teenagers is greater if puberty comes earlier than is typical.

What did Harry Harlow's experiments with motherless monkeys suggest about infant attachment?

The contact comfort provided by the primary caregiver is most critical to the formation of infant attachment.

Which statement is true about a valid system of diagnosis?

The diagnoses are based off research showing clinically significant usefulness.

A direct effect of morphine is reduction in sensitivity to pain. The direct effect is counteracted by responses in the body that tend to restore normal pain sensitivity. Why is it that counteractive responses to morphine (increased sensitivity to pain) can become conditioned, but the direct effect of the drug (pain reduction) cannot?

The direct effect of morphine is not a reflex, but the counteractive effects are reflexes.

John Bowlby used the term attachment to mean:

The emotional bonds that infants develop toward their principal caregivers.

[ch13] A group of executives experienced group polarization during a meeting about possible company expansion. The majority position from the beginning of the meeting was pro-expansion. If polarization was due to one-upmanship, which must have happened?

The executives were competing against one another to become the most vigorous supporter of the pro-expansion position.

In the strange-situation test, an infant is placed in an unfamiliar room that contains toys. The mother comes and goes in a prearranged schedule. Which statement BEST exemplifies behavior patterns that are most prevalent in North America and are believed to reflect secure attachment?

The infant explores the room when the mother is present, seems uneasy and explores less after she leaves, and shows pleasure when she returns.

In Robert Rescorla's experiment, he conditioned rats to freeze when a light came on by pairing the light with a loud noise. Then he presented the loud sound many times without the signal light until the rats no longer froze in response to it. Then he again tested the rats with the signal light. Which of these results supports the S-S theory that the light stimulus represents a mental representation in the rats' mind of the loud noise and therefore elicits the conditioned freezing response?

The rats did not continue to freeze in response to the light.

Why might Jake and Alyssa, who are teenagers in the United States, be confused about their culture's view of sexuality?

There are many advertisements that promote sexual activity among teenagers, while, in reality, engaging in sexual activities as a teenager is looked down upon.

Infants judged to be securely attached in the strange-situation test have been found to be on average more confident, better problem solvers, emotionally healthier, and more sociable later in childhood than those who were judged to be insecurely attached. This finding would be MOST accurately summarized by which statement?

There is a correlation between secure attachment in infancy and positive developmental outcomes later in childhood, but the direction of the correlation is unclear.

If a certain species of snake was found to be polyandrous, which statement would likely be TRUE regarding the mating behavior?

There would be high male investment with raising offspring and high competition between females.

Which statement is true about negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

They can be harmful to the health of the individual.

Young monkeys watch videotapes of other monkeys reacting fearfully to snakes and flowers and are then shown the same snakes and flowers themselves. How do the young monkeys react and what explains this response?

They do not fear flowers, but they do fear snakes due to observational learning and because they have an innate fear of snakes.

Behaviors that are maintained by certain schedules of reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those maintained by other schedules of reinforcement.

This statement is true.

Suppose a researcher carries out a Mendelian study, beginning with two purebred strains of the same species of plant. One strain produces red flowers, the other yellow. The researcher crosses the strains and finds that all of the resulting plants have red flowers. What should the researcher get when they breed these offspring among themselves?

Three-fourths of the plants should have red flowers, the other one-fourth yellow flowers.

John B. Watson argued that only a sudden loud sound and a sudden loss of support are unconditioned stimuli for fear in human infants. How, then, did Watson explain the fact that young children seem to exhibit fear in the presence of other stimuli?

Through classical conditioning, stimuli paired with stimuli already feared become linked to the fear reaction.

How are mutation and natural selection related to one another in the process of evolutionary change?

Through natural selection, a useful genetic mutation tends to become more common over the generations whereas a harmful mutation tends to die out.

Shari successfully avoided alcohol for two months while living at a treatment center. Unfortunately, when Shari returned home, she experienced very strong cravings and began drinking again. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Shari's relapse?

Upon returning home, Shari is again surrounded by cues that she associated with drinking that were not present at the treatment center.

The differences between various cells such as brain cells and muscle cells arise from:

differential activation of genes.

Which statement is FALSE about Tryon's study in which he measured the "brightness" and "dullness" of rats?

With each generation the two strains became increasingly similar, until by the seventh-generation there was almost no overlap in ability.

Suppose a researcher carries out a Mendelian study, beginning with two purebred strains of the same species of plant. One strain produces red flowers, the other yellow. The researcher crosses the strains and finds that all of the resulting plants have red flowers. What should this tell the researcher about the genes for red and yellow flowers?

Yellow is recessive.

A view that is prevalent in American culture is that male roles are superior to female roles. Which statement is NOT an actual observation that might be due to this view?

Young girls frequently attempt to fit into male roles to please their parents and feel accepted in society.

In U.S. elementary schools, children have been found to maintain gender segregation by ridiculing those who cross gender lines. The degree of ridicule is largest when:

a boy prefers to play with girls.

Manuel has been drinking coffee before work for the last several years. One day he notices that he has begun to feel more alert and awake when he first smells the coffee brewing, before he has a chance to drink it. What could explain this phenomenon?

a conditioned drug reaction.

Tom has been going out to drink regularly for the past several weeks. He noticed that now he has to drink about twice as much as before in order to get the same intoxicating effect. This is because he has acquired:

a drug tolerance.

[ch13] Which group is LEAST likely to cooperate when playing a public-goods game?

a large group of random inviduals.

Fathea refuses go to public places because she is afraid of judgment from other people. She is especially afraid of talking to others for fear of saying the wrong thing and being overwhelmed with embarrassment. She will only visit friends and relatives in their homes. Fathea is MOST likely suffering from:

a phobia.

Tamaya has an intense fear of being in elevators, which causes disruption in her otherwise normal life and distresses her. She is MOST likely to be experiencing:

a phobia.

[ch13] Experimental evidence supports the theory that stereotype threat, like other causes of choking on tests, involves:

a reduction in available working memory.

A signal that reliably precedes food becomes a conditioned stimulus not just for salivation but for:

a set of responses that help prepare the body for food.

[ch13] A particular course of action or inaction may lead to rewards for the individual who takes it but at the expense of others and will cause more harm than good to all if everyone in the group takes it. This situation is known as:

a social dilemma.

[ch13] A situation in which a particular course of action or inaction will benefit the individual but harm others in a group and will cause more harm than good to everyone in the group if everyone takes that particular course is the definition of:

a social dilemma.

[ch13] John drives to work every morning even though he could take public transportation or ride his bicycle. John reasons that the pollution that he personally adds by driving his car is inconsequential in comparison to the millions of other cars that are driven on any given day. Therefore, he thinks that by continuing to commute by car he enjoys a benefit at minimal harm to the environment. John's thinking is a good illustration of:

a social dilemma.

Natural selection is the process by which:

a species survives or succumbs to obstacles in its environment.

The similarity between the relaxed open-mouth display (seen in young primates) and the human happy smile would be seen as:

a vestigial.

The myth of invulnerability is associated with _____ and has been proposed as a partial explanation for _____ during this period.

adolescence; recklessness.

[ch13] In Milgram's original study on obedience, the majority of research participants stopped administering shocks:

after all shocks up to the maximum had been delivered.

[ch13] A social dilemma can be defined as an action that _____ the person who takes it, _____ others in the group, and would _____ everyone if everyone took the action.

benefits; harms; cause more harm than benefit to

Some social scientists have proposed that boys' and girls' peer groups are so different as to constitute separate subcultures, a "world of boys" and a "world of girls." This view may be exaggerated, however, because most work supporting it has been done in _____ settings.

age-segregated.

An individual who is terrified of being in public places would MOST likely suffer from:

agoraphobia.

Researchers have shown that sexual arousal can be classically conditioned in:

all mammals.

