PSY Test 2

If each participant experiences every possible order of all of the different conditions, then what type of counterbalancing has been employed? 1. A complete within-subjects design 2. A complete between-subjects design 3. An incomplete between subjects design 4. An incomplete within-subjects design

1. A complete within-subjects design

If your variable of interest in a study is a subject variable you will have to run 1. A correlational study 2. A within groups study 3. A quasi-experiment 4. An experiment

1. A correlational study

If I were to measure babies to the nearest ton, what issue would I likely see in my data? 1. A floor effect 2. A ceiling effect 3. Demand characteristics 4. Experimenter bias

1. A floor effect

If the standard deviation of your sample does not closely represent that of the population, then the appropriate type of statistic to perform would be 1. A parametric test 2. A non-parametric test 3. A t-test 4. An ANOVA

1. A parametric test

A complete within-subjects counterbalancing design in which there are only two conditions would be known as 1. ABBA Counterbalancing 2. Random Order with Rotation 3. Balanced Latin Square 4. Block Randomization

1. ABBA Counterbalancing

The two complete within-subjects counterbalancing designs we have discussed are 1. ABBA Counterbalancing and Block Randomization 2. Block Randomization and Random Order with Rotation 3. Random Order with Rotation and Balanced Latin Square 4. ABBA Counterbalancing and Random Order with Rotation

1. ABBA Counterbalancing and Block Randomization

No amount of experimental control can fix which drawback of within subject designs? 1. Cannot test subject variables 2. Susceptible to fatigue effects 3. Susceptible to testing effects 4. Greater risk of demand characteristics

1. Cannot test subject variables

Which of the following could only be measured effectively with an interval scale? 1. How hot or cold a bucket of water is. 2. How long someone can hold their breath. 3. Whether someone is or is not wearing a swimming cap. 4. A ranking of a person's favorite swimming techniques.

1. How hot or cold a bucket of water is.

Statistics are used to do all of the following EXCEPT 1. Look at the behavior of an individual 2. Generalize information from a Sample to a Population 3. Summarize Data 4. Organize Data

1. Look at the behavior of an individual

Which of the following is NOT a necessary characteristic of Experimental Studies? 1. Looks at existing variables 2. An independent variable is manipulated. 3. Causation can be established 4. Equivalent groups

1. Looks at existing variables

Which measurement scale is most limited in how it can be analyzed with statistics? 1. Nominal 2. Interval 3. Ratio 4. Ordinal

1. Nominal

You will have a greater chance of finding a significant difference between two groups if you run a 1. Parametric test 2. Non-parametric test

1. Parametric test

Imagine a study is conducted testing the effects of adrenaline on coordination. Over the course of the study, participant's coordination is assessed multiple times. Each time they are assessed, participants get a little better at the task. What sort of carryover effect would this be? 1. Practice Effect 2. Fatigue Effect 3. History Effect 4. Maturation Effect

1. Practice Effect

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable way to randomly assign participants to groups in a study? 1. Put the first half of people that come to you in one group and the second half in another group. 2. Pull names out of a hat, such that the every other name goes in another group. 3. Use a random number table and match it up to your list of participants to determine who goes in each group. 4. Flip a coin to determine whether each individual will go into one group or the other.

1. Put the first half of people that come to you in one group and the second half in another group.

Which measurement scale can have the most mathematical/statistical operations applied to it? 1. Ratio 2. Nominal 3. Interval 4. Ordinal

1. Ratio

Confounds related to the expectations and assumptions of those conducting the research are known as _________, while confounds related to the expectations and assumptions of research participants are known as _________. 1. experimenter bias; demand characteristics 2. ceiling effects; floor effects 3. demand characteristics; experimenter bias 4. floor effects; ceiling effects

1. experimenter bias; demand characteristics

When conducting research, you gather a _______ so you can make inferences about the ________ from which it was drawn. 1. sample; population 2. subset; community 3. population; sample 4. community; subset

1. sample; population

If I were to test the effects of positive reinforcement on test taking ability, but the test I gave was on simple addition, and was given to college students, what issue would I likely see in my data? 1. Experimenter Bias 2. A ceiling effect 3. Demand characteristics 4. A floor effect

2. A ceiling effect

If each participant in a study experiences every level of the independent variable, then they are taking part in 1. A between subjects design 2. A within subjects design 3. A correlational design 4. A single subject design

2. A within subjects design

Within group differences are also known as 1. The effect of the independent variable 2. Error Variance 3. The effect of the dependent variable 4. True Variance

2. Error Variance

If the results of a study are not an accurate reflection of reality because the researcher interpreted them according to their own expectations, this would be an example of the confound of 1. Ceiling Effects 2. Experimenter Bias 3. Floor Effects 4. Demand Characteristics

2. Experimenter Bias

Why can't you test subject variables with a within subject design? 1. The error variance is too high. 2. It is impossible for a researcher to manipulate a subject variable. 3. People with different characteristics aren't willing to participate. 4. It is difficult to find people with the right characteristics.

