Psyc 107

extrasensory perception

acquire information without receiving energy through any sense organ

behavior

any action or activity by an organism ex: wave of hand to movement of cells in body

experience

any events an organism participates in

sports psychologist

apply psychological principles to help athletes set goals, train, and concentrate their efforts

nature vs. nurture

are differences in a person's behavior dependent on their genetic makeup or their past experiences

IQ scores

are positively correlated with success on a variety of jobs.

Someone who believes that all behaviors have a cause follows which philosophical position?

determinism

What refers to the idea that every event, including our behavior, has a cause?

determinism

clinical psychologists

have an advanced degree in psychology with a speciality in understanding and helping people with psychological problems

flynn effect

having to increase difficulty of IQ test because people are getting smarter and they have to keep mean at 100

counseling psychologists

help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health-related, and other decisions

Wilhelm Wundt was one of the first people to demonstrate that

it is possible to measure psychological processes scientifically

The reliability of most IQ tests is .90 or higher. This means that the tests

measure something (whatever) in a repeatable manner.

psychometric approach

measurement of individual differences in perfromance

Root word "psyche" refers to

mental or psychological sense generated by the brain

The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning ___________, and logos, meaning ___________.

mind...word

Students received these scores: 70, 75, 80, 90, 95, 95, and 100. The score of 95 is what?

mode

The process of establishing rules for administering a test and for interpreting its scores is known as

standardization.

The * Morris water maze*

- can be used in different ways to measure several different kinds of spatial learning.

Tracing pathways in the brain: - Anterograde labeling

- uses radioactive molecules which are taken up by the cell and then transported to the axon terminals.

A correlation coefficient is a mathematical value that ranges between

-1 and +1

The Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet tests were both devised to have a mean score around __________ and a standard deviation around __________.

100...15

Modern Psychology

1850

Which research question is a most directly related example of the nature-nurture issue?

Are behavioral differences between boys and girls due to differences in their genes?

What can we conclude if the correlation between variable A and variable B is zero?

As A goes up, B does not consistently go either up or down.

amygdala

By virtue of its prime location, the ______________ plays a key role in determining the emotional significance of stimuli, especially when they evoke fear.

Companies

Human factors specialists and industrial psychologists usually provide their services to _____.

What does an Institutional Review Board do?

It judges whether proposed experiments are ethical.

Who is recognized as one of the founders of behaviorism?

John Watson

Professor Lewis gave a study guide to the students in the first two rows of class. Later, these students got better grades than the other students. What is wrong with this experiment?

Lack of random assignment to groups

brighter, but less than twice as bright.

Light A is exactly twice as intense as Light B. Compared to Light B, Light A will appear to be

Which of the following is a common problem with survey research?

Many people express opinions despite having no idea what they are talking about.

All behaviors have causes that scientists can study

People who support the idea of free will OPPOSE the concept that _____.

midbrain

People with Parkinson's disease have problems with __________ functioning.

Body

Physical

Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the belief that differences among people in their IQ scores are related in part to differences in heredity?

IQ scores correlate highly between monozygotic twins reared in separate families.

excitatory; inhibitory

The __________ potentials bring the neuron closer to threshold, while the _______ potentials bring it farther away from threshold.

hippocampus

The __________, wrapped around the thalamus, plays a vital role in learning and memory.

somatosensory cortex; motor cortex

The ___________ lies directly behind the _________. These two regions are "twins."

primary motor cortex

The ____________ is an important region of the frontal lobe and it descends from the top of the head toward the center of the brain

limbic system

The ____________ is made up of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus.

pons

The ____________ serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.

medulla

The _____________ is involved in various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.

axon

The _____________ transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron.

central nervous system

The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.

once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not.

The all-or-none principle states that:

An experimenter had participants exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner. What was the dependent variable?

The amount of food eaten

What does the standard deviation measure?

The amount of variation

Wernicke's area

The area of the left temporal lobe, called ____________, is responsible for speech comprehension.

Potential

The charge difference between the inside and outside of the axon is known as a _________.

dendrites

The information in neural transmission which always travels in one direction in the neuron first goes through the ____________.

analytic

The left hemisphere processes information in a(n) _____________ manner.

According to the Flynn effect, if psychologists did NOT re-standardize IQ tests from time to time, what would happen?

The mean score on the test would increase from generation to generation

hindbrain

The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum are three main parts of the ______.

How is the mind related to the brain and does one control the other?

The mind-brain (or mind-body) problem refers the to question:

An evolutionary psychologist is most likely to consider

Why are men more likely than women to seek multiple sex partners?

It is easier to make accurate measurements in sensation.

Why have psychologists made more progress in understanding sensation than emotion?

Who advocated research on the actions the mind performs, rather than the ideas it has?

William James

neurons

Within the brain, ____________ receive, integrate, and generate messages.

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Without the neurotransmitter ______________, the nervous system would literally be out of control, never ceasing activity.

Someone develops a new test of mechanical abilities. Which of the following (if true) would be the strongest evidence that the test is biased against women?

Women with a particular test score are better mechanics than men with the same score

Organizational Psychology

Worker productivity and effectiveness

asking people to report on their subjective experiences.

Wundt collected data by

Diffusion tensor imaging

______ is a kind of MRI adapted for better imaging of myelinated fibers, specifically for white matter.

genome

_________ can be defined as all the genetic information contained in DNA.

Cortisol

____________, released by the adrenal gland, is a hormone that is responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.

Dopamine

______________ is involved in voluntarily controlling muscles and is released during feelings of pleasure or reward.

Serotonin

______________ plays a role in dreaming and in controlling emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and depression.

Softwiring

________________ means that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, and so on—are inherited but open to modification from the environment.

Positron emission tomography

________________ measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain.

A psychologist evaluates 60 people before and after 8 weeks of therapy. Because 55 of the 60 are improved, she concludes that the therapy was effective. A flaw in this study is that it lacks

a control group

behaviorism

a field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes

correlation coefficient

a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables +1 -1

correlation

a measure of the relationship between two variables

standard deviation

a measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution

What is a correlation?

a measurement of the relationship between two variables

What is a placebo?

a pill with no important biological effects

normal distribution

a symmetrical frequency of scores clustered around the mean

Which of the following is impossible?

a test with low reliability and high predictive validity

case history

a thorough description of a person, including abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences and whatever else seems relevant

Aptitude tests attempt to measure _____. Achievement tests attempt to measure _____.

ability to learn... skills and knowledge already learned

aptitude

ability to learn; fluid intelligence

psychophysical function

the mathematical description of the relationship between the physical stimulus and its perceived properties

What could be an operational definition of "sense of humor"?

the number of times someone makes other people laugh

Which of the following could be an operational definition of "sense of humor"?

the number of times someone makes other people laugh

Cognitive Psychology

the study of the way we perceive information, learn and remember ex. learning a language or solving word problems

reliability

the repeatability of its scores

Psychology is defined as

the science of understanding how people think and behave

Improved nutrition and increased cognitive stimulation are among the possible explanations for

the Flynn effect

An experimenter had participants exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner. What was the dependent variable?

the amount of food eaten

What is an operational definition of "anxiety"?

the amount of muscle tension after hearing a loud noise

mental age

the average age of children who perform as well as this child

Health psychologists are especially interested in

the effects of exercise and diet on behavior

Introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes and reporting that aloud

One of the main objections raised against ESP is that

the experiments that reportedly produced positive results have not been replicable

Wundt

the first laboratory

independent variable

the item that an experimenter changes or controls

In both science and a criminal trial, who has the "burden of proof"--that is, the obligation to demonstrate that their claims are correct?

the side that should be able to produce good evidence, if they are right

hypothesis

clear predictive statement

spearman

triarchic theory of intelligence

What are "descriptive statistics"?

mathematical summaries of results

Psychophisics

science of external PHYSICAL world and internal PSYCHOLOGICAL world

OVERALL VIEW OF NEUROIMAGING TECHNIQUES

- PET reflects *blood flow or glucose utilization* when measuring brain function - fMRI and fNIRS *reflect local blood oxygenation ( via hemoglobin)* - Assumption is that neurons in highly active brain areas use more oxygen ( seen in fMRI and fNIRS), which requires more blood flow to supply this oxygen ( seen in PET) - Neuroscientists must *be careful in imaging interpretations* . very active neurons may not need additional oxygen . Blood flow increase may be utilized for more functions than oxygenation

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

- a MRI technique that *measures water diffusion* to calculate density and direction of *white matter tracks*

Examples of various *neuropsychological tests* to measure ( A) spatial working memory, ( B) perceptual- motor skill learning, and (C) episodic memory

- can also be used with healthy participants as behavioral manipulations or measures

A correlation coefficient is a mathematical value that ranges between

+1 and -1

Visualizing cellular structures in the brain:

- * Golgi stains*- fill the whole cell, including details, but only stain a small proportion of neurons ( stains only few neurons). - * Fluorescent molecule injections* give a similar result - *Modern molecular biology techniques can target * expression of fluorescent proteins* to specific types of neurons

fNIRS

- *optical imaging uses *near infrared light passed through the skull* to reveal *cortical* brain activity . Hemoglobin absorbs light at a particular wavelength . Can more easily use with children than PET or fMRI . limited ( though acceptable) spatial resolution and restricted to cortex

fNIRS

- *optical imaging*- uses near- infrared light passed through the skull to reveal cortical brain activity

Directly measuring neural activity:

- Although invasive, electrode recordings can provide a direct readout of neural communication, making it possible for scientists to " decode" the information being processed in the brain. - Animals can be directly be measured electroactivity ( neural activity).

