PSY McGraw-Hill CH.13: Social Psychology

Which of the following are psychological determinants of aggression?

* the perception that another's actions are unfair * the presence of a weapon * observing others engaging in aggression

In which situations is an individual more likely to be persuaded by a message? (More than one option may be correct.)

* when the message is delivered through television or video rather than print * when the individual feels a similarity with the person delivering the message * when the individual has weak attitudes

_________ is social behavior that has a goal of harming someone.

Aggression

Solomon ____ carried out the classic experiment on conformity.

Asch

You can have a(n) _________ about the U.S. president (a person), abortion (a behavior), affirmative action (a belief), or architecture (a concept).

Attitude

Social thinking involves not only perceptions and attributions but also ___________ which are opinions and beliefs, about people, objects, and ideas, or, simply put, how we feel about things.

Attitudes

_________ are opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.

Attitudes

__________ are opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas—how we feel about the world.

Attitudes

___________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what are the specific underlying causes of that person's behavior.

Attribution

Psychologists have used the concept of __________ __________ to explain an individual's strong feelings of loyalty toward a group after enduring difficult or unpleasant initiation rites.

Effort Justification

__________ is a person's feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

Empathy

True or false: All scholars insist that TV violence contributes toward aggressive or antisocial behavior in children equally, irrespective of a child's personality traits and attitudes toward violence.

FALSE

True or false: People are altruistic out of a selfish interest in helping someone else.

FALSE

True or false: Research on rats and other animals has shown testosterone relates to aggression. Results with humans indicate a definitive relationship between levels of testosterone and aggressive behavior.

FALSE

True or false: When considering attitude change, the source of the message is the only important variable.

FALSE

The elaboration likelihood model theory identifies _________ ways by which a message can be persuasive.

Two

Which of the following statements describes conformity?

a change in behavior brought about in order to follow the standards of others

Groupthink is a type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to ___________ that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternate points of view.

achieve consensus

Aggression is a social behavior that

aims to harm others

Social loafing occurs when

an individual exerts less effort in a group because of decreased individual accountability.

Cognitive dissonance is

an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

The peripheral route of the elaboration likelihood model involves non-message factors such as: (More than one option may be correct.)

attractiveness of source AND emotional appeals

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion includes the ________ route and the ________ route.

central; peripheral

In his classic experiment on ________, Solomon Asch found that more than one-third of participants went along with the rest of the group in terms of assessing the length of lines, even though the group's response was obviously wrong.

conformity

We all adhere to the rules and norms of society to some degree. The fact that we attend work or school clothed, rather than nude, is an example of ___________

conformity

Members engaging in groupthink place the highest value on:

conformity and unanimity

What is a key emotion involved in altruism, and happens when we feel a oneness with the emotional state of another?

empathy

According to social exchange theory, what is the most important predictor of a relationship's success?

equity

Social _________ is the improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.

facilitation

Which of the following are factors that make it more likely you will be attracted to somebody?

similarities, physical attractiveness, you've seen the person around a lot, AND close proximity

The concept of consensual validation explains why people tend to be attracted to others due to:

similarity

Self-serving bias is the tendency to

take credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures.

The field of social psychology emerged in the years after:

the U.S. Civil War

Which of the following best describes social exchange theory?

the equity in a relationship

What is the definition of social psychology?

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

The emergence of social psychology can be traced back to the years following the U.S. ___________ War in the late 1800s.

Civil

__________ is the reduction of personal identity when an individual is part of a group.

Deindividuation

To reduce dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort ___________

Justification

The bystander effect makes it _________ likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

Less

The central route of the elaboration likelihood model works by engaging someone thoughtfully with a:

Logical argument

________ is behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority.

Obedience

The elaboration likelihood model states that _________occurs through either a central route or a peripheral route.

Persuasion

_________ ________ is the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

Social Psychology

_________ is an area of social psychology that studies how individuals think within social situations.

Social cognition cognition=think

A _________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

Stereotype

Pam's new friend is a librarian so Pam assumes that she is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. Pam's thinking on this describes

Stereotyping

True or false: Twin studies suggest that a tendency to show unprovoked aggression may be influenced more by genes, whereas reactive aggression is more susceptible to environmental effects.

TRUE

__________ is the hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior.

Testosterone

What is the tendency for individuals to not help someone in need if other people are around?

bystander effect : People are less likely to help someone like the homeless if there are a lot of people around.

Social loafing occurs when an individual exerts less effort in a group because of the ________ accountability for individual effort.

decreased

The term _________ is used to describe what occurs when being part of a group erodes personal identity and diminishes personal responsibility.

deindividuation

Psychologists have used the concept of _________ _________ to explain an individual's strong feelings of loyalty toward a group after enduring difficult or unpleasant initiation rites.

effort justification

The genetic basis for aggression states that ___________are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression.

genes

Cognitive dissonance is the conflict that occurs when a person

holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts.

Social cognition is an area of social psychology that studies

how people think in social situations.

In social facilitation, the arousal produced by the presence of others tends to give people energy and can lead to a(n) __________ performance on well-learned tasks.

improved

The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures is:

self-serving bias

The central question in making an attribution for a person's motivation is whether the cause of behavior is due to ________ factors.

internal or external

Aggression, like other social behaviors, has __________ determinant(s).

multiple

Which of the following are the two main types of love?

romantic love AND affectionate love

The theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called:

self-perception

Research by Leonard Berkowitz showed that the mere presence of a weapon (such as a gun) may prime hostile thoughts and produce aggression. The tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression is known as the:

weapons effect.