PSY Module 4

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threat-simulation theory

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism that provides an evolutionary advantage because of its capacity to repeatedly simulate potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance.

Methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Manifest Content

the actual content, or storyline, of a dream

Circadian Rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Sleep Regulation

the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

Homeostasis

the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.

collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

What did Sigmund Freud believe about dreams?

they can be analyzed in order to understand unconscious needs and desires and that the primary function of dreams is wish fulfillment (the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day)

Stage 3 Sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

________ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug

tolerance

Methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

Methemphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

Delta Wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

Theta Wave

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

Alpha Wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

Methadone Clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

K-Complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

Sleepwalking

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

Wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

slow-wave sleep

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ is described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3

________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

Circadian

What advantages exist for researching the potential health benefits of hypnosis?

Healthcare and pharmaceutical costs continue to skyrocket. If alternative approaches to dealing with these problems could be developed that would be relatively inexpensive, then the potential benefits are many.

The body's biological clock is located in the ________.

Hypothalamus

What types of studies would be most convincing regarding the effectiveness of meditation in the treatment for some type of physical or mental disorder?

Ideally, double-blind experimental trials would be best suited to speak to the effectiveness of meditation. At the very least, some sort of randomized control trial would be very informative.

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

Serotonin

Slow-wave sleep typically occurs during the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

beginning

manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Sleep

a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus that is the brain's clock mechanism

Meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Over-the-counter ________ poses a risk for abuse because of the way it mimics the body's natural pain-reducing ________.

codiene, opioids

Slow-wave sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ___________ sleep, _______________, and _______________ muscle tone.

deep, not dreaming, high

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ________.

dopamine

What does the activation-synthesis theory propose about dreaming?

dreams are our brain's interpretation of the random firing of neurons in our brainstem

Stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Typically, REM cycles are concentrated toward the ________ of a night of sleep.

end

Euphoric High

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

Stage 1 Sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

A ________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness.

high dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.25-0.50%)

The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

hypothalamus and thalamus

Sudden infant death syndrome

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

Biological Rhythms

internal rhythms of biological activity

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

it occurs later in the night and accounts for about 20-55% of our total sleep time

Cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

latent

Do we need more or less sleep as we age?

less

________ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

light-dark exposure

A ________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

low dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.03% to 0.12%

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

melatonin

A ________ acts on the cerebellum to interfere with coordination and balance, producing the staggering gait of drunkenness.

moderate dose of alcohol (BAC= 0.09-0.30%

psychological dependence

motional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

REM sleep is part of the sleep cycle, and so it occurs ________ during the night.

multiple times

Opiate/Opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

Hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

Parinsomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

Codiene

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Consciousness

our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

REM

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

NREM

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

continual-activation theory

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; its assumption is that, during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory

________ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a sleep stage characterized by ______________ eye movements, _____________, and __________ muscle tone.

quick/fast, dreaming, low

Sleep Spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

Latent Content

refers to the hidden meaning of a dream

Stage 2 Sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

sleep debt

Sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

Obstructive Sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

Night Terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

Restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

Central Sleep Apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing


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