Non- invasive techniques for structural neuroimaging

- CT -MRI -DTI These technique allow characterization of *lesions* ( areas of brain damage) and *tracking of structural changes* due to age, drug abuse, learning, and other factors.

How do we know what a specific region of the brain does?

- One clue comes from * human neuropsychology* studies of human patients with specific brain lesions ( brain damage).

How do we know what a specific region of the brain does?

- One clue comes from * human neuropsychology* studies of human patients with specific brain lessions ( brain damage): . Determine area of damaged brain region . Do tests to determine what behavioral abilities are impaired. . Tentatively conclude that the damaged brain region is responsible for the impaired behaviors.

Event- related potentials (ERPs)

- are averaged EEG responses to a single, discrete events or stimuli, such as a flash of light or loud sound . ERPs have characteristic *shapes* and *latency* ( time delay) . Can measure changes in brain activity during learning and memory or other tasks. .* Auditory- evoked brainstem potentials* are generated in the brainstem, far from the recording site, and an be used to detect hearing impairment

Immunocytochemistry

- can detect a protein in tissue: . An antibody bind to the protein . Chemical treatments make the antibody visible and also bind to very specific protein and locate specific proteins is

*PET*

- can measure resting state metabolism and *compare resting state metabolism* between groups or patients

MRI

- gives higher resolution images - not exposed to radio-activation/ danger: can't have any iron or magnetic - magnetic+ radioactive: detect signal and structure of brain

Behavioral intervention

- intervention in a behavior or environment/ stimuli to see how brain/ body structure or function is altered - behaviors are then the independent variables, and brain/ body changes are the dependent variables - * experience affects the body ( including the brain)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

- is a MRI technique that yields an image of white matter tracts - measures the diffusion of water molecules in white matter . water molecules preferentially diffuse parallel to myelinated axons - can * map connections* in the brain and *detect abnormalities* or *changes* in neural pathways over time with experience

An *electroencephalogram* ( EEG)

- is a recording of spontaneous brain potentials, or * brain waves*

Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT)

- measure of x- ray absorption at several position around the head. - It generates an anatomical map of the brain based on tissue density. - a lot of exposed

fMRI

- measures brain activity by detecting changes in oxygenated hemoglobin levels over time

PET

- measures brain activity by detecting positrons released by radioisotopes delivered to the bloodstream

Functional MRI (fMRI)

- measures brain activity by detecting small changes in brain metabolism ( oxygenated hemoglobin levels) in active brain areas . More active neurons need more oxygen and therefore more blood flow . fMRI can show how networks of brain structures collaborate . *better temporal and spatial resolution* than PET

Electroencephalography (EEG)

- measures electrical activity of neurons non- invasively, through electrodes placed on the scalp.

Correlation

- measures how much a brain / body measure varies with a behavioral measure - A correlation can show an association between variables, but does not prove causality ( correlation does not imply causation) * Body and behavioral measures covary*

Microdialysis

- measures the concentrations of chemicals (e.g., neurotransmitters, horomones) in the extracellular fluid ( ECF)

Magnetism can be used to study brain activity: - Magnetoencephalograph ( MEG)

- measures the tiny magnetic fields given off by active neurons during cognitive processing

Structural Neuroimaging

- modern methods to look inside the living brain- can see brain size/ shape, structures, *lesions*

Nissl stains

- outline all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RUNA, distributed near the nucleus ( highlight all cells but don't show * dendrite * and * axon*

Functional Neuroimaging:

- positron emission tomography (PET) - FUnctional magnetic resonance imaging - Functional near infrared spectroscopy ( fNIRS)

EEG

- recording indicate * sleep states* and provide data in * seizure disorders* - Characteristic EEG recording at various states of arousal:

Biological psychology

- relationships between brain and behavior . need *manipulations* and * measures* of brain structure/ function and behavior - Using behavioral tasks, *behavior* can be: . measured, in response to a somatic ( brain/body) manipulation or as part of a correlation study . Manipulated by placing animal/ human in different conditions( behavioral intervention) * Brain structure and function* can be measured and manipulated in many ways.

Directly measuring neural activity: . Single- cell recording

- researchers implant * electrodes* into an animal's brain, which are held in place by a hat- like "*head stage" . *sterotaxic* apparatus for precisely implanting electrodes into rodent brain . Direct implantation of electrodes into the brain allows both recording and stimulation of single neurons( or small groups of neurons).

Distribution of molecules in the brain: - * Autoradiography*

- shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues . Requires bathing brain slices in a radioactive chemical eg. a radiolabeled drug or other ligand will bind to the receptors it has high affinity for, indicating site of ligand

Immediate early genes (IEGs)

- such as *c-fos* are expressed when cells fist become more active (indicate which cell was highly active)

computerized tomography (CT)

- takes *many x rays* from different angles; forms a 3-D representation of brain structure

Functional neuroimaging

- techniques track localized brain activity. . However, the measures are indirect - Modern methods to noninvasively watch the brain in actions- shows activity or *function* of the living brain

Tracing pathways in the brain: Retrograde labeling

- uses *horseradish peroxidase( HRP)- it is taken up in the axon terminals and transported to the cell bodies, then visualized through chemical reactions.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- uses *magnetic field gradient and radio waves* to generate image; magnet aligns atoms in brain or body

In situ hybridization

- uses complimentary radioactively labeled lengths of RNA or DNA ( probes) to identify neurons in which a gene is being expressed ( detects where RNAs)

Somatic intervention

. alteration of brain/ body structure or function to see how behavior is altered . brain/ body manipulation are then the independent variables, and behaviors are the dependent variables - * Manipulating the body may affect behavior*

What correlation coefficient indicates that two variables have no consistent relationship to each other?

0

3 major philosophical issues psych's face

1) free will vs. determination 2) the mind brain problem 3) nature vs. nurture

Three types of studies for research on the biological bases of behavior:

1) somatic intervention- manipulating the brain/ body may affect behavior 2) behavioral intervention- manipulating experience affects the brain/ body 3) correlation- body and behavior measures ovary

What are the types of Psychologist

1. Cognitive 2. Developmental 3. Behavioral 4. Personality 5. Social 6. Clinical 7. Health 8. Education 9. Industrial 10. Orgazational 11. Sport 12. Forensic

3 way of thinking

1. Nature vs Nurture 2. Mind-Body dualism 3. Evolution Theory

What is the mean IQ score on the Stanford-Binet test?

100

The Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet tests were both devised to have a mean score around __________ and a standard deviation around __________.

100 and 15

On IQ tests such as the WISC and WAIS, men's mean score is ___ and women's mean is ___.

100... 100

Your soccer team scored 1, 1, 2, 3, and 8 goals (a total of 15) in their first five games. What was their mean number of goals?

3

triarchic theory

3 aspects of intelligence: cognitive processes identifying situations that require intelligence using intelligence in practical ways

sternberg

3 types of intelligence: analytical creative practical

The Lizard Lick State Fighting Nematodes scored 50, 50, 55, 60, and 85 points in their first five basketball games. What was their median score?

55

A group of seven students receive the following scores on a test: 87, 88, 89, 86, 85, 90, and 35. What is the median score?

87

recessive allele

A ________________ shows its effects only when both alleles are the same.

Animal learning

A behaviorist is most likely to investigate which of the following?

Electrical and chemical activities in the body

A biopsychologist tries to relate behavior to ______.

Thinking and acquiring knowledge

A cognitive psychologist studies

Who was Clever Hans?

A horse that seemed to do arithmetic

What is a correlation?

