PSY Module 4
threat-simulation theory
suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage because of its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance.
Methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
Manifest Content
the actual content, or storyline, of a dream
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Sleep Regulation
the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
Homeostasis
the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.
collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?
they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day)
Stage 3 Sleep
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug
tolerance
Methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
Methemphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
Delta Wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
Theta Wave
type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep
Alpha Wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
Methadone Clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
K-Complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
Sleepwalking
(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
Wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
slow-wave sleep
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
________ is described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3
________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
Circadian
What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?
Healthcare and pharmaceutical costs continue to skyrocket. If alternative approaches to dealing with these problems could be developed that would be relatively inexpensive, then the potential benefits are many.
The body's biological clock is located in the ________.
Hypothalamus
What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?
Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trial would be very informative.
Hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
Serotonin
Slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.
beginning
manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
Sleep
a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus that is the brain's clock mechanism
Meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
Over-the-counter ________ poses a risk for abuse because of the way it mimics the body's natural pain-reducing ________.
codiene, opioids
Slow-wave sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ___________ sleep, _______________, and _______________ muscle tone.
deep, not dreaming, high
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.
dopamine
What does the activation-synthesis theory propose about dreaming?
dreams are our brain's interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brainstem
Stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Typically, REM cycles are concentrated toward the ________ of a night of sleep.
end
Euphoric High
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
Stage 1 Sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
latent content
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
A ________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness.
high dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.25-0.50%)
The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.
hypothalamus and thalamus
Sudden infant death syndrome
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
Biological Rhythms
internal rhythms of biological activity
Which of the following is true about REM sleep?
it occurs later in the night and accounts for about 20-55% of our total sleep time
Cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
latent
Do we need more or less sleep as we age?
less
________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.
light-dark exposure
A ________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
low dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.03% to 0.12%
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
melatonin
A ________ acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness.
moderate dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.09-0.30%
psychological dependence
motional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs ________ during the night.
multiple times
Opiate/Opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
Parinsomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
Codiene
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
Consciousness
our awareness of internal and external stimuli.
lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
REM
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
NREM
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
pituitary gland
continual-activation theory
proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory
________ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ______________ eye movements, _____________, and __________ muscle tone.
quick/fast, dreaming, low
Sleep Spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
Latent Content
refers to the hidden meaning of a dream
Stage 2 Sleep
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
sleep debt
Sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
Obstructive Sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
REM sleep behavior disorder
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
Night Terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
Restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
Central Sleep Apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
