PSY Final
The oldest of support groups, ____, reported having 2.1 million members in 115,000 groups worldwide
AA
Which cognitive therapist sought to reverse clients' negativity about themselves through gentle questioning?
Aaron Beck
____ sought to revers people's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves through the use of gentle questioning
Aaron Beck
_____ focused on revealing the absurdity of people's self-defeating ideas through a more confrontational approach
Albert Ellis
lobotomy
Egas Moniz is most famous
What can cause seizures and memory loss?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Group and Family: Therapy Aim
Heal Relationships
What information would help a researcher determine if a psychological disorder were genetic in origin?
It is observed in all cultures
Gerald suffers from bipolar disorder. Likely to be prescribed _____ to combat the highs and lows of this disorder
Lithium
Psychodynamic: Therapy Aim
Reduce anxiety through self-insight
What has no side effects other than perhaps a headache?
Repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS)
Although no more effective in controlling schizophrenia symptoms, many of the newer-generation antipsychotics, such as _____ and zyrexa, have fewer side effects
Risperdal
______ conducted a study examining the biasing power of diagnostic labels
Rosenhan
Group and Family: Presumes Problem
Stressful relationships
At one time, people w psychological disorders were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced by psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. Illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:
The Medical Model
Cognitive-Behavioral: Presumes Problem
Self-harmful thoughts or behaviors
Brain Stimulation: Presumed Problem
Severe, treatment-resistant depression
According to a 2004 World Health Organization study, the lowest rate of reported mental disorders was in the city of ______
Shanghai
stimulus ______ may occur when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs
generalization
Sigmund Freud described _____ disorder as free-floating anxiety
generalized anxiety
Thomas is continuously tense and plagues by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Suffers from ______ disorder
generalized anxiety
the percentage of Americans who reporting suffering from _____ disorder in 2008 was 3.1 percent
generalized anxiety
Schizophrenia patients with positive symptoms- the presence of inappropriate behaviors- may experience..
hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage
Schizophrenia and dopamine
have found an excess number or dopamine receptors
psychotic disorders are marked by
irrationality, distorted perceptions, and lost contact with reality
In Rogers' client-centered therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting. What therapy is this?
non-directive
people who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from _____ disorder
obsessive- compulsive (OCD)
Antidepressant drugs have a different effect on mild vs severe depression because:
people with mild depression are likely to spontaneously improve
Greg is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but has a close relationship with his mother and grandma. What would MOST increase his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?
poverty
Cognitive-behavioral: Therapy Aim
promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors
Cognitive: Therapy Aim
promote healthier thinking and self-talk
If a patient suffers from uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. Best illustrates the procedure:
psychosurgery
schizophrenia is the chief example of a
psychotic disorder
For a person recovering from alcohol use disorder, Alcoholics Ananymous may be beneficial because the group meetings:
reduce isolation
Psychosurgery: Therapy Aim
relieve severe disorders
More than 100 million Americans belong to small ___ groups that meet regularly.
religious, interest, and self-help
Psychosurgery: Therapy Technique
remove or destroy brain tissue
Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Suffering from:
schizophrenia
_______ is a mental disorder that is most likely to lead to poverty
schizophrenia
if a man has ___, his identical twin's chances of similarly being afflicted are about 6 in 10 if they shared a placenta
schizophrenia
some studies suggest there may be an anxiety gene that affects brain levels of:
serotonin
the brain of a person who suffers from depression tends to have low levels of ______
serotonin
anti-anxiety drugs
such as Xanax or Ativan, depress central nervous system activity (often used in combination with psychotherapy)
paraphrase
summarizing another's words into your own
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue
in _______, the goal is to substitute a positive response for a negative response to a harmless stimulus
systematic desensitation
Cognitive-behavioral
train people to counter self-harmful thoughts and act out their new ways of thinking
At a therapy session, Nia became agitated t her therapist, saying that he was controlling and domineering, just like her father. Nia's behavior illustrates _____.
transference
Clinical psychologist
treating people with psychological disorders
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
two or more distinct identities- each with its own voice and mannerisms- seem to control the person's behavior
Psychodynamic: Presumed Problem
unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences
Deep Brain Stimulation
undergoing ECT, calms the area of the brain normally overexcited in people who are depressed
insight therapies
use a variety of techniques that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses
_____ exposure theory progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as flying spiders, or public speaking
virtual reality
To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder, the symptoms must last for two or more ______
weeks
acute schizophrenia
when previously well-adjusted people develop schizophrenia rapidly following particular life stresses (recovery is more likely)
chronic schizophrenia
when schizophrenia is a slow-developing process (recovery is doubtful)
explanatory style
who or what they blame for their failures
Spencer has been diagnose with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a :
word salad
antidepressant drugs
work by increasing the availability of neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine or serotonin, which evaluate arousal and mood and are scarce when a person experiences feelings of depression or anxiety
What do family therapists do?