A measurement of the relationship between two variables

What is a placebo?

A pill with no important biological effects

Psychiatrist...psychologist

A psychotherapist with a medical degree is a _____ and one with a Ph.D. is a _____.

Which of the following terms refers to inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success? A. Adaptation B. Differential selection C. Circular logrolling D. Satisficing

A. Adaptation

______________ can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins. A. Anthropology B. Psychology C. Literature D. Archaeology

A. Anthropology

Dr. Hughes conducts laboratory studies of the thought processes involved in problem solving. Which of the following types of psychologists is she most likely to be? A. Cognitive B. Evolutionary C. Educational D. Social

A. Cognitive

In the 1870s the first laboratories in psychology were opened in _____________. A. Germany B. China C. the United States D. Austria

A. Germany

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a cognitive psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feeling, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

A. How do people visualize objects in their minds?

Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a personality psychologist? A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. At what age does usage of Internet social networks peak? C. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet? D. Does gender affect interest and participation in social networking sites?

A. How much of people's characters is reflected in their Facebook profiles?

______________ psychology promotes personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential. A. Humanistic B. Gestalt C. Positive D. Holistic

A. Humanistic

Some of the thinking in the new cognitive movement was based on a book by the British psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969). Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of Frederick Bartlett? A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view. B. Psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. C. A detailed analysis of experience as it happens provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. D. Our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality.

A. Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view.

______ represents a false dichotomy because our thoughts, feelings, and ideas result from the functioning of the brain. A. Mind-body dualism B. The tabula rasa concept C. Gestalt psychology D. Positive psychology

A. Mind-body dualism

______________ is formally defined as a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction. A. Natural selection B. Nature through nurture C. Collective efficacy D. Reciprocal logrolling

A. Natural selection

In the context of psychology, which of the following is a major difference between scientists and philosophers? A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas. B. According to scientists, the mind simply receives what our sensory organs—eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue—take in from the outside world. C. Philosophers believe that human beings create knowledge from experience. D. According to scientists, human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.

A. Philosophers do not collect data to test their ideas.

What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s? A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated. B. Psychological disorders are actually thought disorders, rather than instances of spirit possession caused by witchcraft. C. Psychological disorders are mood disorders and should be treated by psychoanalysis. D. Psychological disorders have medical causes and should be treated by trephination.

A. Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.

The assumption that dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind was put forth by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Wilhelm Wundt. C. William James. D. G. Stanley Hall.

A. Sigmund Freud.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient views on psychology? A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. B. The earliest cultures to seek natural explanations for disorders were the ancient Americans. C. The ancient Chinese (2,600 BCE) believed in supernatural explanations of psychological disorders. D. Frenchman Philip Pinel was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia.

A. The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions.

For which of the following reasons is ancient Greece significant in the history of psychology? A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece. B. Wilhelm Wundt, one of the first known psychologists, established his laboratory in ancient Greece. C. The first doctorate in psychology was awarded in ancient Greece. D. The ancient Greeks compiled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).

A. The foundations for psychology as a science can be traced to ancient Greece.

Which of the following is true concerning the science and practice of psychology? A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology. B. The science of psychology originated first, followed by the practice of psychology. C. The science and practice of psychology originated at roughly the same time. D. The practice and science of psychology originated at the same time, but in different places.

A. The practice of psychology originated first, followed by the science of psychology.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a clinical psychologist? A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. At what age is a person too young to form electronic social networks? D. Will people above the age of sixty use the Internet?

A. When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem?

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a social psychologist? A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? B. How do our reasoning skills change as we age? C. How do people visualize objects in their minds? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

A. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?

The industrial side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance. B. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. C. develops treatments for mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

A. applies principles of psychology to the selection of employees and evaluate their job performance.

Using noninvasive advanced imaging techniques and electrical recordings, _______ study the structure and functions of the living brain. A. behavioral neuroscientists B. developmental psychologists C. positive psychologists D. personality psychologists

A. behavioral neuroscientists

There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and ______________ psychology. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology. A. biological B. social C. clinical D. educational

A. biological

Julie is a psychologist and she is conducting research on the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. Based on this information we can say that Julie is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. cognitive B. developmental C. evolutionary D. educational

A. cognitive

In the context of electronic interactions, being privately public means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. you ensure that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. you disclose a lot of details of your private life and may or may not limit access to your site.

A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are.

Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called _____________. A. exaptations B. adaptations C. chance mutations D. habits

A. exaptations

A writer from a popular fashion magazine has penned an article titled "Dating in the 21st Century." She analyzed her own dating experiences and incorporated them into this piece. This type of psychology is known as _____________. A. folk psychology B. health psychology C. consumer psychology D. forensic psychology

A. folk psychology

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with: A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology. B. identifying the effects of childhood experiences on the development of our adult personality. C. evaluating the effects of social forces on one's behavior. D. developing the discipline of psychophysics.

A. giving psychology its independence from philosophy and physiology.

Core sciences are those that: A. have many other disciplines organized around them. B. are a combination of several different sciences. C. are always drawn from common sense. D. are the simplest to understand.

A. have many other disciplines organized around them.

Millennia thinkers have argued over what determines our personality and behavior—innate biology or life experience—a conflict known as the ______________ debate. A. nature-nurture B. mind-body C. internal-external D. evolutionary-environmental

A. nature-nurture

Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the ______________ view. A. nature-only B. nurture-only C. environment-only D. evolution-only

A. nature-only

The German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin was the first to describe "dementia praecox," the mental disorder now known as _____________. A. schizophrenia B. bipolar disorder C. major depressive disorder D. Munchausen's syndrome

A. schizophrenia

Max, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in thought and behavior. He attempted to break experiences down into their component parts in order to study them. Max was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.

A. structuralist.

Cognitive science focuses on the scientific study of _____________. A. thought B. asylums C. computers D. school psychology

A. thought

Mary Whiton Calkins: A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association. B. was a student of Sigmund Freud. C. opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. D. started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.

A. was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.

Mind

Abstract

Some behaviors have many complex causes

According to adherents of determinism, why is it hard to predict people's behavior accurately?

Mirror

After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue too. It is likely that ____________ neurons are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.

Why do quantitative scores on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) have higher predictive validity for graduate students in English than verbal scores do?

All graduate students in English tend to have similar (high) verbal scores.

Why are men more likely than women to seek multiple sexual partners?

An evolutionary psychologist is most likely to consider which of these questions?

What is the main advantage of an experiment, in contrast to a correlational study?

An experiment is more likely to demonstrate cause-and-effect.

Although the mean IQ score is 100, the distribution of scores is not symmetrical around 100. Why not?

An extra number of people have scores well below the mean.

Foundation of psychology

Ancient greek

sensory neurons

Any sensation one receives activates ____________ which take the message to the brain for processing.

speak or comprehend language.

Aphasia can be defined as a deficit in the ability to:

What are the two types of involvement of psychology?

Application --> clinical practice Research--> science

True

Applied research considers ways to help people with practical problems of life.

thyroid

Atifa's growth and metabolism rates are not normal for her age. After diagnosis, she has been found to have endocrine issues. From this scenario, we can conclude that Atifa's ___________ gland is not functioning properly.

myelinated

Axons that become ____________ are insulated and can transmit impulses more efficiently.

______________ asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. A. Structuralism B. Behaviorism C. Socialism D. Functionalism

B. Behaviorism

______________ can be best defined as the study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. A. Clinical psychology B. Biological psychology C. Social psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Biological psychology

Which of the following individuals is known for his theory of natural selection? A. Edward Titchener B. Charles Darwin C. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi D. Martin Seligman

B. Charles Darwin

______________ psychology is the single largest subdiscipline in psychology. A. Social B. Clinical C. Educational D. Cognitive

B. Clinical

In which of the following subdisciplines of psychology are researchers often referred to as experimental psychologists? A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Cognitive psychology

______________ is the study of how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. A. Social psychology B. Cognitive psychology C. Clinical psychology D. Educational psychology

B. Cognitive psychology

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct research on the age at which the usage of Internet social networks peaks? A. Evolutionary psychologist B. Developmental psychologist C. Clinical psychologist D. Educational psychologist

B. Developmental psychologist

The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because: A. Genetic forces have a role to play a minimal role in shaping who we are. B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are. C. Who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically-based traits. D. Who we are essentially comes from our innate biology.

B. Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.