A gene for brown eyes and a gene for blue eyes in humans can occupy the same locus. This gene is an example of a(n):

allele

The two members of a gene pair are called:

alleles.

Helping another animal while decreasing one's own survival or reproductive chances is called:

altruism.

Different sequences of the roughly 20 different _____ create an essentially infinite variety of protein molecules.

amino acids.

What type of cross-species comparison could be made between bird wings and insect wings?

an analogy.

Joe plays golf on the same golf course every weekend. His favorite hole is the par-four sixth hole. Sometimes he shoots par, sometimes it takes him five or even six shots, but sometimes he gets a birdie. Assuming that getting the golf ball in the hole, no matter how many strokes it takes, is reinforcing, Joe is experiencing all of the following types of reinforcement EXCEPT:

an interval schedule.

A variable-ratio schedule would require:

an unpredictable number of responses before reinforcement.

A similarity between two different species due to sharing a similar habitat or lifestyle is called a(n):

analogy.

An individual who exhibits impulsive behaviors, frequent lying, and disregard for the consequences of his actions would MOST likely be diagnosed as suffering from _____ personality disorder.

antisocial.

If you happen to look up at a clock and notice it is dinnertime and you start to feel hungry, you have demonstrated the _____ effect.

appetizer.

Julia lives on a farm and her mom rings a dinner bell when it is time to eat. Julia immediately becomes hungry upon hearing this bell. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect, and the bell functions as a(n) _____.

appetizer; conditioned stimulus.

[ch13] If Imani wants to strengthen a different person's existing attitude about an issue, she should have that person participate in a group discussion with people who:

are like-minded.

According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men:

are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.

[ch13] According to Irving Janis's groupthink theory, groups make poorer decisions when they:

are more motivated to maintain group cohesiveness than to realistically weigh the alternative solutions.

Long-term research in Finland has shown that a disorganized, hard-to-follow, or highly emotional communication pattern in adoptive parents is:

associated with a greater likelihood of developing schizophrenia only in children at high genetic risk.

[ch13] A juror named Marrakesh does not believe that the defendant on trial has been shown to be "guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" although most of Marrakesh's fellow jurors are firmly convinced of the man's guilt. The foreperson is now orally polling the jury for the first time and Marrakesh happens to be going last. Asch's studies on conformity suggest that Marrakesh is more likely to resist the majority view if:

at least one other juror disagrees with the majority view.

John Bowlby's evolutionary explanation for human infant attachment is supported by evidence that:

attachment behaviors become strongest when the infant first becomes mobile.

Love-withdrawal is most often seen in which type of parenting style?

authoritarian

Gabriella's mom is very involved in her life, has set definite rules for her behavior, and has open communication with her about these rules. As a result, Gabriella is very independent and socially responsible. According to Diana Baumrind, Gabriella's mom's style of parenting would be classified as:

authoritative.

When Matthew breaks his brother's favorite model car on purpose, his parents talk with him about what he has done, why it was wrong, and how his actions have made his brother feel. They want Matthew to learn right from wrong, and sometimes they punish him for his bad behavior. According to Diana Baumrind, Matthew's parents are demonstrating a(n). _____ parenting style.

authoritative.

Which parenting style is associated with high warmth (warm, responsive) and high control (demanding, restrictive)?

authoritative.

The five stages that Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed when people learn they will soon die are denial, anger, _____, depression, and finally acceptance.

bargaining.

The clearest example of an operant response is when a dog:

barks so you'll let him go outside.

Discrimination training can be used to assess an animal's sensory capabilities because an animal can:

be trained to respond to one stimulus and not to another.

Findings from cross-cultural studies indicate that indulgent parenting, including sleeping with infants and offering immediate comfort whenever they cry, is related to:

children exploring more and seeking their mothers less in a novel environment.

The normal human cell consists of 23 pairs of:

chromosomes.

A young child is seated for the first time in a dentist's chair. The first time the drill is turned on the child shows no particular response. Then the drill is applied to the tooth, causing sharp pain and a reflexive tensing of all muscles. From then on, every time the drill is turned on, the child's muscles become tense. This is best described as:

classical conditioning, with the sound of the drill as the conditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov earned the Nobel Prize for his research on digestion before discovering the learning process known as:

classical conditioning.

Randy likes car racing events. Thus, when he sees a billboard with his favorite driver holding a product, he is more likely to purchase the product. This illustrates the use of _____ in advertising.

classical conditioning.

Ryan just broke up with his girlfriend. A song that frequently comes on the radio used to be "their song." Since this song was paired so frequently with his ex-girlfriend, Ryan thinks of her whenever he hears it on the radio. This learning process is called _____, and was discovered by _____.

classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlov.

Tom and Jennifer have been living together for a couple of years, but recently they have had some troubles at home. Because the house has been paired so often with emotional outbursts and fighting between the couple, both Tom and Jennifer find that the house now elicits bad emotions. From the standpoint of _____, the emotional responses to the house are known as _____.

classical conditioning; conditioned responses.

Brady was talking with his mom at dinner about what he learned in school today. He expressed that, "although not all DNA codes, it serves vital roles in regulating the activity of the coding DNA." His mom responded, "You're so right! Did you also know that there are two types of non-coding DNA that genetics have distinguished between?" Brady responded, "Yes! There are _____, which code for unique protein molecules and _____, which suppress or activate specific coding genes."

coding genes; regulatory genes

[ch13] Senida is approached by a sales person to buy some perfume. The sales person uses the foot-in-the-door technique of gaining compliance to make Senida feel a need to buy the perfume. The sales person is taking advantage of the principle of ___ to persuade Senida to buy the perfume.

cognitie dissonance

Classical conditioning occurs best when the conditioned stimulus comes slightly before the unconditioned stimulus, and it typically does not occur at all if the conditioned stimulus comes slightly after the unconditioned stimulus. This observation supports which theory of classical conditioning?

cognitive theory.

After many mornings of drinking caffeinated coffee to wake up, Donald now feels more awake just at the smell of the coffee brewing. In classical conditioning terms, feeling more awake due to the smell of the coffee even before he drinks his first cup is a(n):

conditioned response.

In classical conditioning terms, a(n) _____ is something the organism does that can only occur with a learning history.

conditioned response.

Sally is a veteran. She has many great memories thinking back to her days with her friends in the armed services. Now, when she sees people in a uniform, she feels happy. Since the uniform was paired with enjoyable people who made her feel happy, feeling happy in response to a uniform would be called a(n) _____ by Ivan Pavlov.

conditioned response.

An infant becomes quite excited to see his mother when she comes through the door after work each day. Gradually, the child starts to become excited as soon as he hears a key turning in the door lock. In the classical conditioning model, the noise of the key would be a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

In an experiment with domesticated quail, male birds that received a(n) _____ prior to opportunity to copulate with a hen, fathered many more offspring then other males.

conditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning terms, the object or event that must be paired with something else in order to elicit a reaction is called a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Tom is a high school student who has had trouble with a bully in the past. Based on his prior experiences, the mere sight of the bully elicits an aversive reaction in Tom. In classical conditioning terms, the sight of the bully, aside from the bully's behavior, is a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

In one of Pavlov's experiments, a dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. In this case, the bell was a(n) _____ and the salivation it elicited was a(n) _____ response.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned.

Studies of conditioned sexual arousal in animals have found that the _____ increases fertility in males. This is because _____.

conditioned stimulus; more sperm were available at the time of copulation.

The _____ must signal heightened probability of occurrence of the _____ for classical conditioning to take place.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus.

[ch13] When Solomon Asch tested participants for conformity in a perceptual-judgment task, he found that most participants:

conformed their answer to that of the confederates' even though the perceptual task was easy.

Pavlov's initial discovery of classical conditioning emerged from his earlier studies of _____ in dogs.

digestive reflexes.

