Psy-P304- Social Psychology and Individual Differences
Jones and Davis' Correspondent Inference Theory
- The challenge of attribution is to determine whether a person's behaviour corresponds to underlying, stable qualities in the person. - People use various cues to draw correspondent inferences
Construal
the way an individual makes sense of the world around him
Gestalt Psychology
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
hindsight bias
"I knew it all along"
Forms of nonverbal communication
- Eye Contact. - Facial Expressions. - Posture and Gestures. - vocal Cues - Distance from others - Appearance of People.
The Six Identified Emotions
1. Anger 2. Sadness 3. Happiness 4. Surprise 5. Fear 6. Disgust
Gilbert's Two Stage Model
1. Characterization 2. correction (taking account of enviro and situational aspects.)
Norman Anderson's information integration theory
A mathematical equation that weighs the importance of factors in impression formation. They are multiplied by they weight (value) and then all aspects are averaged.
motivated tactician
A model of social cognition that characterises people as having multiple cognitive strategies available, which they choose among on the basis of personal goals, motives and needs.
construal level theory
A theory that outlines the relationship between psychological distance and the concreteness versus abstraction of thought. Psychologically distant actions and events are thought about in abstract terms; actions and events that are close at hand are thought about in concrete terms.
decoding nonverbal messages
Ability to understand nonverbal cues
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
consistency dimension
Context of the event
Distinctiveness dimension
Has this person done this prior?
facial feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
Operationalization of variables
How variables are defined and measured
Asch's configural model of impression formation
Primacy effect shows that traits understood first hold a higher value. Central traits are those that could be classified as either cold or warm. Negative info receives greater weight.
biased assimilation
The tendency to interpret what evidence we do get in a way that supports our own beliefs and values.
Three worlds of science
Theory, research, and real world application
individualistic culture
a culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself
collectivistic culture
a culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement
self-selection
a form of sampling bias that occurs when a sample contains only people who volunteer to participate
naive scientist
a model of how people uncover the causes of behavior
top-down processing
a progression from the whole to the elements
cognitive misers
a term that conveys the human tendency to avoid expending effort and cognitive resources when thinking and to prefer seizing on quick and easy answers to questions
moral foundations theory
a theory proposing that there are five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
adjusts a previously existing value or starting point to make a decision. (think priming)
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Kelley's Covariation Model
consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
demand characteristics
cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
schadenfreude
delight in another person's misfortune
priming effect
exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus
evaluation apprehension
fear of what others will think of your ideas
encoding nonverbal messages
how do you manifest emotions?
counterfactual thinking
imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't
simulation heuristic
judging the likelihood of an outcome based on how easy it is to imagine a plausible series of events leading to that outcome.
availability heuristic
making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind
representitiveness heuristic
occurs when we estimate likelihood of event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds.
Assimilation vs contrast effects
positive vs negative effects of priming. Think of Bargh and Dijksterhuis's studies.
cognitive heuristics
rules of thumb or short-cuts that individuals use to save time when making complex decisions
Focalism
tendency to focus on only one aspect of an experience or event when trying to predict future emotions
immune neglect
tendency to underestimate our resilience during negative life events
just-world hypothesis
the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get
impression formation
the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person
experimenter bias
the influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
affective forecasting
the tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future
framing effect
the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how a choice is presented, or framed, such as whether it is worded in terms of potential losses or gains
self-serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
planning fallacy
the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
consensus dimension
would others have done the same thing?