______________ psychology is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice. A. Social B. Forensic C. Developmental D. Cognitive

B. Forensic

______________ founded the American Psychological Association (APA). A. Carl Jung B. G. Stanley Hall C. Gustav Fechner D. Wilhelm Wundt

B. G. Stanley Hall

Samantha sees a sign on a club's marquee that says "CLUB _ EN FRO_ 8PM TO 4AM." Although some letters are missing from the sign, she knows it is listing the hours when the club is open. Samantha's perception would be of greatest interest to ______________ psychologists. A. positive B. Gestalt C. industrial/organizational D. social

B. Gestalt

The Greek physician ______________ was the first to write about a man suffering from a phobia of heights—what we now call acrophobia. A. Galen B. Hippocrates C. Socrates D. Aristotle

B. Hippocrates

______________ helps us understand people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts. A. Literature B. History C. Sociology D. Anthropology

B. History

Which of the following behavior patterns was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973? A. Dissociative identity disorder B. Homosexuality C. Conversion disorder D. Anxiety disorder

B. Homosexuality

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to be a part of the human resource department of a large corporation? A. Cognitive psychologist B. Industrial/organizational psychologist C. Social psychologist D. Developmental psychologist

B. Industrial/organizational psychologist

______________ creates structures and behaviors that solve adaptive problems. A. Softwiring B. Natural selection C. Reciprocal logrolling D. Collective efficacy

B. Natural selection

______________ can be best defined as the study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. A. Clinical psychology B. Social psychology C. Educational psychology D. Industrial psychology

B. Social psychology

______________ seeks to understand people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Literature D. Psychology

B. Sociology

In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior? A. Psychophysics B. Structuralism C. Empiricism D. Behaviorism

B. Structuralism

______________ believed that a detailed analysis of experience as it happened provides the most accurate glimpse into the workings of the human mind. A. Socialists B. Structuralists C. Behaviorists D. Functionalists

B. Structuralists

The ______________ therapy focuses on changing a person's maladaptive thought and behavior patterns by discussing and rewarding more appropriate ways of thinking and behaving. A. sublimation B. cognitive-behavioral C. thought stimulation D. reaction formation

B. cognitive-behavioral

Behaviorism is an extreme form of _____________. A. functionalism B. environmentalism C. structuralism D. empiricism

B. environmentalism

Jack is a psychologist. Rather than just describing what the mind does, he is more interested in the functions of the human mind. Jack is most likely a practitioner of ______________ psychology. A. Gestalt B. evolutionary C. positive D. clinical

B. evolutionary

Feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but they turned out to be useful for flight in birds, the dinosaurs' descendants. Feathers are considered ______ because feathers did not evolve for that purpose. A. adaptation B. exaptations C. natural selection D. chance mutations

B. exaptations

Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge and thoughts come from _____________. A. scriptures B. experience C. genetic endowment D. observation

B. experience

According to the nurture-only view, we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the product of our: A. inherited traits. B. experiences. C. genetic makeup. D. innate biology.

B. experiences.

Jim, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the mind works. He focused on his own experience of pain in an effort to understand how and why people feel pain. Jim was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst

B. functionalist.

Topics in ______________ psychology range from studies of how stress is linked to illness and immune function to research on the role of social factors in how people interact with health care professionals. A. cognitive B. health C. forensic D. educational

B. health

To compare psychophysics and physics, if physicists study the physical properties of light and sound, psychophysicists study: A. sources of light and sound. B. human perception of light and sound. C. commercial uses of light and sound. D. effects of light and sound on the environment.

B. human perception of light and sound.

Philip Pinel of France is said to have been the first major proponent of _____________. A. the use of narcotics to treat pain B. humane therapies for the mentally ill C. the study of the mind-body connection D. considering psychology as a science

B. humane therapies for the mentally ill

According to the view of René Descartes regarding mind-body dualism, the _______. A. soul does not survive bodily death B. mind controls the body C. mind and the body are controlled by our genetic makeup D. mind and the body refer to the same entity

B. mind controls the body

In psychology, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities is referred to as: A. nature through nurture. B. mind-body dualism. C. cogito ergo sum. D. separatist theory.

B. mind-body dualism.

As compared to babies of healthy mothers, babies whose mothers suffered from certain infections when they were pregnant were _____________. A. more likely to develop advanced language skills B. more likely to develop schizophrenia C. less likely to develop an immune response D. less likely to engage in peer conflicts as children

B. more likely to develop schizophrenia

If we compare the human mind with a computer, behavior and thoughts would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input

B. output

Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ______________ psychologist. A. health B. personality C. social D. clinical

B. personality

Psychoanalysis assumes that: A. underlying biological events such as hormonal changes mediate all human behavior. B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior. C. social forces are the most powerful motivators of adult behavior. D. dreams have no meaning to or relationship with the unconscious mind.

B. the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior.

What other scientific disciplines are in Psychology?

Biology and Chemistry

Brain researchers would probably be most comfortable with the statement that

Brain activity and mental activity are the same thing

______________ can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior. A. Social psychology B. Industrial psychology C. Behavioral neuroscience D. Developmental psychology

C. Behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following was used as a new metaphor for the human mind in cognitive psychology? A. Light switch B. Camera C. Computer D. Transmitter

C. Computer

______________ psychologists treat and assess relatively healthy people and assist them with career and vocational interests. A. Cognitive B. Health C. Counseling D. Clinical

C. Counseling

Which of the following types of psychologists is most likely to conduct a research on how reasoning skills or emotional skills change with age? A. Clinical psychologist B. Behavioral psychologist C. Developmental psychologist D. Educational psychologist

C. Developmental psychologist

In the United States, the first practitioner of moral treatment of the mentally ill was _____________. A. René Descartes B. Sigmund Freud C. Dorothea Dix D. John Locke

C. Dorothea Dix

______________ has long emphasized the interdependence of body and mind. A. Philosophy of empiricism B. Gestalt psychology C. Eastern philosophy D. Developmental psychology

C. Eastern philosophy

______________ are examples of behavioral adaptations. A. Chance mutations B. Softwirings C. Emotions D. Habits

C. Emotions

______________ psychology is the branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today. A. Clinical B. Cognitive C. Evolutionary D. Developmental

C. Evolutionary

______________ coined the term psychophysics. A. Carl Jung B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Gustav Fechner D. G. Stanley Hall

C. Gustav Fechner

Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements? A. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA). B. He opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States. C. He coined the term psychophysics. D. He started the first scientific journal in American psychology, the American Journal of Psychology.

C. He coined the term psychophysics.

Which of the following statements is true of psychology? A. Modern psychology is more likely to study the brain and behavior than the mind. B. It does not have any other disciplines organized around it. C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math. D. It is not a science, but a clinical practice.

C. It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.

Which of the following psychologists asserted that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives? A. William James B. Abraham Maslow C. John Watson D. Carl Rogers

C. John Watson

______________ helps us understand people through its methods of storytelling, character exploration, setting, and imagery. A. History B. Anthropology C. Literature D. Psychology

C. Literature

Which of the following statements is true regarding electronic interactions? A. Electronic interactions can be easily used to hide one's real personality. B. Electronic interaction is a preferred method of contact for extroverts. C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings. D. Electronic interactions have strengthened boundaries between public and private means of connecting.

C. People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings.

Which of the following fields is considered a "parent" of the discipline of scientific psychology? A. Literature B. Physics C. Philosophy D. Chemistry

C. Philosophy

______________ psychology can be defined as a scientific approach to studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Positive D. Clinical

C. Positive

In the 17th century, ______________ proposed the view that the mind and body were separate entities. A. John Locke B. Aristotle C. René Descartes D. Max Wertheimer

C. René Descartes

______________ can be best defined as medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers. A. Hunters B. Chiefs C. Shamans D. Laggards

C. Shamans

Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis? A. The social origins of major depressive disorders B. The extent to which childhood peer experiences influence adult behavior C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness D. A computer model of humans' deductive reasoning processes

C. The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness

Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur? A. The human species would become a superspecies. B. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our genetic makeup. C. There would be no evolution. D. Our thoughts and behavior would depend entirely on our upbringing and experiences.

C. There would be no evolution.

In terms of the nature-nurture debate, psychologists' contemporary view is that human behavior is: A. mostly a product of biology, inborn tendencies, and genetically based traits. B. mostly a product of environmental experience. C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience. D. solely a product of ancestral influences.

C. a product of the interdependence between biology and experience.

The organizational side of industrial/organizational psychology: A. involves matching employees to their job and uses psychological methods to select and evaluate employees. B. focuses on the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and ways to promote psychological health. C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. D. considers what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

C. aims to increase productivity and satisfaction of workers by considering how the work environment and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity.

