Psyc 101 Chapter 9

Plateau Phase

2nd Response---a continuation and heightening of the arousal begun in the excitement phase. The increases in breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure that occurred during the excitement phase become more intense, penile erection and vaginal lubrication are more complete, and orgasm is closer.

Orgasm

3rd Response--- involves an explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension and an intensely pleasurable feeling. How long does orgasm last? Some individuals sense that time is standing still when it takes place, but in fact orgasm lasts for only about 3 to 15 seconds.

Resolution Phase

4th Response---which blood vessels return to their normal state. A sex difference in this phase is that females may be stimulated to orgasm again without delay. Males enter a refractory period during which they cannot have another orgasm.

Broaden-and-Build Model

Fredrickson's model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotion lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources

Negative Affect

Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness

Positive Affect

Pleasant emotions such as joy and happiness

Two-factor theory of emotion

Schactner and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Display Rules

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

Facial feedback hypothesis

The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

Need

a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. Generally, psychologists think of needs as underlying our drives.

Instinct

an innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

Self-Determination Theory

asserts that there are three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. These psychological needs are innate and exist in every person. They are basic to human growth and functioning, just as water, soil, and sunshine are necessary for plant growth.

Excitement Phase

begins the process of erotic responsiveness. It lasts from several minutes to several hours, depending on the nature of the sex play involved. Engorgement of blood vessels and increased blood flow in genital areas and muscle tension characterize the excitement phase. The most obvious signs of response in this phase are lubrication of the vagina and partial erection of the penis.

Homeostasis

body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.

Human Sexual Response Pattern

consisting of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotion and physiological reactions occur at the same time

James-Lange Theory

emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment. Essentially, the theory proposes that after the initial perception of a stimulus, the experience of the emotion results from the perception of one's own physiological changes (changes in heart rate, breathing, and sweating patterns, for example).

Extrinsic Motivation

involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments. When we are extrinsically motivated, we engage in a behavior for some external payoff or to avoid an external punishment.

Drive

is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. You can think of a drive as a psychological itch that requires scratching.

Intrinsic Motivation

is based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun. When we are intrinsically motivated, we engage in a behavior because we enjoy it.

Emotion

is feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace).

Polygraph

lie detector, a machine examiners use to try to determine whether someone is lying. The polygraph monitors changes in the body—heart rate, breathing, and SCL—thought to be influenced by emotional states.

Hierarchy of Needs

must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. The strongest needs are at the base of the hierarchy (physiological), and the weakest are at the top (self-actualization). According to this hierarchy, people are motivated to satisfy their need for food first and to satisfy their need for safety before their need for love.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal. At the low end of arousal, you may be too lethargic to perform tasks well; at the high end, you may not be able to concentrate.

Sexual Orientation

refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.

Androgens

such as testosterone, the class of sex hormones that predominates in males, are produced by the testes in males and by the adrenal glands in both males and females

Estrogens

the class of sex hormones that predominate in females, are produced mainly by the ovaries.

Motivation

the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do. Motivated behavior is energized, directed, and sustained

Self-Actualization

the highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs, is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being. According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible only after the other needs in the hierarchy are met. Maslow cautions that most people stop moving up the hierarchy after they have developed a high level of esteem and thus do not become self-actualized

Self-Regulation

the process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives

Set Point

the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.