PSY150-001 General Psychology Chapters 4 & 6 Test 2

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? a. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. b. playing poker c. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day d. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores

a. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. fixed interval

a. variable ratio

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep. a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. 4

c. 1

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." a. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." b. The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological." c. The word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." d. The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits."

a. The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. b. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. c. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. d. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

a. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart b. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. c. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification d. playing the slot machine

a. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. a. reflexes b. associations c. learning d. instincts

a. reflexes

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift? a. Take a break every hour to exercise for five minutes. b. Expose yourself to bright light while working. c. Take regular naps throughout the day. d. Surround yourself with darkness while working.

b. Expose yourself to bright light while working.

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. a. K-complex b. theta wave c. REM d. lucid

d. lucid

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. punishment c. punishment reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

d. negative reinforcement

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. b. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. c. Fear is a conditioned response. d. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

a. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? a. It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. b. It will probably lead to substance abuse. c. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. d. It can result in sleeping problems.

b. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. stimulus b. model c. cognition d. response

b. model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. positive punishment

b. negative reinforcement

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? a. continuous b. partial c. primary d. secondary

b. partial

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. learning b. shaping c. acquisition d. reinforcement

b. shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. a. conditioned response b. stimulus discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. unconditioned response

b. stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment? a. sitting very still in the classroom b. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light c. becoming bored at a wedding d. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice

b. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl b. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior c. when a dog refuses to play dead d. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener

b. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? a. operant b. classical c. observational d. conditioning

c. observational

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. variable ratio

c. variable interval

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep. a. night terrors b. NREM c. non-REM d. REM

d. REM

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? a. John Hobson b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Jung d. Rosalind Cartwright

d. Rosalind Cartwright

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. a. a return to normal performance levels b. psychological distress c. psychological stress d. changes in normal bodily function

d. changes in normal bodily function

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? a. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food b. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings c. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell d. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

d. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. a. antipsychotic b. stimulant c. hallucinogen d. depressant

d. depressant

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness? a. Freudian b. cognitive behavioral c. dependent d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

The sleep debt is the result of ________. a. high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior b. the circadian rhythm c. travel from one time zone to another d. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

d. insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. a. primary b. conditioned c. partial d. latent

d. latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. instincts b. reflexes c. conditioning d. learning

d. learning

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________. a. cheaper, so people can afford more of it b. frequently smoked in combination with pharmaceuticals c. easier to get, so people can take more at once d. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

d. smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. a. imitation b. modeling c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization

d. stimulus generalization

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. a. taste response b. unconditioned response c. unconditioned aversion d. taste aversion

d. taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? a. your brother refusing to play with you b. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters c. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class d. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

d. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

According to Albert Bandura, ________. a. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. b. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. c. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. d. Fear is a conditioned response.

c. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? a. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets b. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June c. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year d. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work

a. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Who described the collective unconscious? a. Carl Jung b. Sigmund Freud c. John Hobson d. Rosalind Cartwright

a. Carl Jung

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. b. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. c. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. d. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.

a. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. a. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character b. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character c. after dreaming they were on television d. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents

a. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior? a. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling b. believing that nudity is wrong c. teacher demonstrating algebra to students d. toddler who is toilet training

a. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. a. darkness; light b. twilight; gloom c. light; darkness d. pulsing light; steady light

a. darkness; light

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? a. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting b. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream c. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating d. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand

a. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system? a. homeostasis b. insomnia c. melatonin d. rhythm

a. homeostasis

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? a. punishment b. acquisition c. extinction d. recovery

a. punishment

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? a. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. b. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification c. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets d. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money

b. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. a. external b. circadian c. melatonin d. rhythm

b. circadian

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. a. fixed interval map b. cognitive map c. latent map d. fixed ratio map

b. cognitive map

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. a. unconditioned response b. conditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus

b. conditioned response

Sleep apnea is defined by ________. a. a sense of panic in the sufferer often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape b. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops c. uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep d. unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

b. episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. b. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. d. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.

c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? a. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. b. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. c. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD. d. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.

c. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. a. instinctive b. reflexive c. associational d. processual

c. associational

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. primary b. secondary c. continuous d. partial

c. continuous

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? a. boys display more fear than girls b. fear cannot be a conditioned response c. emotion can be a conditioned response d. boys display fear differently from girls

c. emotion can be a conditioned response

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. a. learning b. acquisition c. extinction d. conditioning

c. extinction

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. variable ratio b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. fixed interval

c. fixed ratio

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. a. conditioning b. cognitive mapping c. latent learning d. reinforcement

c. latent learning

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. a. Freudian b. latent c. manifest d. Jungian

c. manifest

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." a. The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence." b. Remove the phrase "do not." c. The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." d. The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ."

b. Remove the phrase "do not."