PSY2012 Exam 2

Retinal disparity

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

Context

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates a(n) _____ effect.

A

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates: A. a context effect. B. the Ponzo illusion. C. visual capture. D. interposition.

Sensation

A process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy

Perception

A process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Iris

A ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Bigger

A study referred to in your text showed that a softball will appear _____ when you are hitting well.

Biological influence

Activity in spinal cords large and small fibers, genetic difference in endorphin production, the brain's interpretation of CNS activity.

Top-down processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes; as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Monocular

Light and shadow is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Interposition

Objects that occlude other objects tend to be perceived as closer

Motion perception

Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.

Linear perspective

Parallel lines converge with distance

Wavelength

Radio waves, X-rays, infrared rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet waves are all forms of electromagnetic energy that differ in terms of their _____.

Depth

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for_____ perception known as linear perspective.

A

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to: A. lightness constancy. B. change blindness. C. the phi phenomenon. D. the Moon illusion

Monocular

Relative motion is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Monocular

Relative size is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Audition

The sense of hearing

Kinesthesis

The sense of our body parts position and movement is?

Tactile

The sense of touch

Pressure, warmth, cold, pain

The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses; what are they?

Acuity

The sharpness of vision

Relative motion

Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.

Similarity

Group figures that are similar

Proximity

Group nearby figures together

Monocular

Relative height is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

110

What is the decibel of a jet plane at 500 feet?

60

What is the decibel of a normal conversation?

140

What is the decibel of a rock band?

100

What is the decibel of a subway train at 20 feet?

40

What is the decibel of a typical room?

120

What is the decibel of loud thunder?

0

What is the decibel of the threshold of hearing?

20

What is the decibel of whispers?

Perceptual organization

What is the muller lyer illusion an example of?

Biological

What kind of influence is genetic tendencies, and dopamine reward circuit?

Psychological

What kind of influence is lacking sense of purpose, significant stress, and depression?

Social-cultural

What kind of influence is urban environment, belonging to a drug-using cultural group, and peers influences?

Closed

"gate" is _____ by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Opened

"gate" is ______ by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers

Perceptual adaptation

(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field

Pitch

A tones highness or lowness, depends on frequency

Depth perception

Ability to see objects in three dimensions

8%

According to Webers law what is light intensity?

0.3%

According to Webers law what is tone frequency?

2%

According to Webers law what is weight?

C

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of: A. proximity. B. continuity. C. similarity. D. connectedness.

A

According to the _________________, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue. A. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory B. opponent-process theory C. signal detection theory D. color constancy theory

C

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Red-green color blindness is caused by the absence of the red-green opponent pair. B. Cones are sensitive to all colors in the visible spectrum. C. Blue and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited. D. Red and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited.

Pupil

Adjustable opening in the center of the eye

Touch

Adults who were blind from birth but who gained sight after surgery were NOT able to recognize objects by sight that were familiar by _____.

Circle, triangle

After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing between a ____ and a ____.

B

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of: A. visual capture. B. perceptual set. C. the phi phenomenon. D. interposition.

Adaptation

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates perceptual _____.

Pupil

Allows light into the eye

Depth perception

Allows us to judge distance

Gestalt

An organized whole. Tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Bottom-up processing

Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Convergence

Another word for cross-eyed

Signal detection theory

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold

Unaffected

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.

Psychological influence

Attention to pain, learning based on experience, expectation of pain relief

Perceptual set

Based upon experiences

Relative clarity

Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those object appear sharp and clear.

Localize the sound

Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to _____ ___ _______.

Perceptual

Both _____ set and context indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception

A

Both _______________ and _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception. A. perceptual set; context B. convergence; perceptual constancy C. the phi phenomenon; size-distance relationships D. monocular cues; sensations

Sensation

Bottom-up processing is related to _______.

Processing sensations; interpreting sensations

Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to _____

Fovea

Center of retina

Acommodation

Change in shape of lens, focus near objects

Interposition

Close object blocks distant object

Relative brightness

Closer objects appear brighter

Trichromatic theory

Color blindness supports what?

Color constancy

Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations

Extrasensory perception

Controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

Binocular

Convergence is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Transduction

Conversion from one form of energy to another

Binocular cues

Cues to distance that we can only receive from two eyes

Monocular eyes

Cues to distance that we can receive with just one eye

Cones

Daylight or well-lit conditions

The signal detection theory

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing, and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is best explained by:

Binocular

Depth perception is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Ames room

Designed to demonstrate the size-distance. Shaped as a trapezoid.

Experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue

Detection in the signal detection theory depends partly on the person's?

