PSY290 Final exam

Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?

g

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement?

g

Which of the following is true of variables?

g

Which of the following is true regarding interrogating frequency claims?

g

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study?

g

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following?

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One criterion for determining that X causes Y is that

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Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary?

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Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements?

h

Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways?

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Which of the following topics would be especially well suited to a quasi-experimental design?

f

Which of the following is the first section of an empirical journal article?

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What makes certain constructs harder to operationalize?

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Random selection enhances ________ validity, and random assignment enhances ________ validity.

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When researchers conduct an experiment comparing two different treatment conditions, they are likely to be more concerned with ________ validity than ________ validity.

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Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

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Which of the following is an example of translational research?

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Both Shakita and Chris are studying the effects of frustration on task completion. Shakita randomly assigns participants to either a frustration or non-frustration condition. Chris divides participants into either a frustration or non-frustration condition based on self-reported ratings of how frustrated participants are on average during a week. Both Shakita and Chris measure task completion in the same way. Shakita is using a ________ design and Chris is using a ________ design.

e

Identify a major disadvantage to using matched groups when assigning participants.

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Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO?

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Which of the following ethical considerations is relevant to research with animals?

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Dr. Leising conducts observational studies of adolescents interacting with peers during problem-solving tasks. She records each 30-minute interaction and then has the students in her laboratory code prosocial behaviors in the adolescents as they view each video. Because she has several students coding the videos, she calculates how reliable their scores are with each other by having them all code the same videos periodically. Which type of reliability is Dr. Leising calculating?

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In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the

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In interrogating the construct validity of a measure, which question should a researcher ask?

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What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations for findings?

t

What is the primary difference between researchers and non-researchers?

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Which of the following may lead to a biased sample?

f

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report?

t

Which of the following is true of moderators?

w

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to

b

Faking good is also known as

b

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?

b

Dr. Rodriquez is a health psychologist who is interested in studying the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) oil on perceptions of pain in college student athletes with sports injuries. She became interested in studying this topic after hearing multiple claims by the media that CBD oil was effective in treating pain. However, she could not find any empirical studies that reported findings of the effectiveness for CBD oil for sports injuries. Her decision to conduct a study to test the media claims is an example of which of Merton's scientific norms?

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Responsible journalists do which of the following as it pertains to discussing replicability?

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When evaluating the external validity of an association claim, which of the following is the most important issue to consider?

d

Which of the following has been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?

d

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

d

All of the following are true of betas and correlation coefficients EXCEPT

e

In a conceptual replication, which of the following is allowed to be different from the original study?

e

In order to avoid HARKing, what should researchers do?

e

Which of the following studies would be least likely to be influenced by cultural differences?

e

Which of the following would help to address a file drawer problem?

e

Another word for replicable is

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Considering a measure's face validity is

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How would you best describe the results of the facial feedback hypothesis replications?

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Nimah is working on her senior honors thesis and finds only one of her three hypotheses was supported. If she follows transparent research practices, what should she do with these results?

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Some studies may not replicate because the original study used questionable scientific practices. Which of the following is a way open science practices attempt to deal with this problem?

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What is the difference between concurrent-measures designs and repeated-measures designs?

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Which of the following is true of experimental realism?

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Which of the following is true of p-hacking?

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Which of the following is true of theory-testing mode?

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At which point in the scientific process does preregistration occur?

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Replicability helps interrogate which of the four big validities?

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Who determines the population to which a study's findings generalize?

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In small-N designs, each participant is treated

f

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary?

g

Parsimony is the

g

Which of the following is an advantage of polling organizations using Internet panels over landline panels?

g

Marcella is conducting a PsycINFO search for treatments for autism spectrum disorder by searching "autism treatment." However, her search is returning too many results. If she is interested in getting more specific results, Marcella could search

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Dr. Fern recently collected data for a study examining whether an intervention targeting coping strategies can reduce depression. After analyzing the results, she finds no effect of her intervention on depression symptoms. Which of the following would you recommend she do next?

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Which of the following is a benefit of a meta-analysis compared to other types of publications?

k

Which of the following is another term for ecological validity?

kk

In open science, open data are more concerned with ________, while open materials are more interested in ________.

m

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as

r

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study?

r

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

t

Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental designs?

w

Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted in generalization mode?

w

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

y

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?

r

In looking at a scatterplot of interrater reliability, why would a researcher want to see all the dots close to the line of agreement?

r

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

r

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following?

e

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT that

e

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?

r

Which of the following is true of question wording?

r

Which of the following is NOT a section or subsection commonly found in an empirical journal article?

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How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

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Which of the following is a benefit of the peer-review process?

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What is a confidence interval constructed around?

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You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?

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Why are double-barreled questions problematic?

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Julian creates a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are in their marriage and then second to report how happy they are in their life. His advisor, Dr. Fuentes, recommends that he create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is Julian's advisor recommending this

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A scientist is most likely to accept a theory when

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When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose,"why should you read the abstract first?

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________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory.

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How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?

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What is the best description of a peer-reviewed journal article?

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A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n)

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A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n)

w

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable

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If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has

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What is the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs?

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Which of the following is true of selection effects?

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The question "Can the causal relationship generalize to other people, places, and times?" refers to what type of validity?

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Shoppers often leave reviews for products that they purchased online. Which of the following best describes the external validity of product reviews on an online shopping site?

f

Such topics as the link between media and aggression and smoking and lung cancer have been studied with a variety of methods and by a variety of researchers and have all reached similar conclusions. This is an example of which of the following?

f

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?

f

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design in which participants are not randomly assigned to groups and are tested both before and after exposure to the quasi-independent variable?

e

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer?

e

Which popular media headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used?

e

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean?

e

When participants are sorted from lowest to highest on a variable, grouped into sets of two, and then one person from each set is assigned at random to each of the experimental groups, this is called

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Rina is conducting a longitudinal study examining the impact of parenting on children as they move from middle childhood into adolescence. She starts with a sample of fourth grade children and tests them annually until they are in ninth grade. At the ninth grade appointment, only 62 families show up. What threat to internal validity is relevant here?

e

Stefania studies developmental changes in aggression in children using a longitudinal design. She assesses aggression annually starting at age 3 and continues until the children are 5 years old. She finds that aggression levels at age 3 are correlated with aggression levels at age 4 and that aggression at age 4 is correlated with aggression at 5. What are these examples of?

e

Studies that use nonprobability samples have ________ external validity

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Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions?

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James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flashcards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flashcards and got an A. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he got an A and did not use flashcards and the times he used flashcards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of

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Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as

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A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52. According to the guidelines for interpreting effect sizes, the magnitude of this effect is

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A wait-list design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity?

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An independent-groups design is also known as a design __________.

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Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to positive moods. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure, which of the following figures should she use?

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In a reversal design, for us to correctly conclude that the treatment variable had the intended effect on an individual, the behavior should

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In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need? Q:19 For image

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The figure above is an example of a Q:18 For image

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Which of the following is true about outliers?

w

Which of the following people would be of most interest for a small-N design?

w

Which of the following studies is an example of a longitudinal design?

w

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity?

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