Dr. Hennessy believes that psychologists should analyze only human conduct that can be observed, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives. He is most likely a strict _____________. A. humanistic psychologist B. functionalist C. behaviorist D. social psychologist

C. behaviorist

Ed, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the environment impacts tendencies to act. He believed that focusing on the mind through introspection was not scientific. Ed was most likely a: A. structuralist. B. functionalist. C. behaviorist. D. psychoanalyst.

C. behaviorist.

According to structuralism, A. our experiences during childhood are a powerful force in the development of our adult personality. B. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior. D. psychology is an empirical science which is independent of medicine and physiology.

C. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought and behavior.

According to evolutionary psychology, language and science are examples of _____________. A. chance mutations B. natural selection C. by-products of adaptation D. softwiring

C. by-products of adaptation

Spontaneous changes in genes that can alter the design of a structure or a set of behaviors are called _____________. A. differential selections B. softwirings C. chance mutations D. external adaptations

C. chance mutations

Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ______________ psychologist. A. educational B. clinical C. developmental D. evolutionary

C. developmental

Common sense, rather than the scientific method, is used by: A. research psychologists. B. clinical psychologists. C. folk psychologists. D. social psychologists.

C. folk psychologists.

According to the nature-only view, who we are comes from: A. environmental forces. B. our experiences. C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits. D. introspection and analysis.

C. inborn tendencies and genetically based traits.

Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for _____________. A. heart B. soul C. mind D. personality

C. mind

The point of view that human behavior is solely the result of ______________ and that one can be anything she wants to be appears to be a very Western, very North American idea. A. genetics B. nature C. nurture D. inborn tendencies

C. nurture

Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________. A. geneticist B. cognitive psychologist C. personality psychologist D. doctor of osteopathy

C. personality psychologist

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree; in addition to offering therapy he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a: A. clinical psychologist. B. counseling psychologist. C. psychiatrist. D. psychologist with his own clinic.

C. psychiatrist.

Around the turning of the 20th century, Sigmund Freud developed a form of therapy known as _____________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. aversion therapy C. psychoanalysis D. behavior modification

C. psychoanalysis

Psychology can be considered as a modern empirical science because: A. psychology originates from medicine. B. psychology is based on the laws of nature. C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data. D. psychologists believe that human beings create knowledge from reflection and thinking.

C. psychologists test predictions about behavior with systematic observations and by gathering data.

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of: A. anthropology. B. human resource management. C. psychology. D. history.

C. psychology.

Psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine and test human sensations and perception using ______________ methods. A. abstract B. behavioral C. scientific D. reflection

C. scientific

Psychology is most accurately defined as the _____________. A. study of people through description and analysis of past events and artifacts B. study of people in terms of large-scale social forces and with a focus on groups rather than individuals C. scientific study of thought and behavior D. scientific study of human culture and origins

C. scientific study of thought and behavior

The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the ______________ housed ideas and intelligence. A. heart B. liver C. spleen D. kidneys

C. spleen

Clinical psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span. C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

C. the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders, and the promotion of psychological health.

prominent women in the early history of psychology

Calkins and Washburn were famous as

No, none of them can.

Can psychoanalysts prescribe drugs?

Which way of conducting research generally uses the fewest participants?

Case history

Forensic Psychology

Combine Psychology and Law in relation to mental health of those involved

False

Comparative psychology refers to comparing the behaviors of males and females.

A psychologist evaluates 60 people before and after 8 weeks of therapy. Because 55 of the 60 are improved, she concludes that the therapy was effective. A flaw in this study is that it lacks

Control group

It is found that children with many friends are generally happier than children with fewer friends. What kind of research design was probably used in this study?

Correlation

In which year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology? A. 1729 B. 1652 C. 1965 D. 1879

D. 1879

By the 1980s, cognitive science combined many disciplines in addition to psychology. Which of the following is one of these disciplines? A. Etymology B. Genealogy C. Chemistry D. Anthropology

D. Anthropology

______ can diagnose disorders of technology use but also use the same technologies to help treat people with various kinds of disorders. A. Personality psychologists B. Cognitive psychologists C. Developmental psychologists D. Clinical psychologists

D. Clinical psychologists

______________ was the first to distinguish thought disorders (schizophrenia) from the mood disorders of melancholia (depression) and manic depression (bipolar disorder). His views were a major influence on diagnostic categories formulated during the 20th century. A. Dorothea Dix B. Sigmund Freud C. John Locke D. Emil Kraepelin

D. Emil Kraepelin

______________ are quick and ready response patterns that tell us whether something is good or bad for our well-being. A. Habits B. Chance mutations C. Softwirings D. Emotions

D. Emotions

______________ conducted some of the earliest research in perception and laid the groundwork for what later became known as psychophysics. A. William James B. Johns Hopkins C. Rosalie Raynor D. Ernst Weber

D. Ernst Weber

Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist? A. Applying principles of psychology to the selection and training of employees B. Evaluating the effectiveness of a particular teaching technique C. Providing career counseling to students of criminal justice D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

D. Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

Which of the following early approaches to psychology focused on why and how people think and feel? A. Socialism B. Behaviorism C. Structuralism D. Functionalism

D. Functionalism

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a developmental psychologist? A. How do people visualize objects in their minds? B. How does the presence of other people change an individual's thoughts, feelings, or perceptions? C. Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people? D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

D. How does parent-infant bonding affect adult relationships?

Which of the following concepts allows for the idea that a soul survives bodily death? A. Nature versus nurture B. Natural selection C. Evolutionary theory D. Mind-body dualism

D. Mind-body dualism

______________ psychology is also known as folk psychology. A. Research B. Clinical C. Scientific D. Popular

D. Popular

______________ psychology shares with humanism a belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning. A. Health B. Developmental C. Gestalt D. Positive

D. Positive

______________ is the science of understanding individuals—animals as well as people. A. Archaeology B. Sociology C. Anthropology D. Psychology

D. Psychology

Which of the following terms best represents the view that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, etc.—are inherited but are still open to modification from the environment? A. Genetic constitution B. Hardwiring C. Mind-body dualism D. Softwiring

D. Softwiring

Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology? A. The relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought B. The role of psychological factors in the physical health and illness of students C. The changes in our emotional skills that take place as we age D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

D. The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

Which of the following is true according to Kandel with respect to certain genes in the human brain? A. They cannot facilitate new connections between neurons in an adult brain. B. They are all present and functional at birth. C. They do not differ between organisms despite variations in experience. D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.

D. They can be turned on or off by our experiences.

Which of the following topics is most likely to be studied by a developmental psychologist? A. How much of people's personality is reflected in their Facebook profiles? B. Are people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook more or less outgoing than those who do not? C. What is the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving? D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?

D. What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?

Who is considered the founder of American psychology? A. Elizabeth Loftus B. Carl Jung C. Sigmund Freud D. William James

D. William James

Helen Mayberg stumbled on a surprising and counterintuitive discovery; she found that: A. schizophrenia is a result of imbalance of neurotransmitters. B. some unknown substance in childhood vaccines causes autism. C. psychological disorders are mood disorders. D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.

D. a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.

Early humans, as hunter-gatherers, did not know when they would find food. If they found fat, they ate it, because fat could be stored in the body and used later when food might be scarce. For this reason, humans evolved to like fat. Human cravings have not changed much, even though our environments have. So our preference for fatty foods can be attributed to _____________. A. softwiring B. differential selection C. collective efficacy D. adaptation

D. adaptation

Exaptations are also called _____________. A. adaptations B. chance mutations C. habits D. by-products

D. by-products

Jason is a psychologist. He is actively researching the interactions of people on social networking sites. Jason is most interested in finding out whether a person can get addicted to social networking sites and if such interactions can become dangerous to those involved. Jason is most likely to be a ______ psychologist. A. personality B. cognitive C. developmental D. clinical

D. clinical

In the context of electronic interactions, being publicly private means: A. connecting with many other people, while being relatively nonpublic about revealing who you are. B. avoiding online interactions with those people whom you have never met face-to-face. C. ensuring that you remove all the traces of your electronic interactions. D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.

D. disclosing a lot of details of your private life.

Trephination involves: A. recruiting large numbers of individuals to participate in clinical trials of controversial pharmaceuticals. B. associating a previously neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to create a desired response. C. studying large groups of individuals from various cultures to determine similarities and differences across these cultures. D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.