Sensory adaptation

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

D

Dr. Kahn studies the relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (e.g., intensity) and the psychological experience of them. This field is known as: A. psychokinetics. B. information processing. C. sensory adaptation. D. psychophysics.

Extrasensory perception

ESP stands for?

A

Even though it is completely dark outside and you are inside your house, you know that the color of your car as well as the size of it hasn't changed. This is an example of: A. perceptual constancy. B. the linear perspective. C. binocular cues. D. the phi phenomenon.

B

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____________. A. absolute threshold; difference threshold B. sensation; perception C. kinesthesia; accommodation D. gate-control theory; Weber's law

Iris

Eye color

Farsightedness

Faraway objects seen more clearly, lens focuses near objects behind retina.

Closure

Fills in gaps

C

Gary was born with cataracts in both eyes. At 6 months, the cataracts were surgically removed. What will happen to his vision? A. His vision will be partially affected. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.

Color blindnes

Genetic disorder which people are blind to green or red colors.

D

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in perception: A. the whole may reduce the sum of its parts. B. the whole may delete the sum of its parts. C. the whole may minimize the sum of its parts. D. the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

D

If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. Weber's law. C. accommodation. D. sensory adaptation.

Retinal disparity

Images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, that larger the disparity.

A

In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and has blindness in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as: A. blindsight. B. blind processing. C. nearsightedness. D. feature detection

Transduction

In sensation, transformation of stimulus energies into neural impulses

B

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to ______________ as wave intensity is to ______________. A. transduction; brightness B. hue; brightness C. accommodation; retina D. ultraviolet rays; gamma rays

A

In terms of vision, _____________ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. A. perceptual adaptation B. perceptual set C. lightness constancy D. critical deprivation

A

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. This process is called: A. top-down processing. B. bottom-up processing. C. psychophysics. D. signal detection.

Retina

Inner surface of eye, light sensitive, contains rods and cones, layers of neurons, beginning of visual information processing

Monocular

Interposition is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Top-down processing

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

C-fibers

Is the response for pain.

Temporal

Jasmine was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She most likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.

A

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that: A. vision is partly an acquired sense. B. there is NO critical period for normal visual development. C. vision can be restored completely, even if a person was blind from an early age. D. normal development of vision does not involve experience or learning.

A

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to visual their functioning. This finding suggests that: A. there IS a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development. B. neural organization is not related to sensory experiences. C. sensory deprivation in adulthood results in damage to visual functioning. D. there is NOT a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

Monocular

Linear perspective is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Gate-control theory

Melzak and Wall proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological "gates" that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.

Telepathy

Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them.

Difference threshold

Minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time

Absolute threshold

Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus; usually defined as the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.

He could not recognize things by sight that were familiar to touch

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery:

A

Multiple ____________ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single ____________ may link directly to a single bipolar cell. A. rods; cone B. hair cells; basilar membrane C. cones; rod D. basilar membranes; hair cel

Cones

Near center of retina

Light and shadow

Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.

Nearsightedness

Nearby objects seen more clearly, lens focuses image distant objects in front of retina

Optic nerve

Nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Convergence

Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (toward the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from nose) to see faraway objects.

Feature detectors

Neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features

Perceptual set

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of:

A

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This best illustrates the impact of: A. perceptual set. B. the phi phenomenon. C. visual capture. D. interposition.

Figure and ground

Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Sensory, perceptual

Our _________ and _________ processes work together to help us sort out complex processes.

A

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: A. grouping. B. convergence. C. interposition. D. stroboscopic movement.

Interpostition

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was most clearly influenced by a depth cue known as:

Continuity

Perceive continuous patterns

Precognition

Perceiving future events, such as a political leader's death.

Perceptual constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image (color, shape, size, lightness)

Phi phenomenon

Perception of motion is produced by a succession of still images

Clairvoyance

Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend's house on fire

C

Perceptual sets are the result of ______________, which we form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information. A. conceptions B. sensations C. schemas D. monocular clues

He was eventually able to perform most daily tasks.

What was the ultimate result of Stratton's experiment on perceptual adaptation?

Rods

Peripheral retina, detect black white and gray, twilight or low light

Perceptual constancy

Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:

Blind spot

Point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ______ because there are no receptor cells located there

Signal detection theory

Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

Social-cultural influence

Presence of others, empathy for others' pain, cultural expectations

A

Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. How will this sensory deprivation affect his vision? A. His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation. B. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate shapes. C. His vision will be partially affected by this sensory deprivation. D. His vision will be disturbed, and he won't be able to discriminate colors.

Monocular

Relative brightness is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Monocular

Relative clarity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

D

Researchers used goggles to restrict kittens' vision for several months. Once the goggles were removed, the kittens: A. could detect the colors of circles and squares. B. could distinguish only between circles and squares. C. had damage to their retinas. D. could distinguish only color and brightness.

