PSY100 - chapter 4

is the number of full sound wavelength cycles that pass through a point in a given time.

Frequency

True or false: Perceptual set is a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way.

True

top-down processing

Using your past experiences to inform your Interpretation of the sensation

bottom-up processing.

You went to the Army-Navy football game to meet your friend Kurt, who attends the Naval Academy. Finding Kurt turns out to be somewhat of a problem because half of the people at the game are approximately six feet tall, with similar hair cuts, wearing naval academy uniforms (including hats, which are called covers at the Naval Academy). The difficulty you have in finding Kurt occurs because you cannot use top-down processing. bottom-up processing. ear-to-ear processing. head-to-toe processing

Which of the following is NOT an example of perceptual constancy? A car you are watching is not getting bigger; it is just getting closer to you. A grandfather clock is not changing shape, in spite of the fact that it looks different as you move around it. Your blue sweater is the same shade of blue whether you are outside or in a dimly-lit room. Your eye is drawn to the way a tablespoon of olive oil moves and changes shape on the surface of a bowl of water.

Your eye is drawn to the way a tablespoon of olive oil moves and changes shape on the surface of a bowl of water.

Cones

are receptors in the retina that process information about color.

Thermoreceptors

are sensory receptors located under the skin that respond to changes in temperature at or near the skin and provide input to keep the body's temperature at 98,6 degrees Fahrenheit.

The nerve that carries neural Impulses to the area of the brain that processes sound is called the_______ auditory nerve . basil membrane. cochlea. inner ear.

auditory nerve

Loudness

is the perception of the sound wave's amplitude

3 bones of the middle ear

malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)

proximity

objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together

Similarity

objects that look alike are perceived as belonging together

The difference threshold is the _______ Largest difference in stimulation that can be detected as a change smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected smallest change in stimulation needed in order to discriminate one stimulus from another maximum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected by the sense organs

smallest change in stimulation needed in order to discriminate one stimulus from another

What structure in the ear helps with balance?

semicircular canals

Which of the following receptors form the cutaneous senses?

Touch Temperatura Pain

Order the structures of the eye from beginning to end when tracing the path of light waves entering the eye.

1 Pupil 2 Cornea 3 Lens 4 Retina 5 Rods and cones 6 Optic nerve

Order the process of sensation to perception within your nervous system and brain

1 Sensory receptors take in energy from the environment . 2 Receptors create an action potential in the sensory neurons . 3 An action potential travels through the central nervous system . 4 The brain receives and interprets the message .

Rods

1) best used for peripheral vision 2) responds to dim light 3) black and white vision

Cones

1) color vision 2) responds to well-lit enviroments

which of the following statements regarding the opponent-process theory are correct

1) it states that a given cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue 2) it explains afterimages 3) it states that a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green

Wavelengths of visible light range from about 400 to _______ nanometers

700

both top-down and bottom-up processes to recognize people.

A person who has lost their sense of vision can still recognize people by their voices. Such a person uses top-down processes to recognize people. bottom-up processes to recognize people. neither top-down nor bottom-up processes to recognize people. both top-down and bottom-up processes to recognize people.

Iris

Colored part of the eye

__________is the perception that a stationary object is moving.

Apparent movement

__________ is the process of focusing awareness on a narrowed aspect of the environment

Attention

______is a binocular cue to depth and distance.

Convergence

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation? Feeling your foot become more tender the more times you step down with a pebble in your shoe Becoming used to the sound of a bubbling aquarium after spending an hour in the room with it Being able to smell a tiny amount of smoke coming from the fireplace Getting a headache when the neighbors won't turn down their loud music

Becoming used to the sound of a bubbling aquarium after spending an hour in the room with it

Which of the following statements regarding the lens is accurate?

Bends light falling on the surface of the eye. Lens is flatter when focusing on faraway objects. Works with the cornea to focus images

Which of the following statements regarding the blind spot of the eye are true?

Blind spot has no cones. This area is where the optic nerve leaves the eye. Blind spot has no rods.

________processing involves sensory receptors registering environmental information and sending it to the brain for analysis and interpretation Auditory Top-down Bottom-up Fovea

Bottom-up

binocular cues

Convergence Disparity

Which of the following are the purposes of the pinna and external auditory canal? Converting vibrations into electrochemical signals Channeling sound towards the interior Reflecting sound Collecting sound

Channeling sound towards the interior Collecting sound

is a snail-like structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid.

Cochlea

Mechanoreceptors

Detection of pressure and movement

Chemoreceptors

Detection of smell and taste

The degree of difference that must exist between two stimuli before the difference is detected is the___________

Diference threshold

top-down processing.

During the game, the quotes helped by enabling you to use top-down processing. bottom-up processing. over-the-top processing. in-through-the-out-door processing.

middle ear

Eardrum hammer, anvil, stirrup

True or false: Frequency theory states that a cluster of nerve cells can fire neural Impulses In rapid succession.

