PSY RM QUIZ ANSWERS EXAM 2

Quota samples are similar to stratified random samples without the random selection from subsets of the population. T/F

True

A sampling error that occurs when the sample chosen to complete a survey does not provide a good representation of the population is called

coverage error

When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable this is called:

Counterbalancing

______________ can be used to counter order effects.

Counterbalancing

Over a four-week period a teacher watches elementary school children playing during recess. She counts the number of times students slide down a recently added playground slide. As the weeks progress she sees little change in sliding behavior over time. Correlation type?

No correlation

Which of the following represents an experiment?

Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance.

Which of the following represents the correlational research design? _________

Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task.

In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of ___________ in the experiment.

conditions

A strong, positive relationship between scores on a new survey and scores on a previously validated survey on the same topic indicates good

construct validity

When a question on a survey is actually two questions in one this is called a _______________ question.

double-barreled

In many studies related to ___________, for example, correlational studies are the only options because we cannot subject someone to factors that may make them unhealthy for ethical reasons.

health

A professor obtains a list of all registered students in his class and randomly selects 40 students from the list to participate in a course evaluation. Identify the sampling method used

simple random sample

Individuals are selected at random from a list of phone numbers to be called for a survey. Idenfity the sampling method used

simple random sample

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error?

simple random sample

When individuals provide survey responses that represent them in the most positive way, even if the responses are untrue, this is called

social desirability bias

This is a method of testing scores' internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that address similar topics:

split-half reliability

Individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study. Identify the sampling method used

volunteer sample

Which one is not a probability sample?

volunteer sample

Regardless of the type of observational technique used to measure behavior, the goal of any correlational study is to examine relationships between_______ or more measures of behavior.

two

The most common type of convenience sample used by psychologists is the____________ sample.

volunteer

A researcher studies student perceptions of global warming by selecting college participants from a participant volunteer pool at the local college and has each student complete a goal warming attitudes survey. Identify the sampling method used

volunteer sample

Which of the following describes a quota sample? people who respond to a mailed survey make up the sample all students who sign up for a study make up the sample 60% of the population is left-handed, so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed participants are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

60% of the population is left-handed, so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed

An experiment is defined by: the manipulation of a variable. control of confounding or extraneous variables. tests of causal relationships.

All

Which of the following is a possible explanation for the finding described in question 4? Introversion causes people to attend fewer social activities. Attending fewer social activities causes people to be introverted. Type of parenting received in childhood causes both introversion and attendance of social activities. All of the above.

All of the above.

All sampling error can be removed from a study if the appropriate sampling technique is used. T/F

False

Correlation equals causation. T/F

False

The presence of individual differences across groups is the greatest concern for within-subjects experiments. T/F

False

The primary concern of between-subjects variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable. T/F

False

Volunteer samples are uncommon in psychological research. T/F

False

Margaret notices that the temperature in her office drops several degrees from July to December. In a careful review of the budget she discovers that the company's utility expenses also drop from July to December. Correlation type?

This correlation would be negative. As a woman attends class more (upwards), she loses body fat (downwards).

Professor Johansen finds that for every diet beverage someone drinks during the day, the likelihood of heart attacks increases by 4 percent. Correlation type?

This is a positive correlation. As the number of drinks increases, so does the likelihood of a heart attack. These variables both go in an upward direction.

A disadvantage of cluster sampling is that a portion of the population may be missed in the sample, giving the researcher a sample that is not fully representative of the population. T/F

True

All experiments contain at least one independent variable. T/F

True

And advantage of within-subjects manipulations is that each participant serves as his or her own comparison. T/F

True

Correlational studies are designed to examine relationships between measured variables. T/F

True

Correlational studies are used to answer descriptive and predictive research questions. T/F

True

Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions. T/F

True

In convenience samples the probability of an individual being chosen from the population cannot be determined, because individuals are not chosen randomly. T/F

True

In experiments where individual differences are likely to be present and a small sample size is used, random assignment may not be sufficient to control for these differences. T/F

True

Most survey research involves a correlational study. T/F

True

Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher. T/F

True

The direction of the cause and effect relationship cannot be determined from a correlational study because none of the variables is manipulated in the study. T/F

True

The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. T/F

True

An independent variable is

a manipulated variable.

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents ___________

a negative relationship.

Which of the following is a source of bias in survey data? nonresponse error coverage error social desirability bias testing effects

all of the above

Which research method can surveys be used with to observe behavior? correlational experimental quasi-experimental case study

all of the above

Correlational studies are not well-suited for answering _________ research questions.

causal

A Likert scale is an example of a(n) __________________ response scale.

closed-ended

An administrator at a local elementary school identifies that 24 classes are taught throughout the day at her school. From this list, she selects 12 classes and then randomly selects 10 students from each of those 12 classes to measures preparedness.

cluster sample

Individuals are selected at random for a study from a list of members of Girl Scout troops to represent the population of girls aged 8-13. Identify the sampling method used

cluster sample

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from pre-existing groups in the population?

cluster sample

A correlational study showed that men who had one or servings of tomatoes a week were 60% less likely to get prostate cancer. This means that tomatoes causes the reduction in cancer rates. Is this a correct interpretation of the finding? ________

incorrect

Without the manipulation of a(n) ___________ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the ____________ variable.

independent; dependent

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of the ________________ of a survey.

internal consistency

__________________ of scores indicates how similar scores on the different items of a survey are to one another.

internal consistency

Whenever a strong relationship exists between two variables, prediction of one variable from the other variable ___________.

is possible

A sampling error that occurs when individuals chosen for the sample do not respond to the survey, biasing the sample is called

nonresponse error

At minimum, how many independent variables must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment?

one

In correlational research multiple measures are collected from _______ groups) of subjects to determine if those measures co-vary.

one

Collecting ______________ ended responses will require a coding scheme to be developed to categorize the different types of responses made.

open-ended

___________ effects occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study.

order

The development and validation of surveys is called

psychometrics

A researcher conducts a study on eating in a movie theater by asking patrons as they enter a movie theater if they are willing to participate in a study while they watch their movie. The researcher selects the first 50 women and the first 50 men who volunteer to participate in the study. Identify the sampling method used

quota sample

Volunteers are selected from students such that the proportion of students in each age range in the sample matches the proportion in the population. Identify the sampling method used

quota sample

Participants in between-subjects experiments should be _______________ to levels of the independent variable to control for group difference as an extraneous variable:

randomly assigned

When a variable that is not of interest in a study may explain the results of a study this is called __________

the third variable problem.

Students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample. Identify the sampling method used

stratified random sample

To determine why almost half of the residents at a local nursing home are not eating their full meals, a researcher obtains a list of all residents at the nursing home and separates the list into two subgroups: residents who eat their full meals and residents who do not. The researcher randomly selects 12 residents from each subgroup to be in her sample. Identify the sampling method used

stratified random sample

This indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more than once:

test-retest reliability

Participants receive all levels of a(n) _____________ variable, but only one level of a(n) _____________ variable.

within-subjects independent; between-subjects independent

Order effects are particularly problematic for __________ designs, but group differences are a problematic in _________ designs.

within-subjects; between-subjects