D. drilling a small hole in someone's skull for medical reasons or to release demons thought to possess the person.

By the 1980s, more and more psychologists had become receptive to the ideas that who we are and what we do and think are very much influenced by genetic factors and brain activity, with a long _______ past. A. Gestalt B. cognitive C. educational D. evolutionary

D. evolutionary

With respect to biological species, evolution is based on _____________. A. the tabula rasa concept B. the product of our experiences C. proper parenting skills D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes

D. frequency of occurrence of specific genes

Developmental psychology can be best described as the study of: A. how we perceive information, how we learn and remember, how we acquire and use language, and how we solve problems. B. the links among brain, mind, and behavior. C. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

D. how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

If we compare the human mind with a computer, sensation would be analogous to _____________. A. central processing unit (CPU) B. output C. storage device D. input

D. input

The earliest researchers in psychology examined the subjective experience of physical sensations. This area of study is known as: A. neuroscience. B. philosophy. C. physiology. D. psychophysics.

D. psychophysics.

Psychoanalysis assumes that the unconscious blocking, or repression, of disturbing thoughts and impulses—especially ______________ impulses—is at the heart of all maladaptive adult behavior. A. depressive and unethical B. aggressive and unethical C. illogical and depressive D. sexual and aggressive

D. sexual and aggressive

More than just about any other area of psychology, ______________ psychology lends itself to a rich set of research questions regarding electronic interactions. A. clinical B. positive C. cognitive D. social

D. social

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by _____________. A. geneticists B. cognitive psychologists C. neurologists D. social psychologists

D. social psychologists

In medieval Europe from approximately 400 to 1400 CE (Common Era), psychological disorders were attributed to: A. biological issues. B. deeds in past life. C. social status. D. supernatural causes.

D. supernatural causes.

Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called _____________. A. the Interpretation of Dreams B. the American Psychological Association Guide to Mental Disorders (APAGMD) C. Dr. Freud's Guide to Mental Illnesses D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

D. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

Gestalt psychology proposed that: A. people learn by making associations. B. breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way we can understand thought and behavior. C. psychology is a sub-discipline of philosophy. D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.

D. we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.

Personality psychology can be best defined as the study of: A. how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior. B. the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought. C. the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

D. what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations.

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

DID NOT agree with psychoanalysis or behaviorism so they came up with - Humanistic Psychology

The mean, median, range, and standard deviation are all examples of

Descriptive statistics

Mathematical summaries of results are called __________ statistics, while statistics that inform about the entire population, based on information collected from small samples, are called __________ statistics.

Descriptive...inferential

John Locke

Developed empiricism

Sigmund Freud (1890)

Developed psychoanalysis

Which of the following is one possible explanation for g?

Different abilities develop together because all depend on health, nutrition, etc.

Which of the following types of evidence, if found, would offer the strongest support in favor of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?

Different intellectual skills reflect different genetic predispositions.

Suppose someone charges that the driver's license exam is "biased" against people with poor eyesight. To evaluate that claim, what evidence would be most important?

Does the exam accurately predict driving performances of people with poor vision?

Industrial/organizational

Dr. Domuch, who helps a company train people for jobs, select good employees, and organize the workplace, is a/an __________ psychologist.

Physicists' principle of conservation of matter and energy

Dualism--the idea that mind and brain exist separately--conflicts with which of these?

is disengaged from the receptor and floats away NO is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter _________.

Industrial Psychology

Employee job selection and performance

Sport Psychology

Examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise

A sample is any calculated value of the data from a statistic.

False

A subset of a sample is a population

False

A subset of a sample is a population.

False

Fluid Intelligence is the knowledge one learns over time.

False

In the IQ formula, the quotient part is chronological age divided by mental age.

False

One of Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory intelligence types is music.

False

Behavioral Neuroscientists

Focus on the brain and research brain imaging - they study how the brain is involved in learning, education, and behavior

What kind of specialist provides advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts?

Forensic psychologists

two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

Fraternal twins develop from:

Applied Psychology

Freud believed in this - Psychoanalysis

William James

Functionalism

inhibitory

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) ____________ neurotransmitter.

A test claims to measure intelligence. How could you measure the reliability of the test?

Give the test repeatedly and see whether each person's scores are consistent

What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question?

How does the brain activity relate to mental activity?

Evolutionary Psychologist

How has behavior evolved compared to prehistoric life?

The mind-brain (or mind-body) problem refers to the question:

How is the mind related to the brain and does one control the other?

Alfred Binet

In 1905, who developed the first useful intelligence test?

What is the main difference between a correlational study and an experiment?

In an experiment, the investigator manipulates the independent variable

What does it mean if the correlation between variable A and variable B is -.5?

Increases in A are associated with decreases in B

What does it mean to say that Raven's Progressive Matrices is a "culture-reduced" test?

It calls for little factual information or use of language.

In which of these ways does stereotype threat affect the results of a test?

It decreases the validity of the test.

Why have psychologists made more progress in understanding sensation than emotion?

It is easier to make accurate measurements in sensation.

Compared to the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet tests, what is an advantage of Raven's Matrices?

It is more appropriate for people who do not speak English.

What characterizes the control group in an experiment?

It is treated like the experimental group except for the treatment the experiment is designed to test.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down, because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ______________ relaxed her body after the crisis.

Monist View

Mind and body are one in the same

Dualist View

Mind and body are separate and distinct

What does animal learning tell us about the mechanisms of intelligent behavior?

Modern-day research on animal intelligence focuses most strongly on which of these questions?

What is true of an item on the Stanford-Binet IQ test designated as "age 8"?

Most 8-year-olds answer it correctly.

What evidence did Spearman cite to support his concept of a "g" factor in intelligence?

Most people who do well on one intellectual task do well on others tasks also.

What evidence did Spearman have for his proposed g factor in intelligence?

Most people who do well on one type of test also do well on other tests.

Evolution Theory

Natural Selection --> Adaptation w/ modification

Jane Goodall spent years observing chimpanzees in the wild. Her technique was

Naturalistic observation

Almost every major structure of the neuron is capable of experience-based change.

Of the many principles of brain plasticity that have emerged since the 1990s, which of the following is true?

According to one study, what was the effect of red-letter instructions on the first page of a test?

On average, students got lower test scores.

Which of the following is true of a convenience sample?

People are chosen just because they are available or easy to study.

Behaviorist

Which type of psychologist is most interested in the study of animal learning?

What does The Individuals with Disabilities Act in the United States require?

Public schools must provide free and appropriate education for all children regardless of their limitations.

Why do deaf and foreign-born people get a fairer score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices than they do on the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test?

Raven's Matrices include only nonverbal questions and answers.

Why did early psychologists spend so much effort studying rats in a maze?

Researchers expected to find simple laws

Suppose someone devises a new IQ test and we discover that tall people get higher test scores than short people. How can we determine whether this test is biased against short people?

See whether the test equally well predicts performances of both short and tall people

What is one way to decrease the impact of stereotype threat?

Simply educate people about stereotype threat.

What is an independent variable?

Something the experimenter changes or controls

Developmental Psychology

Study . of the changes in the way we think as we age

True

T/F Behavior is a term that refers to waving a hand or the movement of cells in the body

True

T/F Cognitive psychologists conduct research on memory.

False

T/F Conducting research on humans is easy.

False

T/F Dualism is the philosophical perspective that brain activity and mental activity are the same.

True

T/F E.B. Tichner is considered the founder of "structuralism."

True

T/F Evaluating the evidence is an important concept in science

True

T/F Forensic psychologists work with the criminal justice system.

True

T/F I/O psychologists apply psychology to workplace settings.

True

T/F Introspection is a technique in which a person reports their mental experience of a stimulus.

True

T/F Nature in the context of Nature vs. Nurture refers to "genetic makeup" or DNA.

True

T/F Psychiatrists have both a PhD in psychology and a medical degree.

False

T/F School psychologists specialize in helping teachers with their classroom needs.

True

T/F Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research lab.

School psychologist

Teachers seeking help in coping with students with special needs would consult which of these?

Which of these is an advantage of the Wechsler IQ tests over Raven's Progressive Matrices?

The Wechsler tests identify strengths and weaknesses on a variety of abilities.

forebrain

The ______ was the last major brain region to evolve, and was the largest part of the human brain.

How differences in behavior relate to differences in heredity and environment

The nature-nurture issue can best be defined as the study of ____.

membrane

The neuron, like all cells in the body, is surrounded by a(n) ___________.

Determinism

The philosophical position that every behavior has a cause is known as _____.

Social Psychology

The study of how our behaviors thoughts and feelings are influenced when others are around

Health Psychology

The study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness

Education Psychology

The study of the way students learn and the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques

An experimenter kept students in a hot, neutral, or cold room and then tested their ability to memorize poetry. What was the independent variable in this experiment?