Binocular

Retinal disparity is an example of a binocular or monocular cue?

Sensations

Rules for organizing _____ into coherent groups were first identified by Gestalt psychologists.

Same time

Sensation and perception happen at the _____.

A

Sensory adaptation can be defined as: A. diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation. B. the relationship between the intensity of a physical stimulus, such as noise, and the psychological effect of the stimulus. C. the perception of stimuli below conscious awareness. D. the unconscious activation of associations that are linked with memories.

Brain

Sensory analysis starts with the sensory receptors and works up to the integration of sensory information in the _____. This process is called bottom-up processing.

Parallel processing

Simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways

Relative size

Smaller object is more distant, closer is bigger.

Relative heigvht

Smaller objects seem more distant

Connectedness

Spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

D

Studies have demonstrated that people's ability to catch a faint signal diminishes after about ___ minutes. A. in a dark environment. B. in a quiet environment. C. in a loud environment. D. between any two stimuli 50 percent of the time.

Absolute

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

A

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15 which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it. This is probably the result of: A. the difference threshold. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.

Visual capture

Tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Iris

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan the _____.

D

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of eye to confirm people's identity? A. the cornea B. the lens C. the retina D. the iris

D

The ____________ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye. A. lens B. retina C. iris D. blind spot

B

The ability to accurately perceive distances most clearly underlies our capacity for: A. extrasensory perception. B. size constancy. C. perceptual adaptation. D. closure.

Smell

The brain region for ______ is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory. That is why strong memories are made through the sense of this sort.

Wavelength

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

A

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. sensory adaptation. B. absolute threshold. C. prosopagnosia. D. signal detection.

Monism

The more scientific view of the near death experiences.

Frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Grouping

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Monism

The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.

Dualism

The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Fovea

The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, no rods.

A

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the: A. iris. B. fovea. C. lens. D. cornea.

C

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This best illustrates: A. the volley principle. B. sensory interaction. C. Weber's law. D. the opponent-process theory.

Parapsychology

The study of paranormal phenomena

C

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the: A. cornea. B. iris. C. lens. D. pupil.

C

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of: A. convergence. B. interposition. C. proximity. D. closure.

Webers law

To perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion

Perception

Top-down processing is related to _________.

Meaning

Top-down processing makes ______ of our senses.

Lens

Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina

Brain

We have a blind spot in our field of vision, but we ordinarily don't perceive it. The reason for this is because the _____ "fills in" the missing visual information.

Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness

What are the grouping principles?

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

What are the taste receptors?

Vestibular sense

What controls balance?

Shape, angle, movement

What do feature detectors respond to?

Just noticeable difference (JND)

What is another name for a difference threshold?

80

What is the decibel of a busy street corner?

Psychokinesis

When a person can move an object with their mind.

Sensory interaction

When one sense affects another sense, _________________ takes place. So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.

A

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is most likely due to: A. perceptual sets. B. misattribution bias. C. precognition. D. perceptual adaptation.

Subliminal threshold

When stimuli are BELOW one's absolute threshold for CONSCIOUS awareness.

Schemas

When subjects look at a picture of the moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to the development of _____.

D

When you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As you finished changing, you did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of: A. absolute threshold. B. signal detection. C. prosopagnosia. D. sensory adaptation.

Novel stimuli

When you're used to something

C

You bought four display cases at $5.00 each for your collectible cars two weeks ago. You decide you want to buy four more. You see that the price went up to $6.00 each, a 20% increase in two weeks. This best illustrates: A. parallel processing. B. accommodation. C. Weber's law. D. sensory adaptation.

Difference threshold

You volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when subjects will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. You taste several bowls of soup and notice that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Your detection of the difference in salt content is an example of detecting the _____.

Iris

You walk into a darkened room; the black structure in the center of your eye seems to enlarge causing the center of your eye to appear dark. This response is caused by the action of the part of the eye called the:

Pain

____ tells the body that something has gone wrong.

Women, young adults

_____ and _____ have the best sense of smell.

Subliminal stimulation

_____ occurs below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

B

___________ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, taste) 50 percent of the time. A. Psychophysics B. Absolute threshold C. Prosopagnosia D. Priming effect

Biopsychosocial

____________ is the biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences in one?

A

_____________ refers to the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations. A. Perception B. Sensation C. Psychophysics D. Absolute threshold

B

______________ is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. A. Perceptive psychophysics B. Psychophysics C. Signal detection theory D. Top-down processing

Vestibular sense

______________ monitors the head and body's position.