work with multiple family members to heal relationships and to mobilize family recourses
Flat Affect
zombie-like state of apparent apathy (associated w schizophrenia)
Schizophrenics have disorganized speech, theorists suggest that people with such disorganized speech may have
a breakdown in selective attention
According to the text, one reasearch team has identified _____ genes that appear to be associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms
17
the symptoms of major depressive disorder begin to appear at a median age of:
25
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change: Therapy technique
Alter lifestyle through adequate exercise, sleep, and other changes
In _____, the goal is to substitute a negative response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus
Aversive Conditioning
A person suffering from bipolar disorder wanting to control manic episodes would take:
Depakote
Bulimia Nervosa
Episodes of overeating (typically high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
______ see dissociative disorders as ways of coping with anxiety
Learning theorists
Cognitive: Presumes Problem
Negative, self-defeating thinking
Drug therapies: Presumed Problem
Neurotransmitter malfunction
the anterior cingulate cortex is especially likely to be hyperactive in people who suffer with:
OCD
Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as those of a heart attack are most characteristics of ________
Panic
Because she mistakenly believes the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling considerable reduction in her appetite due to the _____ effect
Placebo
Cognitive: Therapy technique
Train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions
Behavior: therapy technique
Use classical conditioning (via exposure or aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (as in token economies)
Active Listening
a form of empathic listening
dissociative disorders
a person's conscious awareness separates from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings
psychotherapy
a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) goal
aims not only to alter the way people think but also alter the way they act
Brain Stimulation: Therapy Aim
alleviate depression that is unresponsive to drug therapy
Drug Therapies: Therapy Technique
alter brain chemistry through drugs
Bipolar disorder
alternates between depression and overexcited hyperactivity
A 37 yr old woman was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.She currently appears to be experiencing an episode of mania. When the doctor orders blood work and a PET scan, it will likely show...
an abnormally high level of activity across the brain
Stefanie meets with her therapist once a week to talk about her marriage and her relationship with her parents. In addition to helping Stefanie gain insight into these relationships, Stefanie's therapist prescribes medication. Ex of:
an eclectic approach
continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15% of normal body weight is common in individuals with _______ nervosa
anorexia
Antidepressant drugs are used to treat what disorders (besides depression)
anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD
____ share the common problem of emotion regulation
anxiety, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorder
Twin and adoption studies indicate that biological relatives of those with antisocial personality disorder:
are at increased risk for antisocial behavior
cognitive therapies
assume that our thinking colors our feelings
the treatment that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) is called
aversive conditioning
in considering the factors that may contribute to the process of healing, a ____ approach to therapy may be most useful
biopsychosocial
the approach to understanding and classifying psychological disorders that is MOST likely to minimize stigma for the afflicted is the:
biopsychosocial approach
Constance suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder and Steven suffers from depression. What class of drugs are they likely perscribed?
both will receive antidepressants
Rumination
can be adaptive when it helps us focus intently on a problem, thanks to the continuous firing of an attention-sustaining frontal lobe area
phobias
characterized by an irrational fear of a specific object or situation
Karen's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weakness and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. This approach is:
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Drug Therapies: Therapy Aim
control symptoms of psychological disorders
Mr. Harlan incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. Harlan is suffering from _______
delusions
like alcohol, anti-anxiety drugs work by:
depressing central nervous system activity
_____ is the most common reason people seek mental health services
depression
Group and Family: Therapy Techniques
develop an understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles, and improve communication
Post-traumatic stress Disorder
disorder characterized by symptoms that include haunting memories and nightmares, jumpy anxiety, social withdrawal, and insomnia
What is one of the hallmarks of schizophrenia?