The temperature of the room

they house and connect with the hippocampus and amygdala.

The temporal lobes are involved in memory and emotion because:

Brain activity and mental activity are the same thing

The term "monism" refers to which belief?

epigenetics

The term _____________ can be defined as the study of changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated without changing the sequence of DNA.

What does it mean to say that a test is biased against members of a particular group?

The test scores underestimate the performance of that group on other tasks.

What is a desirable feature of a scientific theory?

The theory is falsifiable

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

The two main branches of the autonomic nervous system are the _____________ and the ___________.

cerebrum

The uppermost portion of the brain, the _____________, is folded into convolutions, or folds, and divided into two large hemispheres.

mind...word

The word psycology was dervied from the Greek words psyche, meaning ______, and logos, meaning ______.

Which of the following is true of normal distributions?

They are symmetrical

Psychology research differs from chemistry research in many ways. What is one way in which they are similar?

They both need careful measurement

How strongly do monozygotic twins resemble each other in IQ scores if they were reared in separate families?

They resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins reared together.

Personality Psychology

They study what makes people behavior unique & consistant over time in different settings

Cognitivism

To examine the role of mental processes on behavior - rejects boundaries of behaviorism

A "distribution" shows how data-points are distributed relative to each other.

True

A correlational study is not an experiment.

True

An "operational definition" describes a construct and provides a way to measure a construct

True

An "operational definition" describes a construct and provides a way to measure a construct.

True

An "operational definition" describes and measures a construct.

True

Another way to say "standard deviation" is "average distance."

True

Charles Spearman explored the "psychometric" approach to measuring intelligence.

True

Concepts and Constructs are the basic building blocks of scientific thories.

True

One example of a construct is "creativity."

True

Our perception of physical properties are different from physical properties themselves - Our perspective is the psychological perspective

True

The "mode" of a dataset is the most frequently occurring value in the dataset.

True

The "standard deviation" is a measure of variability of a dataset.

True

Research Psychology

Watson believed in this - Behaviorism

Psychologists specializing in learning and motivation stress which point about food choice?

We are most adept at learning to avoid foods which cause illness

What does the abbreviation WAIS stand for?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Students who spent the weekend studying got better test scores than students who went to the beach. To know whether this statement came from an experiment or a correlational study, which question should we ask?

Were students randomly assigned to two groups, or did they decide for themselves?

When Wilhelm Wundt started his psychological research, what was a key issue?

What are the elements of experience?

Tracing current behavior to early childhood experiences

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in treating troubled people?

The behaviors of different species of animals

What do comparative psychologists compare?

Modern-day research on animal intelligence focuses strongly on what question?

What does animal learning tell us about the mechanisms of intelligent behavior?

His personality changed.

What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes when he was shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?

Assumption that every event has a cause

What is meant by "determinism"?

According to a recent survey, 78% of workers say they have cheated their employer. Before we can interpret these results, what question is important to ask?

What were the participants told to count as examples of cheating?

Huntington's disease

Which of the following conditions occurs through monogenic transmission?

ERPs provide excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.

Which of the following is true about event-related potential (ERP)?

MRI provides static pictures, and it is very useful for looking at structures and abnormalities in structures.

Which of the following is true about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Electrocardiography (ECG)

Which of the following measurement techniques is NOT used to examine the working brain?

Nerve cells are incapable of growth and adult brain did not change.

Which of the following statements was considered true about neural growth until the early 1900s?

John Watson

Which of these is recognized as one of the founders of behaviorism?

Determinism

Which of these refers to the idea that every event, including our behavior, has a cause?

mind brain problem

addresses "how do our experiences influence our brain?" considered from 2 perspectives - monism - dualism

What is meant by "adaptive testing"?

administering only those items at or near someone's level of functioning

The WAIS-III test is given to __________. The WISC-IV test is given to __________.

adults.. children up to age 16

Jane describes a dream she had that came true the next day. This is an example of

an anecdote

illusory correlation

an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events

structuralism

an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind - like sensations, feelings, and images

theory

an explanation or model that fits many observations and makes accurate predictions

To decide whether or not any individual item on a test is biased against men or women, psychologists would need to determine whether:

an item that is easy for one group is among the most difficult for the other.

Sternberg distinguished three types of intelligence: practical, creative, and __________.

analytical

free will

assumption that a person is able to choose one behavior over another to emit

What does "psychometric" mean?

based on measurements of individual differences

What do we call theoretical research, such as trying to understand learning and memory?

basic research

Why did Harvard University refuse to give a Ph.D. degree to Mary Calkins?

because she was a woman

Which type of experiment produces the results that are often difficult to interpret?

before and after studies

John B Watson

behaviorism not first behaviorist but systemized approach and popularized it

Which of the following correlations is generally the highest?

between the IQ of an adopted child and the IQs of that child's biological parents

Which of the following correlations is generally the highest?

between the IQs of unrelated children who were adopted and reared in the same family

Which type of psychologist would be most interested in the genetic makeup of an individual?

biological

naturalistic observation

careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions

parsimony

chooses most realistic theory

Since the 1960s, which fields have increased in their influence within psychology?

cognitive psychology and neuroscience

meta analysis

combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were well all one huge study

cross cultural psychology

compares the behavior of people from different cultures

What job is a school psychologist most likely to perform?

consult with teachers about how to meet the educational needs of a troubled student

A survey on the Internet lets anyone answer it. What kind of sample will probably result?

convenience sample

monozygotic twins (identical)

correlate each other .85 resemble each other in brain volume and specific skills strongly resemble each other on IQ test even if adopted by separate sets of parents

dizygotic twins

correlate less than monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than single birth siblings do

retest reliability

correlation between scores on a first test and a retest

If a psychologist wanted to test Spearman's concept of a "g" factor in intelligence, what kind of data should the psychologist collect?

correlations between performances on various intellectual tasks

What is a key concern for the field known as ergonomics or human factors?

design of machinery and instructions so people can understand them better

demand characteristics

cues that tell participants what is expected of them and wha the experimenter hopes to find

psychiatrist

deals with emotional disturbances can prescribe drugs

applied research

deals with practical problems

Clinical Psychology

deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders * Largest of all the sub disciplines

operational definition

definition that specifies the operations used to produce or measure something gives it a numerical value

validity

degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for the intended purposes

An experimenter announces, "This is an experiment on hypnosis." Although the experimenter does not actually hypnotize anyone, many participants behave the way they believe hypnotized people do. Which of these do the results illustrate?

demand characteristics

During the medieval times psychological disorders where attributed to

demons and spirits

Mary Calkins

denied PhD because she was a woman

Dr. Rodentz deprives rats of food for different lengths of time and then records how long each rat takes to reach food at the end of a maze. The time needed to reach the food is the

dependent variable

The mean, median, range, and standard deviation are all examples of

descriptive statistics

Mathematical summaries of results are called __________ statistics, while statistics that inform about the entire population, based on information collected from small samples, are called __________ statistics

descriptive...inferential

A blind observer is an observer who

does not know the experimenter's predictions.

A biopsychologist is unlikely to investigate

effects of unconscious thoughts on behavior

Wilhelm Wundt is famous for

establishing the first laboratory for psychological research

determinism

everything we do has causes

Which of the following methods leads to conclusions about cause and effect?

experiment

biopsycholofist (behavioral neuroscientist)

explains behavior in terms of biological factors, such as activities of the nervous system, the effects of drugs and hormones, genetics, and evolutionary pressures

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology - established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

A new worker at Consolidated Generic Products cannot perform any of the company's traditional tasks as well as more experienced workers. However, the new worker learns new skills faster than the older workers. The new worker apparently has a high degree of

fluid intelligence

If you solve a problem of a type you never saw before, what type of intelligence do you show?

fluid intelligence

Jacque's co-workers are surprised to see him solve complex problems on the spot, because he is not skilled at the tasks of his job. Jacque is apparently high in ____ intelligence and lower in ____ intelligence.

fluid; crystallized

What do sub disciplines focus on?

focus on specific aspects of thought and behavior

In one study, what had the biggest effect on whether Japanese exchange students felt homesick?

foods

John Watson

founder of behaviorism

*PET*

gives images of brain activity: . uses *radioactive chemicals* delievered into the bloodstream and *maps their destination* by the radioactive emissions . Can measure *resting state metabolism*, identify which brain regions contribute to *specific functions*, or identify *distribution of *neurochemicals* using radioactively labeled ligand).