[ch13] The first time Jerrod goes out with a new group of friends, the other guys whistle at girls walking by. Based on their behavior, Jerrod feels pressure to do the same. By going along with the behavior of the group, Jerrod has demonstrated _____. If he went along with the group because of a need to be accepted by its members, his behavior would be the result of _____.

conformity; normative influence.

Judas and Julia are playing at recess. Vygotsky would argue that Judas and Julia's social play promotes:

conscious attention to rules of behavior.

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is:

considered impossible in light of current knowledge of genetics.

According to the hopelessness theory, depression is the result of:

consistent attribution of negative experiences to conditions that are pervasive and unlikely to change.

Suppose that a rat is conditioned to freeze in place with an unconditioned fear-provoking stimulus after a light is presented. What situation would most likely extinguish the response?

consistent presentation of the light without the presentation of the unconditioned fear-provoking stimulus.

Which of the following are uniquely human forms of play?

constructive play, word play, and social fantasy play

In initial training for the acquisition of a response, the most efficient schedule of reinforcement is _____ reinforcement.

continuous.

The body and behavioral capacities involve _____ and complex interplay between _____ and environments.

continuous; genes

When interpreting studies showing correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior, it is important to acknowledge that the correlations:

could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.

[ch13] Suppose a resident adviser in a dormitory is concerned about the fact that students on his floor have formed two rival factions. The best strategy to reduce intergroup hostility would be to:

create a situation in which the two groups must cooperate to solve a mutual problem.

Children's play can help _____ and ______ culture as well as reflect it.

create; advance.

Research on schizophrenia suggests that the greater the expressed emotion in the home, the greater the chances that a diagnosed family member's symptoms will worsen and perhaps need hospitalization. The term expressed emotion refers to family members in the same household:

criticizing and otherwise communicating negative attitudes toward or about the person with schizophrenia.

[ch13] In analyzing the judgment of U.S. presidential advisory groups involved in political fiascoes, Irving Janis coined the term groupthink

decision-making in the interest of group cohesiveness and pleasing their leader.

Robert Trivers outlined a theory relating courtship and mating patterns to sex differences in the:

degree of parental investment.

The difference between normal anxiety and a phobic disorder is one of _____ not the _____.

degree; kind

[ch13] In light of existing evidence, how could an experimenter reduce the participants' tendency toward obedience in a Milgram-type experiment?

deliver orders over a two-way video hookup rather than in the same room with the subject.

In B.F. Skinner's operant-conditioning chamber, he studied operant behavior in rats by having the rat press a lever, which produces what effect?

delivery of a food pellet.

Velma suffers from schizophrenia. Recently, she began to insist that she is a famous rock and roll star and she needs to begin preparing for her world tour, even though she has never sung professionally. This symptom can best be described as a:

delusion.

Alan writes in his journal that he feels like he is nothing, that he cannot imagine why his friends would want to be his friends, and that nothing seems to be worth the trouble it takes to get it. Alan is apparently suffering from:

depression

Serotonin and norepinephrine are the two neurotransmitters in the brain that are affected by prescription drugs used to treat:

depression

Negative thinking is a cognitive variable that has been found to be associated with:

depression.

Possible evolutionary bases for having an increase of appetite, sleepiness, and lethargy during the winter season is linked to what disorder?

depression.

Women tend to be diagnosed with ______ almost twice as much as men, whereas men tend to be diagnosed with ______ three to four times more than women.

depression; antisocial personality disorder.

To test fear preparedness in young children, Dr. Meyers played a variety of short videos to his participants. Based on Martin Seligman's evolutionary account of phobias, which video subject should the children respond to most fearfully?

desert snakes.

The primary purpose of the strange-situation test is to:

determine an infant's attachment style to a caregiver.

Dmitri believes that because he's inherited genes for a weak heart, then he's most likely never going to be able to play sports, run long distances and will probably experience heart failure at some point in his life. What attitude would best describe Dmitri's beliefs?

deterministic fallacy.

The assumption that genetic influences on one's behavior take the form of genetic control of one'sbehavior, which one can do nothing about, refers to:

deterministic fallacy.

The technique of shaping is used to:

develop an operant response that might not otherwise occur.

"Although your female friends are more likely to _____, your male friends are more likely to _____."

develop depression; develop a substance abuse disorder.

People with schizophrenia are more likely to recover if they live in a:

developing society, because the people tend to regard the disorder as temporary and refer to it in less stigmatizing terms.

John is attending a graduation party for one of his friends. During the party he has several drinks and starts to feel intoxicated. After a while, he stops drinking and begins to sober up. At first John felt the _____ of drugs followed by _____.

direct effects; compensatory reactions.

Many drugs produce two effects: a(n) _____ effect followed by a(n) _____ reaction.

direct; compensatory.

Genes contribute to behavior by:

directing the manufacture of protein molecules that build and modify the body.

Jim is a huge trouble maker. He drives his parents and his caregiver insane. He is always bouncing off of the walls, breaking vases around the house and throwing his food all over the place. The parents and caregiver have to stop or correct Jim's bad behavior which is:

discipline.

[ch13] The president's advisers are to help in reaching a decision. The president's own views are withheld, and outsiders are invited to present their views. All arguments are to be challenged. The president is trying to:

discourage groupthink.

After classical conditioning has taken place, a learner can be trained not to generalize to other stimuli through a procedure known as:

discrimination training.

Generalization between two stimuli can be ended if the response to one is reinforced while the response to the other is extinguished. This is classified as:

discrimination training.

If generalization occurs and is unwanted, _____ can be used to reduce it.

discrimination training.

Betty notices that some of her daughter's responses do not occur under a variety of stimuli. Rather, each response tends to occur in relation to its own unique stimulus. The process that produced this effect is called _____, which is the opposite of _____.

discrimination training; generalization.

A boy gets his family's mail out of the mailbox, but he only goes out to get it if the flag is up, signaling there's mail in the box. What is the flag in the situation?

discriminative stimulus.

If Scott reinforces a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and does not reinforce the response in the absence of that stimulus, the stimulus is serving as a:

discriminative stimulus.

Suppose a rat is reinforced with food pellets for lever pressing, but only while a buzzer is sounding. The buzzer is a(n):

discriminative stimulus.

A scientist who explains the survival and reproductive value of the rabbit's innate fear of wolves is offering a _____ explanation.

distal.

Once Marissa, an elementary school girl, has a well-established gender identity, she will tend to:

do a chore perceived as gender inappropriate in a style that clearly projects her own gender and is distinct from the male gender.

[ch13] Julie, a blonde, watches a movie about another blonde who cheats on an important math test because she cannot do the math herself. Stereotype threat would say that, if Julie was to take a math test herself, she would:

do worse on the test.

[ch13] The president of a campus club holds a meeting to decide what they are going to do for the annual fundraiser. He will best guard against groupthink if he:

does not give his own opinion first.

Moishe has suffered from mild to moderate depression for more than 4 years and is now experiencing a severe bout of depression that has kept him in bed for about 3 weeks. He would be BEST described as suffering from:

double depression.

An individual experiencing chronic mild to moderate depressive symptoms for over a two-year or longer period would MOST likely be diagnosed as suffering from:

dysthymia

Daniel has had feelings of mild hopelessness, sadness, and despair for several years now. Daniel is MOST likely suffering from:

dysthymia.

Two-year-old David first attempted to comfort his crying friend by giving him his (David's) own teddy bear. When that didn't work, David ran to the next room and returned with his friend's teddy bear and gave it to him. The friend hugged the bear and immediately stopped crying. To behave in such an effective manner, the child must not only feel bad about another's discomfort, but must also understand enough about the other person's situation to know what will provide comfort. What idea does this best exemplify?

early emergence of empathy

[ch13] Support for Zajonc's theory of social facilitation and interference comes from evidence that:

either facilitation or interference can occur, depending on the performer's skill level.