disorganized speech
Finn has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. What problems might he be exibiting
distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Behavior: Presumed Problem
dysfunctional behaviors
Cognitive therapists are most likely to:
emphasize the importance of client's personal interpretations of life events
Sigmund Frued
emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process
Client-Centered: Therapy Aim
enable growth via unconditional positive regard, genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
Invite clarification
encourage the person to say more or expand
Megan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Megan. Statistically, this increases Megan's risk of developing schizophrenia later. This is an example of an _______ factor, meaning a heritable change that is not due to DNA
epigenetic
Systematic desensitization is a form of:
exposure theory
Reflecting on how the definition of the psychological disorder has changed in history, one can see that societal views greatly impact the definition of a psychological disorder by:
framing what is percieved as the source of the disorder
During a psychoanalytic therapy session, Max focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering him. The therapist tells Max to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Max's therapist is using a technique known as:
free association
Mary's therapist is non-directive and refers to her as a client. Mary's therapist is operating from a ______ perspective
humanistic
Mania
hyperactive, overly talkative, wildly optimistic state
psychotherapy consists of
interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
Psychodynamic: therapy technique
interpret patients' memories and feelings
Tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of his facial muscles and tongue
Behavior: Therapy Aim
learn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones
Bipolar Disorder is much ____ common than major depressive disorder, but is often more dysfunctional
less
Major Depressive Disorder characteristics:
lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss in interest in family, friends, and activities.
Client-centered therapy: technique
listen actively and reflect clients' feelings
research on deep brain stimulation has revealed that the source of depression can be ____ in the brain
localized
Bipolar disorder strikes less often among those who rely on precision and ______
logic
What happens after a person with bipolar disorder experiences a depressive episode?
mania follows
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
manipulates the brain by shocking it
The ______ assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated
medical model
reflect feelings
mirroring what is sensed from the person's body language and intensity
Susan Mineka performed an experiment that demonstrated that wild _____ transmit their fear of snakes to their watchful offspring
monkeys
family therapy assumes
no person is an island
Biomedical therapy
offers medication or other biological treatments
It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy because clients:
often enter therapy in crisis, and these crises often pass without professional help
If you want to improve communication in your own relationships, these three Roger-inspired hints may help.
paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings
Unconditional positive regard
people may accept even their worst traits and feel valued and whole
Psychodynamic therapy is based on the premise that:
people unconsciously avoid issues that are painful
Biomedical Therapy
physically changing the brain's functioning by altering its chemistry with drugs; affecting its circuitry with electric stimulation, magnetic impulses, or psychosurgery
major depressive disorder
prolonged state of hopelessness depression
A client abruptly changing the subject would suggest
resistance
in psychoanalysis, _____ is the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
resistance
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change: Therapy Aim
restore healthy biological state
group therapy beneifts
saves both, therapist and clients, time and money, offers a social lab for exploring social behaviors and developing social skills, enables people to share their problems, provides feedback
During depression, serotonin is ____ or _____
scarce or inactive
Because suicide is _____, enivronmental barriers can save lives
so often impulsive
Schizophrenia can be misunderstood as multiple personalities rather than the correct :
split from reality
Brain Stimulation: Therapy Technique
stimulate brain through electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses, or deep brain stimulation
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change: Presumed Problem
stress and unhealthy lifestyle
psychopharmacology
study of the effects of drug on mind and behavior
antipsychotic drugs
such as Thorazine, reduce patients' overreactions to irrelevant stimuli
Resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
Amanda blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that she is depressed because she blames herself rather than the slumping economy. Best illustrates:
the social-cognitive perspective
active listening
the therapist echoes, restates, and clarifies what the client has expressed verbally or nonverbally
cognitive-behavioral therapy
the widely practiced integrative therapy that aims not only to alter the way people think but also alter the way they act
Believing that human brains and bodies were designed for physical activity and social engagement, Stephen Ilardi has promoted training in:
therapeutic lifestyle change
counselors
these therapists specialize in problems arising from family relations
what is the goal of humanistic therapy
to reduce the inner conflicts that are impeding natural development and growth by providing clients with new insights
research on emotion has shown that emotion has a guiding influence on people's lives. What is the purpose of sadness?
to slow down and examine one's situation
Schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms- the absence of appropriate behaviors- may experience...
toneless voices, expressionless faces, or mute and rigid bodies
Major depressive disorder is characterized by at lease ____ signs of depression
5
What percentage of Americans reported suffering from social anxiety disorder in 2008?
6.8
On average, _____ percent of all Afghanistan veterans who had been in combat developed PTSD
7.6
Group therapy sessions generally last for ____ minutes a week
90
Client-centered: Presumed Problem
Barriers to self-understanding and self-acceptance
Psychosurgery: Presumed Problem
Brain malfunction
Nanci's therapist is an active listener, who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is most likely:
Client-centered therapy