False

Perception

Gives meaning to experiences Organizing and interpreting information

Binding

Is the bringing together and Integration of what is processed through different pathways or cells

Light

It is described in terms of wavelength . It travels in waves . It is a form of electromagnetic energy .

The theory of hearing that states that each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane is known as _______ volley principle. place theory. locational theory . frequency theory .

Place theory

less likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ top-down processing.

Just for fun, you play Marc's message for your mother, who does not know Marc or the restaurants that you frequent. She would be less likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ top-down processing. more likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ top- down processing. less likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ bottom-up processing. more likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ bottom-up processing.

Information about movement, posture, and orientation is provided via the

Kinesthetic senses

Sensation

Light waves , sound waves , heat Receptors that detect energy from the external environment

Pressure against the skin is called

Mechanical energy

The sensation that warns us that damage is occurring to our body is known as _____ pain. thermoreception. mechanical energy papillae.

Pain

What is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory Information so that it has meaning? Top-down processing Perception Sensation Bottom-up processing

Perception

The perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound is called _____ amplitude . auditor pitch . timbre

Pitch

How can an animal distinguish among, sight, sound, odor, taste, and touch considering that all communicate with the nervous system through action potentials?

Receptors are specialized to absorb a particular type of energy and transform it into an action potential. Sensory receptors are selective and have different neural pathways.

The multilayered, light-sensitive surfaces in the eyes that record electromagnetic energy and convert it to neural Impulses for processing in the brain are called the

Retinas

The receptors in the retins that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision are known as Feature detectors Rods Cones Cylinders

Rods

Which of the following are included in the four basic qualities of taste?

Salty Bitter Sour

The white, outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury is known as the

Sclera

Monocular cues

Shading Familiar size Linear perspective Height in the field

___________theory focuses on decision making about stimuli under the condition of uncertainty .

Signal detection

My sister claims that she can taste colors. This is an example of ________ dyskinesia Synesthesia paresthesia anesthesia

Synesthesia

bottom-up processing

Taking in new information and using the experience to Interpret the sensations

Papillae, the rounded bumps above the tongue's surface contain the receptors for taste. These are commonly referred to as

Taste buds

Perception

The Interpretation of sensory Information giving the experience meaning

ganglion cells

The optic nerve is comprised of the axons of the

Sensation

The process of receiving stimulus energles from the external environment and transforming those energies Into neural energy is known as _______ Top-down processing bottom-up processing perception sensation

Which of the following are considered to be some of the purposes of smell?

To detect potential dangers such as fire. To distinguish rotten food from fresh food.

The operation in sensation and perception that allows the organism to sense what is happening and to apply that framework to information from the world is known as________ Top-down processing sensory receptors the absolute threshold bottom-up processing

Top-down processing

Sensory adaptation is________ a predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way an approach to perception that focuses on decision making about stimull under conditions of uncertainty a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation the act of focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others

a change in the responsiveness of the sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation

__________ cues are based on the combination of the images from the left and the right eyes that help determine the depth of objects.

binocular

inner ear

cochlea Oval window Basilar membrane

Photoreceptors

detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

The principle by which individuals organize the perceptual field into stimull that stand out and those that are left over is called the ________ gestalt relationship . visual relationship figure- ground relationship . depth- constancy relationship

figure- ground relationship .

Top down processing

our best friend, Marc, leaves you a voice mail, asking if he can change the restaurant where you had agreed to meet him for dinner. Just as he mentions the new place where he wants to eat, his voice is obscured by a loud conversation going on in the background. It sounded like Marc said Antonio's, a restaurant that you eat at frequently with Marc. So, you go to Antonio's and, sure enough, Marc is there waiting for you. This situation illustrates top-down processing. bottom-up processing. side-to-side processing. over-the-hill processing

The simultaneous distribution of Information across different neural pathways is called

parallel processing

Closure

partially blocked or incomplete objects are interpreted as complete figures

Individuals who feel pain from a missing limb are experiencing_______ Iimb pain.

phantom

The ________ is the outer, funnel-shaped, visible part of the ear.

pinna

outer ear

pinna auditory canal

vestibular sense

provides information about balance and movement.

The ____ is the opening in the center of the iris. Sclera Cornea Pupil Lens

pupil

The olfactory epithelium is a sheet of____for smell that lines the roof of the nasal cavity. receptor cells small hairs taste buds deflector cells

receptor cells

The absolute threshold is the_________ maximum Intensity of a stimulus that can be detected by the sense organs smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time largest difference in stimulation that can be detected as a change smallest change in stimulation needed in order to discriminate one stimulus from another

smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time

The detection of information below the level of conscious awareness is known a _________ Weber's law the absolute threshold subliminal perception signal detection theory

subliminal perception

Depth perception is _______ the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. the ability to detect corners and edges. the ability to perceive shapes accurately. the ability to judge the height of an object.

the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally.

trichromatic theory

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Eardrum

vibrates in response to sound waves