[ch13] Miguel is sitting on a park bench reading a comic novel. He begins to laugh uncontrollably. Soon the woman eating her lunch on the next bench is laughing, and so are the two priests walking past, and so is the family having a picnic nearby. The spread of laughter in this situation is most clearly an example of:

emotional contagion.

By about 15 months of age infants began to develop what important social function?

empathy.

Pavlov and his colleagues concluded that any _____ that an animal can detect can become a conditioned stimulus.

environmental event.

The way a human brain learns to react to stress through the production and processing of the hormone cortisol could be explained by:

epigenetics.

[ch13] Diego really wanted someone to help him carry a huge stack of folders from the office to his car. He decided to first ask a coworker if she could help him put the folders into boxes. When she agreed, he then asked her to help him carry the boxes to his car. Diego's strategy is an example of the _____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

[ch13] Which two solicitation techniques are both believed to work because of the principle of cognitive dissonance?

foot-in-the-door and the low-ball techniques

The !Kung San mothers have been shown to be in contact with their babies:

for the entire day.

In one study, some mothers were trained to use firm but kind methods of discipline and others were not trained. The results showed that, compared to children of the untrained mothers, the children of the trained mothers were rated as:

friendlier and more cooperative by their teachers.

_____ is when a child understands that they themselves are one gender or the other and always will be.

gender identity.

The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the code for the manufacture of one specific type of protein molecule is called a(n):

gene.

A dog is classically conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch. It is later shown that the dog responds to higher and lower tones that have not been presented previously. This is an illustration of:

generalization.

A group of dogs is trained to salivate when presented a black square. When these dogs begin to salivate when presented a gray square, they are demonstrating the phenomenon of:

generalization.

The ability to show the same response to new stimuli that resembles the original conditioned stimulus is known as:

generalization.

Say a small group migrated away from their normal population and brought genes for a different nose shape into a new group. This type of genetic variation is known as:

genetic drift.

Research suggests two predisposing causes of generalized anxiety disorder, namely:

genetics and frequent, unpredictable traumatic childhood experiences.

The set of genes that an individual inherits is known in genetics as a:

genotype.

[ch13] Imagine a kindergarten teacher has discovered that her class has divided itself into two groups, and that these groups harass each other and even physically fight with each other on the playground. Judging by the results of the Robbers Cave study, what is the best way to resolve the conflict?

give them a task with a goal they value but can attain only through cooperation

[ch13] Experiments have demonstrated that when cheating occurs during a social-dilemma game involving several players, people will:

give up some of their own earnings in order to punish the cheater.

Which statement demonstrates caregiver behaviors that show the largest positive correlation with secure infant attachment?

giving prompt comfort whenever the infant cries or shows other signs of distress.

A puppy watches an older dog claw its way into a large bag of potato chips and starts eating them with enthusiasm. The puppy is more attracted to eating potato chips than he previously was, which illustrates _____ as a type of _____.

goal enhancement; observational learning.

ADHD is diagnosed at a much higher rate in the United States than anywhere else in the world. Some psychologists have argued that this high rate is due, at least partly, to the:

greater obsession with school performance.

[ch13] After hearing a two-hour long debate on TV, Sally now has a more extreme political view. This is a case of:

group polarization.

[ch13] If people have a tendency toward a particular view on some issue, and then discuss the issue with others who have the same tendency, they will eventually be likely to adopt a more extreme view in the same direction as their initial tendency. This phenomenon is referred to as:

group polarization.

[ch13] The Bay of Pigs invasion, the cover-up of Watergate, and escalating the Vietnam War are all examples of:

groupthink.

Robert Rescorla produced a conditioned fear response (freezing) in rats. The unconditioned stimulus was a loud sound, and the conditioned stimulus was a signal light. He then habituated half the rats to the loud sound. When he tested the rats with the signal light, the results were consistent with the S-S theory of classical conditioning. Knowing this, the most likely result is that the _____ rats froze much less to the light, indicating that they had learned a connection between the light and _____.

habituated; the sound

Jerome hears a door slam in his dorm room and jumps in reaction to the noise. Then, a few seconds later, it slams again and soon again. As Jerome continues to hear the door slam, he jumps less and less each time. Jerome's response illustrates the principle of:

habituation.

Because of drug tolerance, people who regularly take a drug have to _____ over time to achieve the same effects.

increase their doses.

Terry is sitting in the back of a large lecture hall listening to his professor discuss the Spanish Civil War in a monotone. Eventually, Terry's attending responses decline in relation to his professor and he falls asleep. The noticeable decline in Terry's responses in relation to the constant voice stimulus is depictive of the learning process known as:

habituation.

The form of learning in which an unconditioned reflexive response weakens with repeated exposure to the stimulus is called:

habituation.

Jenny went to her best friend's graduation party and spent a lot of time in the hot tub. She noticed that the tub did not feel as hot after a few minutes of sitting in the water. The decline in this feeling in response to the constant heat stimulus is known as _____, which is a type of _____ sequence.

habituation; stimulus-response.

"You are in your dorm room at your computer and you hear your roommate behind you talking to someone. However, when you turn around, you don't see anyone else nor do you see a phone or earphones or a video chat pulled up on her computer. It appears that your roommate thinks she is talking to someone who is not there. You roommate is likely experiencing:"

hallucinat.

Devon suffers from schizophrenia. During a session with his therapist, he tells her that he's hearing voices telling him to destroy the painting on her office wall. Devon is describing a(n):

hallucination.

Janine reports hearing voices demanding that she carry out a mission for them. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is she describing?

hallucinations.

Bipolar I is different from bipolar II in that bipolar I:

has true manic episodes.

Children in nursery school usually enjoy playing games of make-believe and need no encouragement to do so. If their teacher rewards them for doing so, cognitive theory predicts the children will _____ when the reward is no longer given, which is consistent with _____.

have come to view the games as work and will play significantly less often; the overjustification effect.

[ch13] Devon often chokes on tests. Research shows that this problem occurs when students:

have distracting and disturbing thoughts that interfere with working memory.

[ch13] Group polarization is LEAST likely to occur when group members:

have to work together to solve a problem that effects all members.

[ch13] According to the informational influence explanation of group polarization, each person:

hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so it becomes more extreme.

According to kin selection theory, animals that engage in altruistic acts, such as warning others of an approaching predator, are:

helping to ensure the survival of the genes they have in common with close relatives.

The prevalence of schizophrenia is _____ and typically strikes earlier in _____.

higher for males than females; males.

Norene is approaching her 75th birthday. Based on research findings, her self-ratings of life satisfaction are probably:

higher than those of middle-aged and young people.

Stephanie is a 22-year-old college graduate; she dresses up daily and likes to be loud and showy. When she is given criticism, she gets extremely upset and takes it personally; also, she does not have genuine relationships with others. With which personality disorder could Stephanie be diagnosed?

histrionic.

Recessive genes will only produce their effects on the body when they are in a:

homozygous allele.

When Mendel crossed purebred round pea plants with purebred wrinkled pea plants, he observed that all members of the new generation were round (F1, first generation). When members of this generation were crossed with each other, he observed that 75 percent were round and 25 percent were wrinkled (F2, second generation. The round members of the F2 generation were phenotypically _____ and genotypically _____.

identical, diverse.

[ch13] Bystanders who know one another well are more likely to take action in an emergency than those who are strangers. This suggests that the unresponsiveness of multiple bystanders found in many studies is at least partly due to:

impression management.

[ch13] Without realizing it, Jeffery speaks very properly around his mother and uses slang when around his friends. When Jeffery's brother points this out to him Jeffery explains his behavior in terms of:

impression management.

[ch13] Social facilitation is MOST likely to occur when an individual is:

in the presence of others during dominant actions.