2. It is impossible for a researcher to manipulate a subject variable.

Which measure of central tendency is the score above and below which you find half of the data? 1. Standard Deviation 2. Median 3. Mode 4. Mean

2. Median

Which measurement scale does not take order into account? 1. Ordinal 2. Nominal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

2. Nominal

If we were to rank class members on the basis of their letter grade, which measurement scale would we be using? 1. Interval 2. Ordinal 3. Nominal 4. Ratio

2. Ordinal

In a between groups design 1. Different groups are put into different experiments. 2. Participants from different groups experience different levels of the independent variable. 3. The same participants experience all levels of the independent variable. 4. Participants are compared to themselves at different points.

2. Participants from different groups experience different levels of the independent variable.

Which of the following would be an acceptable way of ensuring you have equivalent groups of participants? 1. Select each person one by one based on which group you feel they should be in. 2. Pull names out of a hat to determine who is in each group. 3. Take the first people that come to you and put them in group one and put the late comers in group two. 4. Put all the men in group one and all the women in group two.

2. Pull names out of a hat to determine who is in each group.

What type of study would the following be considered? A researcher manipulates an independent variable such that two non-equivalent groups experience different levels. Then the researcher measures both groups on the dependent variable. 1. Single Subject Design 2. Quasi-experiment 3. Experiment 4. Correlational stud

2. Quasi-experiment

If a participant is assessed on the dependent variable multiple times over the course of a 30 minute study, they would be participating in a 1. Pretest-posttest design 2. Repeated measures design 3. Longitudinal design 4. A cross-sectional design

2. Repeated measures design

If you design a study so that the participants are unaware of which condition they are in while the study is going on, you are said to be using a 1. Double Blind Procedure 2. Single Blind Procedure 3. Double Blocked Design 4. Single Blocked Design

2. Single Blind Procedure

If you want to calculate a correlation, but one or both of your variables are ordinal, you will need to use a 1. Multiple regression 2. Spearman's rho 3. Pearson's product-moment correlation 4. Multiple correlation

2. Spearman's rho

What is a major drawback of within subject designs? 1. They tend to have higher error variance. 2. They are especially susceptible to demand characteristics. 3. They are more expensive to conduct. 4. They require more participants.

2. They are especially susceptible to demand characteristics.

Which of the following could only be measured effectively with a nominal scale? 1. Rankings of a person's favorite TV shows. 2. Where a person was born 3. How old a person is 4. A person's preference level for a soda.

2. Where a person was born

If you want to know how well a group of variables predicts one other variable, you need to calculate 1. A Spearman's rho 2. A multiple regression 3. A multiple correlation 4. A Pearson's product-moment correlation

3. A multiple correlation

If a participant is tested twice, once before and once after an independent variable manipulation, what sort of study design is this? 1. A repeated measures design 2. A longitudinal design 3. A pretest-posttest design 4. A cross-sectional design

3. A pretest-posttest design

Imagine a study is conducted testing the effects of adrenaline on coordination. Say a hornet were to fly around the participant during one of the coordination assessments and throw off their concentration. What sort of confound would this be? 1. Fatigue Effect 2. Testing Effect 3. History Effect 4. Practice Effect

3. History Effect

If we were to classify dogs by their breed, which measurement scale would we be using? 1. Ordinal 2. Ratio 3. Nominal 4. Interval

3. Nominal

Counterbalancing may not fix which kind of confound? 1. Practice effects 2. Linear effects 3. Non-linear effects 4. Fatigue effects

3. Non-linear effects

Which of the following would be an example of a placebo condition 1. One group is given coffee and another group is given water. 2. One group drinks two cups of coffee and another group drinks one cup of coffee before performing a task. 3. One group is given a capsule with an actual drug in it, while another group is given a capsule that just contains water made to taste like the drug. 4. One group is given a capsule with an actual drug in it, while another group is given nothing.

3. One group is given a capsule with an actual drug in it, while another group is given a capsule that just contains water made to taste like the drug.

The measure of dispersion that is simply the total distance between the highest and lowest score in a dataset is known as 1. Mean 2. Standard Deviation 3. Range 4. Variance

3. Range

If I select participants for my study based on extreme scores on a pretest, I am at a high risk for which particular confound? 1. Demand Characteristics 2. Experimenter Bias 3. Regression towards the mean 4.History Effects

3. Regression towards the mean

Why is counterbalancing particularly important in within subject designs? 1. Participants dislike all being treated the same way. 2. It keeps participants guessing. 3. Since participants are tested multiple times, they may change over time. 4. Participants are only tested once.