convenience sample

group chose because of its ease of study

cross cultural sample

groups of people from at least two cultures

method

has strong and weaknesses researchers vary their methods

down syndrome

have a variety of physical and medical impairments as a result of having an extra chromosome

Professor Plum devises a new personality test and administers it to a large and representative group of people, finding a wide distribution of scores on the test. Two months later he administers a second form of the same test to the same people and finds that most people receive almost the same score they had the first time. He should conclude that the test has

high reliability and unknown validity.

learning and motivation

how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations

Cognition can best be defined as

how we think and acquire knowledge

A testable prediction of what will happen under a specific set of conditions is known as a

hypothesis

dualism

idea that our "thoughts" are separate and distinct from underlying brain activity and in fact "controls" brain activity

Deliria thinks her hunches usually come true, although in fact they are correct only by chance. Remembering only the cases that fit her expectations produces which of the following?

illusory correlation

Estimates of the heritability of IQ scores are LOWEST for people in which kind of family?

impoverished families

The increase in raw IQ scores known as the Flynn effect has been shown to occur

in every country where it has been investigated

In Dr. Wizard's study, people in the experimental group receive a "subliminal audiotape" that is supposed to improve their self-esteem. The other group receives no treatment. Later, Dr. Wizard interviews them and reports that people in the experimental group show higher self-esteem. What change would IMPROVE the research?

include a blind observer

What kind of psychologist helps a corporation choose the right people to hire?

industrial/organizational

What kind of psychologist helps a company increase workers' productivity and satisfaction?

industrial/organizational psychologist

Children taken from extremely impoverished environments have shown significant lasting benefits in their intellectual performance from what kind of intervention?

intensive programs that last many hours per week for several years

dependent variable

item that an experimenter measures to determine the outcome

To determine whether a theory is parsimonious, psychologists pay attention to whether

its assumptions are simple and consistent with those of other theories

Psychologists analyze a reading comprehension test and find that someone could answer most of the questions correctly without reading the passage. They therefore cast doubt on which aspect of this test?

its validity

Empiricism

knowledge and thinking is what we learn through experiences with the world * creates the split between Psychology and Philosophy

Professor Lewis gave a study guide to the students in the first two rows of class. Later, these students got better grades than the other students. What is wrong with this experiment?

lack of random assignment to groups

functionalism

learn how people produce useful behaviors

Pschoanalysis

localized mental issues to the biological "brain" and the psychological "mind"

introspect

look within themselves

Over the last 50 years or so, what have psychologists had to do in order to make sure the mean score on an IQ test remains at 100?

make the test harder

"Falsifiability" is a desirable characteristic for a scientific theory because a falsifiable theory

makes clear, testable predictions

If the standard deviation is small, then

most scores are close to the mean

Jane Goodall spent years observing chimpanzees in the wild. Her technique was

naturalistic observation

Irving has answered 92 questions correctly on a new test. To decide whether this score is above average or below average, psychologists must determine the _______ of the test.

norms

If you become skillful at basketball because your friends encourage you to play and you have practiced a lot, your behavior is influenced primarily by ___________. If you are good at basketball mainly because you are very tall, as have been all of the members of your family for generations, your behavior is influenced primarily by ___________.

nurture...nature

burden of proof

obligation to present evidence to support one's claim

random sample

one in which every individual in population has an equal chance of being selected

representative sample

one that resembles the population

Under what circumstances is psychological research with animals legally permissible?

only after a committee at the college or research institute approves the proposal

Raven's Progressive Matrices are especially appropriate for testing the intelligence of

people who do not speak English.

If a test has high reliability,

people who do well on the test one day are likely to do well again another day.

anecdotes

peoples reports of isolated events like a dream or hunch that comes true

Dualism--the idea that mind and brain exist separately--conflicts with the:

physicists' principle of conservation of matter and energy

placebo

pill with no know pharmacological effects

IQ test

predict someones performance in school and similar settings

Adherents of free will disagree with adherents of determinism with regard to whether behavior is

predictable

Humanistic Psychology

promoted personal growth and learning throughout life

forensic psychologist

provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts

The WAIS-III and WISC-IV have one advantage over the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, which is that the WAIS-III and WISC-IV

provide scores on a number of separate abilities.

greek roots of "psyche" and "logos"

psyche --> "soul" or "mind" logos --> "word"

A psychotherapist with a medical degree is a _________ and one with a Ph.D. is a _________.

psychiatrist...psychologist

What do we call the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its perceived intensity?

psychophysical function

If every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample, it is a __________ sample.

random

If everyone has the same chance of being in the experimental group, then the experiment has

random assignment

Which of the following is part of an experiment but NOT part of a correlational study?

random assignment to groups

experimental group

receives the treatment that an experiment is designed to test

If competent researches consistently get similar results whenever they follow a particular procedure, then the results are

replicable

Behaviorism

research of observable behavior

A cross-cultural sample is most important for what type of research?

research seeking generalizations about human nature in general

Damage to the adrenal gland can lead to an increased need for which dietary substance?

salt

basic research

seeks theoretical knowledge for its own sake

The earliest psychologists (in the late 1800s and early 1900s) focused most of the research on __________ because they believed those questions __________.

sensation...were relatively easy to answer

When Clever Hans seemed to answer mathematical questions, what was he really responding to?

signals from the person asking the question

clinical social worker

similar to a clinical psychologist but with different training

Which of psychologist is most concerned with how other people influence our behavior?

social psychologist

Which of the following does NOT typically offer help to troubled people?

social psychologist

What is a dependent variable?

something that an experimenter measures to see how another variable affected it

What is an independent variable?

something the experimenter changes or controls.

school psychologist

specialists in the psychological condition of students

comparative psychologists

specialists who compare different animal species

The process of establishing rules for administering a test and for interpreting its scores is known as

standardization

biased

test overstates or understates the true performance of one or more groups

falsifiable

stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it

inferential statistics

statements about a large population based on an inference from a small sample

If someone expects that members of his/her group usually do poorly on some task, which expectation may interfere with the person's ability to concentrate and do well on the task. What is this phenomenon called?

stereotype threat

What distinguishes a psychoanalyst from other kinds of therapists?

strong adherence to theories pioneered by Sigmund Freud

titchener

structuralism

If an IQ test has high predictive validity, then

students who do well on the test also get good grades in school.

positive psychology

studies the predisposition and experiences that make people happy, productive, and successful

cognitive psychologists

studies thought and knowledge processes memories

social psychologists

study how an individual influences other people and how the group influences an individual

developmental psychologist

study how behavior changes with age

health psychologist

study how people's health is influenced by their behaviors

industrial/organizational psychology

study of people at work

survey

study of prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's responses to questions

psychology

systematic study of behavior and experience

An operational definition is a definition that

tells us how to produce or measure something

An operational definition is a definition that

tells us how to produce or measure something.

experimenter bias

tendency of an experimenter (unintentionally, as a rule) to misperceive the results

If a test has low validity, then

the test does not measure what it is supposed to measure

gardner

theory of multiple intelligences

psychoanalysts

therapy providers who rely heavily on the theories and methods pioneered by Sigmund Freud

"Stereotype threat" refers to the finding that Black students' test performance deteriorates when

they are nervous about their performance or expect to do poorly.

replicable results

those that anyone can obtain at least approximately by following the same prodecures

If we compare IQ scores across countries, we find a tendency toward lower scores in which countries?

those with the highest exposure to infectious diseases

What was originally, and still is, the main purpose of IQ tests?

to predict performance in school.

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in treating troubled people?

tracing current behavior to early childhood experiences

evolutionary psychologist

tries to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species, including why evolutions might have favored a tendency to act in particular ways

human factors specialists (ergonomist)

tries to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely

Women now receive approximately what percentage of the Ph.D's in psychology?

two-thirds

statistically reliable

unlikely to have arisen by chance

multiple intelligences

unrelated forms of intelligence

In Dr. Wizard's study, people in the experimental group receive a "subliminal audiotape" that is supposed to improve their self-esteem. The other group receives no treatment. Later, Dr. Wizard interviews them and reports that people in the experimental group show higher self-esteem. What change would IMPROVE the research?

use a blind observer

What is known to influence people's food preferences?

variations in their number of taste buds

monism

viewpoint that person's "consciousness" is simply "activity of the brain"

Nurture

we are who we are because of life experiences

Nature

we are who we are by inborn tendencies and genetics

Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore,

we do not know how her score compares to that of other people.

achievement

what someone has already learned; crystallized intelligence

A psychologist who attempts to test the assumptions of determinism is most likely to investigate

whether it is possible to predict behaviors