Research shows that the drugs most effective in treating depression act to _____ the activity of _____ in the brain.

increase; norepinephrine and/or serotonin.

Mary is entering old age. According to research, she will soon experience a(n):

increased focus on family and long-time friends.

The decline in the United States of teenage pregnancies apparently stems from:

increased sex education and parental involvement.

The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess:

infant attachment.

Genes can influence behavior by:

influencing the development of different areas of the brain.

[ch13] "I thought that because I wore glasses there was something wrong with my vision" is an example of conformity due to:

informational influence.

In the strange situation test an infant who continues to cry and fret even if the mother attempts to comfort is said to have what kind of attachment?

insecure-resistant attachment.

The children of the !Kung are raised with great indulgence, as they co-sleep with their parents and receive immediate comfort whenever they cry. The !Kung also live in large communal groups. Together, these two factors may account for the fact that !Kung children develop an especially strong sense of _____ as they grow up.

interdependence.

Kendra suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. No matter how many times she checks to make sure her front door is locked, she never feels a lasting assurance that it is truly locked and has an overwhelming need to check the door again. Kendra's experience is consistent with research suggesting that damage to certain areas of the brain may produce obsessive-compulsive behavior by:

interfering with the brain's ability to produce the psychological sense of closure or safety that normally occurs when a protective action is completed.

[ch13] A useful metaphor for conceptualizing the notion of impression management is that of portraying humans as:

intuitive politicians.

For women who hold out-of-home jobs in addition to maintaining at-home family responsibilities, the out-of-home job typically:

is associated with greater enjoyment than that provided by at-home work.

Positive punishment is the process which occurs when a stimulus:

is being presented as the consequence of a bit of behavior and the bit of behavior is less likely to occur in the future.

A researcher is interested in the genetic basis for aggression in dogs. She crosses two breeds-purebred A and purebred B. Breed A bites unfamiliar people and is termed "aggressive," while breed B hardly ever bites and is termed "docile." 100% of F1 hybrid puppies turn out to be docile, and 75 percent of F2 puppies are also docile. From these results, the researcher can conclude that the tendency to bite:

is controlled by a single gene.

Jean Piaget argued that unsupervised play with peers:

is crucial to moral development.

Joey pays much more for his car insurance than Lucy because as a boy, he:

is more likely to be reckless and crash the car than is Lucy.

15-year-old Rina has not seen her father for 11 years. She lives in a community in which her single-parent, father-absent family structure is typical. Based only on these facts, research might lead us to predict that Rina:

is more promiscuous than adolescents in intact homes.

In humans, selective helping of family members is most consistent with the theory of altruism known as:

kin selection.

Suppose you read about an experiment in which participants watched a videotape of a man talking about his personal problems. You learn that they rated his level of personal adjustment and social attractiveness far more negatively if they believed that he was a mental patient than if they believed he was not. This experiment would be highlighting the dangers of:

labeling.

An example of a negative symptom in schizophrenia would be:

lack of normal emotions.

Which item is LEAST likely to be associated with a traditional behaviorist view of learning?

latent learning.

[ch13] Which emotional signal is considered to be the MOST contagious?

laughter

The validity of a diagnostic system, such as the one detailed in DSM-5, could most fairly be judged by how often the categories of disorders that it identifies:

lead to accurate predictions about the future course of those disorders.

According to cognitive theorists, S-S classical conditioning can best be understood as a stimulus-stimulus relationship mediated by:

learned expectancy.

What is defined as any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual's behavior at a future time?

learning.

Emmett, age 6, Olivia, age 9, and Austin, age 13, are playing at a local park, while Isabela, age 9, Liam, age 9, and Natalie, age 9, are playing in a similar setting. Based on research findings, it is likely that Emmett, Olivia, and Austin's play is _____ than Isabela, Liam, and Natalie's play.

less competitive.

[ch13] In a study of conformity, Asch found that if a single confederate disagreed with the others, participants were:

less likely to conform than when the confederates were unanimous, even if the dissenting answer was wrong.

[ch13] In group polarization, group discussion tends to lead:

like-minded individuals to a more extreme view than they had held initially.

Consistent with Bowlby's theory of infant attachment as a product of natural selection, research indicates that mobile infants show a high degree of social referencing, for example, by:

looking to their mother's facial expression before deciding whether or not to avoid a new toy.

The kinds of precipitating experiences most strongly associated with depression are:

losses that cause a permanent change in the nature of the individual's life.

The pair of concepts that are central to nearly all research and theory on adult development are:

love and work.

When a parent expresses disapproval of the child rather than the specific misbehavior that they engaged in is referred to as:

love withdrawal.

Angelina and Andre created mating bonds with the use of _____ and they preserved their bonds with _____ by motivating each other to act in ways designed to prevent the other from having an affair with someone else.

love; sexual jealousy.

John tells a clinician he has been feeling severely depressed for the last month. An initial diagnosis based solely on this information would be:

major depression.

According to the chapter, _____ tend to fight in response to signs of disrespect whereas _____ tend to fight in response to insults about their alleged sexual activities.

males; females

Kelly noticed that everyone in her family is a different height. The heights vary from five feet to six feet and include heights in between. It can be assumed that the trait for height is affected by:

many genes.

[ch13] According to the notion of stereotype threat, a group of female participants' scores on a test will be lower if the researcher refers to the test specifically as a _____, as opposed to using a more general term such as a problem-solving test.

math test

Finding some symptoms in yourself as you learn about disorders and thinking you have many disorders when you really don't is referred to as:

medical students' disease.

Studies of sex differences in the prevalence of particular mental disorders reveal that:

men are more likely than women to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders.

According to your text, women may be diagnosed with anxiety and mood disorders more often than men for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

men are more likely than women to live in poverty and experience discrimination.

The term schizophrenia comes from the Greek for split mind, which refers to a split among:

mental processes such as attention, thought, memory, emotion, and so on.

It has become customary to state that a person suffers from schizophrenia or alcoholism rather than to say the person is a schizophrenic or an alcoholic. This reflects an attempt to:

minimize the effects of labeling.

Which process results in the faithful duplication of genetic material?

mitosis.

Ajay, an elementary school boy who has just established a clear gender identity, is now likely to:

model his behavior in a culturally specific manner on the adult members of the same gender.

In most bird species, both the male and the female are involved about equally in taking care of the eggs and the chicks since one of the parents must protect the nest while the other parent obtains food. One would, therefore, expect most bird species to have what mating system?

monogamy.

Which mating system tends to emerge when circumstances make it impossible for a single adult to raise offspring but possible for two?

monogamy.

Because they originate from one zygote, identical twins are also known as _____ twins.

monozygotic.

Adolescence is a period of rapid growth in the sophistication of _____ reasoning.

moral

In one study, subjects were selected on the basis of their clinical diagnosis and then assessed for creativity. The results revealed that those who experienced hypomania alternating with moderate levels of depression were _____ people who exhibited greater stability in their moods.

more creative than.

When Gregory Razran tested his college students for generalization, he found:

more generalization to words with similar meanings rather than similar features.

Douglas Fry studied children's play in two Mexican villages, the village of La Paz and the village of San Andrés. Fry found that the children from San Andrés engaged in:

more play fighting and serious fighting than the children of La Paz.

Gregory Razran conditioned college students to salivate in response to the printed word style and then tested their response to the printed words stile and fashion. He found that the students salivated:

more to fashion than to stile.

Polygenic characteristics like aggressiveness in mice and conscientiousness in people typically approximate a normal distribution, meaning that:

most individuals fall near the middle of the range of scores for these characteristics and the frequency tapers off toward the two extremes.

The cultural historian Johan Huizinga wrote a book about play in 1944 in which he contended that:

most of what society calls "high culture"- including art, literature, philosophy, and law, arises from the spirit of play that has been extended from childhood into adulthood.

Errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication, causing the "replica" to be not quite identical to the original are defined as:

mutations.

Jonas has recently been fired from his job for provoking arguments with fellow employees. He is perceived as arrogant by others, as he constantly boasts and exaggerates his abilities and achievements. His social skills are relatively good although his relationships with others have become severely strained as a result of his lack of empathy and interest in others. Jonas is BEST described as suffering from _____ personality disorder.

narcissistic.

Kyle is an average student and a good athlete. When he receives grades lower than an A, he blames the teacher for not recognizing his superior work and also gets angry when his coaches don't give him credit for the team's won games. Kyle could MOST likely have which personality disorder?

narcissistic.

Andre lived a lifestyle in which he had several girlfriends, all of which he was trying to reproduce with. None of these women knew that Andre had several girlfriends, and when they found out, Andre said it was acceptable because he needed to pass on his genes. Andre has fallen victim to what?

naturalistic fallacy

The application of morality to a specific behavior favored by natural selection is considered to be a:

naturalistic fallacy.

Bob has a housemate whose band practices every Thursday night-right there in the living room. Last Thursday, Bob went out as soon as the band started tuning up and avoided hearing his housemate's awful band play. Now, Bob goes out every Thursday night to escape the band practice. Bob leaving in the future to escape the bad music is a result of:

negative reinforcement.

For most people, pain medicine reduces the effects of a bad headache, which makes it more likely that persons will take pain medicine the next time they have a headache. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement.

Whenever Xavier's neighbors play their music loudly, he bangs on the ceiling with a broom handle to get them to turn it off. Given the fact that they do turn off the annoying music, which makes him likely to bang on the ceiling, the next time he hears it, his behavior is under the influence of:

negative reinforcement.

If the removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will reoccur, the stimulus is a:

negative reinforcer.

In Hefferline's experiment, people listened to music overlaid occasionally by static and were conditioned to produce a tiny thumb twitch to turn the static off. In that experiment the static turning off served as a(n) _____ for the thumb twitch.

negative reinforcer.

[ch13] A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

negative stereotyping of the other group.

Denita has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She rarely shows any emotional expression, even when told a funny joke or shown a sad movie. She speaks slowly, eats very little, and doesn't appear to enjoy life. These characteristics are collectively referred to as:

negative symptoms.

Rafael has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His major symptoms are slow and difficult speech, flattened affect, and a lack of interest in things that used to motivate him, all of which are classified as _____ symptoms.

negative.

Suzy is making fun of her little brother because she has a cookie and he has none. Her mother sees Suzy making fun of her little brother and waving her cookie in his face and takes away her cookie. Suzy stops making fun of her little brother. What kind of punishment is this?

negative.

Whenever Bill was late to school, his teacher would take away his right to participate in the morning playtime activities. Bill is no longer late to school. Bill's late behavior has been:

negatively punished.

With continuous reinforcement, a reinforcer occurs after every response, whereas with extinction, the response is _____ reinforced?

never.

Polygenic characteristics typically follow a _____ distribution.

normal

[ch13] Sam notices a number of people wearing their belts off to one side and he decides to start doing the same because he thinks it looks cool. What type of social influence is demonstrated in the scenario?

normative influence.

If an individual is exhibiting behavior that seems odd to other people but that does not cause real distress or impairment of functioning, that person would:

not be classified as having a mental disorder according to the standards set by the American Psychiatric Association.

An untrained chimpanzee that was present when its trained mother used human-language symbols began to use some of the symbols himself appropriately. This could be considered an example of:

observational learning.

Young Lucette watches her mother care very gently for her newborn baby brother while her mother is feeding and bathing him. Later, Lucette plays with her dolls in a gentle manner as she pretends to feed and bathe them. Lucette is exhibiting which type of learning?

observational learning.

[ch13] In a crowd of witnesses to an emergency, the individual bystander tends to:

observe other bystanders for cues as to the seriousness of the emergency.

A disturbing thought that intrudes repeatedly on a person's consciousness even though the person recognizes it as irrational is called a(n):

obsession.

Bert worries excessively about germs and dirt under his nails. He constantly scrubs them with a nail brush. As soon as he starts to eat, he realizes that germs from the silverware may be getting under his nails. Now, he rarely finds time to eat because he often has to stop to clean his nails. Though this is a serious problem for him and affects his life in many ways, he has no other symptoms that would lead to a diagnosis of mental disorder. Which of the following would Bert MOST likely be diagnosed with?

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Sally expresses to her psychologist that she does not experience a sense of task completion and therefore feels the need to repeatedly perform certain tasks. Sally would most likely be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive.

Sharing is more likely with _____ children.

older

[ch13] Negative stereotyping of the other group is when:

one group sees another group as different and sees members of that group as similar to one another in negative ways.

[ch13] Which is a normative explanation of group polarization effects?

one-upmanship hypothesis

A shy person has agreed to say "hello" to 10 people during a day. If these greetings are met with friendly responses, the shy person is more likely to initiate a greeting in the future. This procedure is a therapeutic use of:

operant conditioning.

Sally notices that whenever she wears a particular dress, she gets attention from her peers. In other words, wearing the dress has become a(n) _____ response.

operant.

_____ responses operate on the world to produce some effect.

operant.

The key feature of operant responses is that they:

operate on the world to produce some effect.

If the environment stopped changing:

organisms would adapt as fully as possible and change little or not at all thereafter.

According to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia (no longer accepted in its simplest form), the disorder arises from:

overactivity at brain synapses where dopamine is the neurotransmitter.

The replication of a previously learned behavior from a model, even when it is not the best solution to the problem, is:

overimitation

Raquan was allowed to eat one cookie every day after school upon finishing all of his food at dinnertime. Soon, his parents decided to stop rewarding him with cookies, and Raquan stopped finishing all of his food. His decline in performance is known as the:

overjustification effect.

A feeling of helpless terror that strikes at unpredictable times, unrelated to any specific situation or idea, and usually accompanied by high physiological arousal is the primary symptom of:

panic disorder.

Marlee sometimes experiences an intense sense of helpless terror without being able to pinpoint any specific threat in the environment. Her terror comes at unpredictable times and is accompanied by strong physiological signs such as a racing heartbeat. Marlee also fears that she will behave in a frantic way and lose control. Marlee MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.

panic.

What type of reinforcement schedule produces the greatest resistance to extinction?

partial reinforcement on a variable schedule.

An operant response will be most resistant to extinction if it is:

partially reinforced on a variable schedule.

According to Kohlberg's stage theory of moral reasoning, reaching the higher stages requires the ability to:

pass through all of the lower stages and discover their limitations.

Preschool children will often:

perform a task even when their classmates avoid them.

Dalton (age 4) and his parents go to a restaurant and Dalton flings food at the waiter. Dalton's parents see the disruptive incident and apologize to the waiter, but do not punish him. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles are Dalton's parents utilizing?

permissive.

Rashid's parents love him very much, are highly tolerant of his disruptive actions, and rarely exert any type of control over him. Baumrind would classify Rashid's parents as:

permissive.

John has been depressed for over a year. One reason his condition has not improved is that his problem provides some benefits, such as reduced expectations of him at work and home, increased attention, and sympathy from friends. These benefits could be considered:

perpetuating causes.

[ch13] When Hassam thinks of himself as an independent individual with self-interests distinct from those of other people, Hassam is thinking of himself in terms of _____ identity.

personal

Jeremiah used to have dark brown hair, but after spending a day in the sun, his hair became much lighter. Jeremiah's _____ was impacted by the sun.

phenotype.

Some developmental researchers have argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve:

physical affection and feelings of security in each other's presence.

[ch13] Findings from the Milgram studies suggested that a factor that did NOT contribute to obedience on the part of the original research participants was the:

physical attractiveness of the "learner."

Genes have a role in building and modifying:

physical structures of the body.