3. Since participants are tested multiple times, they may change over time.

Imagine a study looking at the effects of good diet on intelligence. Children's intelligence is quantified with an IQ assessment. The children take the assessment multiple times and do better on it each time because they have seen it before. What sort of confound would this be? 1. History Effect 2. Maturation Effect 3. Testing Effect 4. Fatigue Effect

3. Testing Effect

In a study of the effects of alcohol on driving ability, one group is given real beer and another group is given non-alcoholic beer. The group that received the non-alcoholic beer would be known as 1. The experimental group 2. The placebo group 3. The control group 4. The administered group

3. The control group

In a study looking at the effects of positive reinforcement on test performance, one group is given encouragement, and another group is treated normally. The group that received encouragement would be known as 1. The administered group 2. The placebo group 3. The experimental group 4. The control group

3. The experimental group

The ________ of a correlation coefficient is represented by how far it is from 0, while the _______ is represented by its sign (positive or negative). 1. strength; strength 2. direction; direction 3. strength; direction 4. direction; strength

3. strength; direction

Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient? 1. -.6 2. .8 3. .4 4. -.97

4. -.97

A study in which different groups of participants experience different levels of the independent variable is known as 1. A single subject design 2. A within groups design 3. A differential design 4. A between groups design

4. A between groups design

Matching should be used when assigning participants to groups in all of the following situations EXCEPT 1. You are able to pretest participants on the dependent measure. 2. You don't have a very large group of participants. 3. Some characteristic that varies from participant to participant might affect the dependent variable. 4. All participants are more or less the same.

4. All participants are more or less the same.

If each participant experiences a different order of all of the different conditions, then what type of counterbalancing has been employed? 1. A complete within-subjects design 2. An incomplete between subjects design 3. A complete between-subjects design 4. An incomplete within subjects design

4. An incomplete within subjects design

When comparing two groups, in order to find a significant difference you want 1. Between and within group differences to both be low 2. Within group differences to be high and between group differences to be low 3. Between and within group differences to both be high 4. Between group differences to be high and within group differences to be low

4. Between group differences to be high and within group differences to be low

If you design a study so that neither the participants nor the researcher knows who is in each condition until after the study, you are said to be using a 1. Single Blind Procedure 2. Double Blocked Design 3. Single Blocked Design 4. Double Blind Procedure

4. Double Blind Procedure

If you are observing the social behaviors of children for a study and you get better at spotting social behaviors as the study goes on, so your data from the beginning and end of the study aren't collected with the same standards, what sort of confound has occurred? 1. Experimenter Bias 2. Ceiling Effect 3. Subject Attrition 4. Instrumentation Effect

4. Instrumentation Effect

Regression towards the mean is generally a problem because 1. It usually leads to the underestimation of an independent variable's effect. 2. It causes participants to drop out of the study at a higher rate. 3. It can make it appear as if there are no changes due to the independent variable when there actually are. 4. It can make it appear as if there are changes due to the independent variable when there are not.

4. It can make it appear as if there are changes due to the independent variable when there are not.

Which of the following is NOT a common limitation of using matching to assign participants to groups? 1. It may be difficult to pretest participants on a relevant characteristic. 2. It can only control for the matched characteristic. 3. Sometimes there won't be good matches for certain participants. 4. It often leads to two very different groups.

4. It often leads to two very different groups.

Imagine a study looking at the effect of sugar on children's social skills. If the kids social skills declined as they got more tired, completely independent of their sugar consumption, what sort of confound would this be? 1. History Effect 2. Practice Effect 3. Testing Effect 4. Maturation Effect

4. Maturation Effect

Which measure of central tendency is the most commonly occurring score/scores? 1. Median 2. Standard Deviation 3. Mean 4. Mode

4. Mode

An incomplete within-subjects counterbalancing design in which conditions are put in a random order and then that order is shifted by one for each participant is known as 1. Block Randomization 2. Balanced Latin Square 3. ABBA Counterbalancing 4. Random Order with Rotation

4. Random Order with Rotation

Which of these is the measure of dispersion that expresses the average distance of all scores from the mean of a dataset? 1. Mode 2. Range 3. Mean 4. Standard Deviation

4. Standard Deviation

If, during your study, half of the participants leave one of your groups, and this skews the data, what sort of confound has occurred? 1. Demand Characteristics 2. Instrumentation Effect 3. Floor Effect 4. Subject Attrition

4. Subject Attrition

Which of the following would be best measured with a ratio scale? 1. The different races represented in an area 2. How much people like living in a certain area on a scale from 1 to 10. 3. The social classes found in different areas 4. The average income of households in different areas

4. The average income of households in different areas

What is a major benefit of within subject designs? 1. Participants have fewer opportunities to develop demand characteristics. 2. They can test subject variables. 3. There are fewer carryover effects. 4. There tends to be lower error variance.

4. There tends to be lower error variance.

Which of the following is a purpose of using a placebo? 1. To save time 2. To save money 3. To control confounds related to time of day 4. To counteract demand characteristics

4. To counteract demand characteristics

Which of the following would be an example of a subject variable? 1. Whether someone is given real or non-alcoholic beer 2. Whether or not someone is told they look attractive 3. Whether or not someone is given caffeine 4. Whether someone is male or female

4. Whether someone is male or female

In a within subjects design.. 1. All participants experience one level of the independent variable. 2. Each participant is in a separate experiment. 3. Each level of the independent variable is experienced by a different group of participants. 4. Each participant experiences each level of the independent variable

4.Each participant experiences each level of the independent variable