很重要SAUNDERS Pediatric ( 2 )

Developmental skills

1. By 2 years of age, the child can hold a cup in one hand（考） and use a spoon well. By the age of 3 to 4 years, the child begins to use a fork. By the end of the preschool period, the child should begin to use a knife for cutting. Pouring liquids into a cup is a skill that requires fine motor development. 2. A 24-month-old would be able to use a doorknob to open a door（考）. At age 15 months, the child could build a tower of two blocks. At age 30 months, the child would be able to snap large snaps and put on simple clothes independently. 3. Babbling sounds 牙牙学语声are common between the ages of 3 and 4 months. Additionally, during this age, crying becomes more differentiated. Between the ages of 1 and 3 months, the infant will produce cooing sounds 喔啊声. An increased interest in sounds occurs between 6 and 8 months, and the use of gestures occurs between 9 and 12 months.

The recommended amount of daily calories for a male adolescent between the ages of 15 and 18 years is

2200（考）

Growth and development and Erikson

According to Erikson, toddlers are acquiring a sense of autonomy while overcoming a sense of shame and doubt. They are attempting to relinquish their dependence and assert independence, which will be present as negativism in their quest for independence. The word no is a very strong part of their vocabulary. eg. like say" that's mine", "NO"

1 lb = 16 oz

During a routine well-child checkup for a 2½-year-old, the nurse plans to teach the mother proper nutrition and weight gain expectations for her child. The nurse reviews the chart and finds that the toddler's birth weight was 7 pounds 15 ounces. The nurse expects that the child should weigh approximately how much at this time? --ANS: 31 pounds 12 ounces(考）

Car safety.

Rear-facing convertible seat：infant-only or until they weigh at least 20 pounds and are at least 1 year of age. Front-facing convertible seat：weight of 9 kg (20 pounds) and 1 year of age. Booster seat：4 feet 9 inches in height and are between 8 and 12 years of age（考）.

how to introduce solid foods into child's diet.

Solids should be introduced over a period of time between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Failure to introduce solids by 6 months of age might prevent the child from accepting solids later. The pattern in which solids are introduced is not important as long as meats are introduced after cereals, fruits, and vegetables. A single food should be consumed several times over a course of several days to determine if the child has an allergy. Home-prepared orange juice should not be given to the infant before 4 to 6 months of age because of the high nitrite level and high risk of allergic reaction.

toilet training.

The mother should wait until the child is 24 to 30 months old because this makes the task of toilet training considerably easier. Toddlers of this age are less negative and usually are more willing to control their sphincters to please their parents. Bowel control is usually achieved before bladder control. The child should not be forced to sit on the potty for long periods（考）. The ability to sit, squat, and walk well are physical signs of readiness（记）.

Blood pressure (BP) measurement in children.

The nurse prepares to take a blood pressure (BP) on a school-age child. Where should the nurse place the blood pressure cuff to obtain an accurate measurement? --ANS: Two thirds the distance between the antecubital fossa and the shoulder(考）

Normal growth patterns of a 3-year-old.

请记住：The child doubles the birth weight by age 5 to 6 months and triples the birth weight by 1 year of age. Weight quadruples by the end of the second year, and then slows to a steady annual rate of 4.4 to 6 pounds (2.09 to 2.73 kg) of weight gain per year until the adolescent growth spurt. The average weight for a 3-year-old is 32 pounds (14.6 kg). Growth in height remains steady at a yearly increase of 2½ to 3 inches (6.75 to 7.5 cm). The average height for a 3-year-old is 37¼ inches (95 cm).

Age-related activities and toys.

he toddler has increased use of motor skills and enjoys manipulating small objects such as toy people, cars, and animals. Push-pull toys （考）are appropriate for this age. Listening to music is most appropriate for an adolescent（记）. Playing peek-a-boo is most appropriate for an infant（记）. Hand sewing a picture is most appropriate for a school-age child（记）. The nursery mobile（移动悬挂玩具） is recommended for a 1-month-old child because it provides visual stimulation. If it is a musical nursery mobile, it also serves the purpose of providing auditory stimulation. The school-age child(eg. 6 yr) becomes organized, with more direction in play activities. School-age children's interests include collections, drawing, construction, dolls, pets, guessing games, board games(考）, riddles, hobbies, competitive games, and listening to the radio or television.