[ch13] The underlying variable that appears to explain why the mere presence of observers sometimes facilitates or inhibits performance in individuals is:

physiological arousal.

A set of fraternal twins, William and Peggy, were just born. Given the differential treatment of young boys and girls by adults in American culture, one could expect to see people:

play more actively with William and behave more gently toward Peggy.

What are the three main methods designed for learning in nature?

play, observation, exploration.

James likes to hunt elk, and while out hunting one day he comes upon two bull elks fighting each other in a meadow. This behavior is very typical of elk because they are a _____ species, meaning one male often mates with many females, part of this mating pattern includes the female elk having more parental _____ than the male elk.

polygynous; investment

When one male mates with more than one female, it is called:

polygyny.

What is the main technique Kohlberg used to assess moral reasoning?

posing hypothetical dilemmas and asking how the protagonist should behave and why

A small child is scolded for chasing a ball into the street and thereafter does not do it again. What has caused this result?

positive punishment.

For most people, receiving money after performing some behavior would make that behavior more likely to recur in the future. Thus, money is for them a:

positive reinforcer.

If the arrival of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will recur, the stimulus is a:

positive reinforcer.

Jeff has been feeling very depressed, irritable, and has loss of sleep. He keeps having flashbacks and horrible nightmares. Jeff is BEST described as suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder brought on by his previous experience from being a soldier in the Vietnam War.

After being sexually assaulted by another athlete at her gym, Heather has become less focused during school, loses sleep due to nightmares of her experience, and has avoided going to gymnastics practice. After receiving help from a counselor, what is Heather's diagnosis most likely to be?

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Flashbacks would most likely occur with a diagnosis of?

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Kelsey and Michael are playing in their backyard. Lev Vygotsky would argue that while these two children are at play they are:

practicing self-discipline.

Willy was born with a genetic tendency toward depression. However, it wasn't until Willy's wife divorced him that he suffered symptoms that were diagnosed as major depression. Willy's divorce was a(n) _____ cause of his depression.

precipitating

A woman who has previously shown no evidence of a mental disorder develops clinical depression following the loss of her job. This event would be considered a ______ cause of her depression.

precipitating.

James has been diagnosed with the _____ type of ADHD. Consistent with this diagnosis, James fidgets in his seat at school, talks excessively, and blurts out answers before his teacher can complete a question.

predominantly hyperactive impulsive.

What type of ADHD is characterized by lack of attention to instructions, failure to concentrate on school tasks, and carelessness in completing assignments?

predominantly inattentive type.

Lawrence Kohlberg's methodology for studying moral reasoning was to:

present a story involving a moral dilemma and ask subjects how the protagonist should respond and why.

Each of the following is a general category of causes that contribute to mental disorders EXCEPT _____ causes.

prolonging.

A group of recently discovered primates are being studied for their mating behaviors. Scientists have found that there is an equal amount of involvement between males and females in raising offspring and little to no competition. Furthermore, they have found that both males and females will most likely mate with most of the adults of the opposite sex within the colony. Which mating pattern would best describe this species?

promiscuity.

Bonobos live in large groups with roughly equal numbers of males and females who mate frequently and relatively indiscriminately with one another. Spotted sandpiper females lay three clutches of eggs in rapid succession, each fertilized and cared for by a different male sandpiper. Bonobo mating arrangements are an example of _____, whereas spotted sandpiper mating arrangements are an example of _____.

promiscuity; polyandry.

Genes help construct the building blocks for one's physiology, which are known as:

proteins.

Pavlov's findings on conditioning were particularly appealing to behaviorists because he:

provided an objective, stimulus-response way of studying and understanding learning.

[ch13] What is altruistic punishment?

punishing one person in order to benefit the group as a whole

A(n) _____ was the name given by Edward Thorndike to a small cage that could be opened from the inside by some simple act such as by pulling a loop or pushing a lever.

puzzle box.

Susan is replicating a famous study in psychology by placing a cat inside of an apparatus. She will observe how the cat learns to escape, and if those behaviors become more prevalent in the future. Her apparatus is most likely a(n) _____ which was originally used by _____.

puzzle box; Edward Thorndike.

Edward Thorndike favored the use of _____ as an apparatus to study animal learning.

puzzle boxes.

Juliet and her sisters all have the gene for a widow's peak. However, it is only expressed in Juliet. This means that the gene is _____ and Juliet's genes have a _____ condition.

recessive; homozygous.

Aisha recently helped her friend move into his apartment. Aisha's reasoning behind deciding to help her friend move was that if she helped her friend now, then in the future, her friend would most likely help her with something she needed. This explanation for Aisha helping her friend would best be described by:

reciprocity theory.

[ch13] Laughter often puts a group of people into a shared mood of playfulness, which seems to:

reduce the chance that one person will be offended by the remarks or actions of another.

[ch13] When a participant in Asch's conformity study announced their answer publicly, they most often agreed with the confederates' wrong answer. However, when the participant wrote down their answer privately, the likelihood of agreement with the confederates' wrong answer was:

reduced.

The ability to produce genetically diverse offspring via sexual reproduction:

reduces the chance that all of one's offspring will die as the result of an unforeseen change in the environment.

The relatively simple, automatic, sequence of the eye tearing up in response to dirt is a type of:

reflex.

Usually when Jerry visits Ron's house, there is food cooking whose smell makes Jerry slightly nauseous. Eventually, Jerry feels the same way simply at the sight of Ron himself. This relatively simple, automatic, sequence is known as a _____. When the response occurs in the presence of Jerry, it is an example of _____.

reflex; classical conditioning.

[ch13] In some versions of Milgram's obedience experiment, a confederate of the experimenter shared the task of "shocking" the learner. Most of the participants:

refused to continue if the confederate refused to continue.

Any process that increases the likelihood that a particular operant response will occur again is called:

reinforcement.

A phenomenon that is partially explained by conditioned compensatory reactions is that of _____ by addicts who have undergone periods of withdrawal.

relapse.

If a patient is diagnosed with the same illness by 20 different doctors, the diagnosis is said to be:

reliable.

[ch13] In Milgram's basic obedience procedure, a subject had the role of "teacher" and a confederate the role of "learner." Ensuring the continued obedience of the teacher required:

repeated orders from the experimenter that the teacher must go on despite the protests or screams of the learner.

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides evidence that extinction:

restricts but does not destroy the conditioned reflex.

Overall, adoption studies suggest that schizophrenia:

runs in families, primarily because of the genetic relatedness of family members.

Brody, a mailman living in Idaho, believes the government is plotting against him because he constantly sees the President around the mail room when no one else does. He hears voices telling him that the Secretary of Defense knows where he lives and has targeted missiles at his bedroom. His symptoms are characteristic of:

schizophrenia.

Mackenzie's attentive, responsive, emotionally sensitive behavior toward her infant promotes which type of attachment?

secure attachment.

Angelina, a 1-year-old child, is placed in an unfamiliar room containing a variety of toys. She confidently explores the room when her mother is present, becomes upset and plays less when left alone, then eagerly goes to the mother upon her return. By this test Angelina's attachment to her mother would be classified as:

secure.

Robert Tryon's breeding of rats according to their maze abilities refers to:

selective breeding.

The man-made form of natural selection is known as _____ breeding.

selective.

Of these statements, the BEST definition of empathy is the capacity to:

sense and feel the emotions that another person is feeling.

A personality disorder is characterized as a(n):

set of long-standing behaviors or emotions that impair life.

The process by which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced is called:

shaping

A dog wanders around town looking for food. The first day, it walks at random and finds little food in people's garbage. The next day, it finds restaurants in the neighborhood and finds more food in the garbage. The third day, the dog walks down one particular street, it finds that one restaurant has even more food, and by the fourth day, the dog goes directly to that particular restaurant. The dog's behavior has been modified by:

shaping.

At first a coach praises a basketball player for behaviors that are only remotely like those that will sink a basket. Gradually, the coach restricts praise to behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. The coach is using a training strategy called:

shaping.

Craig is training his tropical fish to swim through a hoop. He starts by feeding the fish a food pellet when it just approaches the hoop. Then he only gives the fish a pellet when the fish puts his nose inside the hoop. Then he gives it a pellet when it swims most of the way through the hoop; and finally, he gives the fish a pellet only when it swims completely through the hoop. What technique is Craig using?

shaping.

Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired response is known as:

shaping.

Using an operant conditioning technique known as _____, Blake teaches his dog to roll over by first giving her a treat for sitting, later only giving her a treat for lying down, then giving her a treat only when she moves onto her side, and finally only giving her a treat when she rolls over.

shaping.

You have a daughter, Jessica, who is going through adolescence. What would you most likely notice about her behavior?

she is consciously or unconsciously acting in ways designed to move herself from childhood to adulthood.

Carl and Jeanne are very relaxed and non-disciplinary with their daughter Tanya. It is likely that later in life Tanya will:

show low self-control.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is _____ a phobia in that it involves a specific irrational fear; it is _____ a phobia because the fear is of something that exists only as a thought and can be reduced only by performing some ritual.

similar to; different from.

The "world of girls" is BEST characterized by:

small, intimate groups in which cooperative forms of play predominate and competition is more subtle.

[ch13] Katie does not recycle, but feels that her few plastic bottles a week do not do much harm to the earth. However her entire neighborhood feels the same way and they also do not recycle. This is an example of:

social dilemma

[ch13] Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:

social facilitation.

[ch13] Pablo usually fishes alone, but when his friend Jaime accompanied Pablo on his last fishing trip, Pablo wound his fishing reel faster than when he was fishing alone. This might best be explained by:

social facilitation.

[ch13] An increase in performance due to an audience is _____ while a decrease in performance due to an audience is _____.

social facilitation; social interference

Tom and Vanessa are playing "house" and both children are taking turns pretending to be different members of a make-believe family. They are engaging in a universal form of play known as:

social fantasy play.

[ch13] A beginning piano player who is performing a solo in front of a large audience for the first time is likely to experience what?

social interference

[ch13] After playing the clarinet for only a few weeks, Shelly learns to play a simple song fairly well during practice. Unfortunately, she finds that she cannot play it in front of her family without making one mistake after another. It might help Shelly to feel better if she knew this was probably a function of:

social interference.

[ch13] The tendency for an individual to exert less effort in a team situation in which all team members receive the same outcome (for example, a grade or a bonus) is referred to as:

social loafing.

[ch13] When Helen, Tom, and Mary each sing solo, they try their best to sing loud, expressively, and in perfect tune. However, when Helen, Tom, and Mary sing as a group, they do not try as hard, which lowers their overall performance. Helen, Tom, and Mary's behavior when singing as a group is an example of:

social loafing.

Suppose that Jamie, who has just learned to crawl, and his mother visit his aunt for the first time. Toward the end of the visit, Jamie explores the room but frequently looks toward his mother, apparently to observe her reactions. The attention Jamie directs toward his mother is called:

social referencing.

Jenny tells an interviewer that she likes to spend most of her time with her husband, visiting her daughter and grandchildren, playing bridge with the same friends she has played bridge with for 24 years, and working in her garden. This information fits BEST with the _____ theory of aging.

socioemotional selectivity.

[ch13] A group of college students is taking part in a study. For which tasks would the presence of others be more likely to result in social interference than social facilitation?

solving a nine-letter anagram (scrambled-word) problem

[ch13] What principle might a woman be operating under if she performs horribly on a test measuring her spatial abilities after having been told by her instructor that women are not as good at spatial thinking as men?

stereotype threat

A puppy that sees its mother licking a water bottle to get water may become attracted to the bottle and motivated to drink the water. According to research on observational learning, the puppy's attraction to the bottle is known as:

stimulus enhancement.

Sally is a psychologist who is not concerned with the brain or the mind. Thus, she likely favors _____ theory and is probably a(n) _____.

stimulus-response theory; behaviorist.

Ryan is a psychologist who likes to explain the relationship between reflexive response and the environmental stimulus without using the brain or mind. This sounds very similar to using the _____ theory.

stimulus-response.

John B. Watson's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection while Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection eliciting a mental representation of the unconditioned stimulus resulting in the response.

stimulus-response; stimulus-stimulus.

Children have been found to _____ the rules of social fantasy play, which _____ Vygotsky's view of play.

strictly enforce; supports.

An example of a vestigial characteristic is the:

strong grasp reflex in premature human infants.

Which class of proteins forms the structure of every cell in our bodies?

structural proteins

When rats get sick several hours after eating a certain food, they:

subsequently avoid foods that taste and smell like that particular food, even if they don't look similar.

What is imprinting?

sudden and irreversible learning.

In an experiment conducted by Gregory Razran, lemon juice was squirted into the mouth to condition college students to salivate to printed words such as style, urn, freeze, and surf. The finding of this study demonstrated that:

the meaning of a stimulus, not just its physical characteristics, can provide a basis for generalization in classical conditioning.

Two men get into a fight over a woman. During the fight one man says, "Don't worry; males in many species do this very thing and it makes their species strong. Because of this, we are morally correct in fighting over this woman." The man justified fighting because of:

the naturalistic fallacy.

Adolescence is defined as the period beginning at _____ and ending _____.

the onset of puberty; when the individual is viewed as a full member of adult society.

Spontaneous recovery occurs when _____ following extinction renews the conditioned reflex.

the passage of time.

Which statement is NOT an example of an environmental influence?

the person's genetic makeup.

A researcher has conditioned a group of rats to freeze in response to a sound by presenting the sound just prior to electric shock. The rats then undergo new conditioning trials in which they are presented with both the sound and a light just prior to electric shock. Consistent with the expectation and prediction view of classical conditioning, the rats in a later test will freeze:

to the sound but not to the light.

The heritability of bipolar disorder has been assessed through research on _____, which has revealed _____ genetic influences.

twins and adoptees; strong.

Natural selection has shaped the brains of omnivores to:

use smell and taste to distinguish known harmful foods from known harmless foods.

Joseph has always been interested in astronomy and now has his own telescope. Unfortunately, he lives in an area with lots of cloud cover. He never knows how many nights will go by before a clear night will allow him to see the stars that fascinate him so much. His viewing is reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval.

A _____ schedule occurs with a slot machine because winning does not occur every time, but only after an unpredictable number of responses.

variable-ratio.

A reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning that would be best to use if someone wants to produce behavior that is very resistant to extinction is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio.

An example of one type of schedule of reinforcement is:

variable-ratio.

Many gambling systems (such as slot machines) are on _____ reinforcement schedules and this makes the gambling behavior highly resistant to extinction.

variable.

A behavior that does not make adaptive sense now but would have been adaptive given environmental conditions in earlier times is called a(n):

vestigial characteristic.

Jade really enjoys sugar, but her dentist constantly points out the negative consequences such as tooth decay and obesity, and her dentist explains that she may enjoy it because it was a rare but important resource for her ancestors. Jade's preference for sugar is an example of a:

vestigial characteristic.

Research can help to assess the validity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by determining:

whether or not diagnoses are helpful in predicting the course of the disorder and in deciding which treatments are helpful.

Arnulf assists a world-renowned artist by traveling around the country to assemble his intricate glass sculptures for exhibits. Arnulf's salary is above average for people with his training and experience, and he enjoys the other perks of his job, such as meeting different people and touring new cities. The work is complex, and no two jobs are ever the same. If Melvin Kohn is correct about the importance of occupational self-direction, which aspect(s) of Arnulf's job is most essential to his enjoyment of it?

work that is complex and varied.