PSYC 107- Chapter 7

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

Twin studies show that identical twins have a high correlation between their IQ scores.

True

A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car.

True (very similar)

Walter struggles to write legibly and has a difficult time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

_______ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors

emotion; memory

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script

event

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience

indirect

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

algorithms cannot be used in everyday life

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

all of the concepts are examples of mental set

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are _______

automatic

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________

availability heuristic

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over

babbling

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

it was not empirical

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of _______

learning disability

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________

mental set

Schemata are a(an) _______

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence

musical

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept

natural

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on _______

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________

one standard deviation above the mean

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

practical

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept

prototype

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________

representational bias

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way

role

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

schema

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence

spatial

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

the placement of the phrases "Level 1" and "Level 2" should be switched

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means _______

thinking

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________

thoughts

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Intelligence ratio and intelligence quotient are the same thing.

False

Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives

False (Grammar)

According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly.

False (built to learn language, language acquisition device)

Mental Age is the same as chronological age.

False (chronological = biological age, mental = child's mental ability)

Babbling occurs during the first few months of life.

False (cooing)

Fluid Intelligence is intelligence a person obtains throughout life.

False (how quickly one is able to learn new things and solve new problems)

An algorithm is a sudden awareness of a solution to a problem.

False (insight)

Construct validity refers to the fact that a test can measure multiple constructs such as math and verbal abilities.

False (measure the concept it intends to measure)

All intelligence definitions are multi-factor definitions.

False (some definitions)

The shape of the graph for the variation of IQ scores in the population is a normal curve.

True

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme

I

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans

"Broad Intelligence," is defined by our learning and memory capacities.

True

A "prodigy" is a young person gifted in a particular ability, such as math or music, but otherwise, shows average intelligence.

True

A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category.

True

A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making.

True

A synonym for reliability is consistency.

True

Categories are groups of things with similar features

True

Creative problem solving involves four stages of processing: preparation, incubation, insight, and elaborative-verification.

True

Creative thinking is distinct from but related to both intelligence and problem solving.

True

Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life.

True

Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind

True

IQ tests generate an IQ score and measures over multiple dimensions of intelligence.

True

In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts.

True

In the context of creativity, "originality" refers to thinking of unusual and novel ideas.

True

Intelligence is considered to be the primary characteristic that sets humans apart from other animals.

True

Language production is associated with Broca's area.

True

Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking

True

Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning.

True

Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world.

True

Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases

True

The IQ value for a person of intellectual disability is 70 or less.

True

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale measures adult intelligence.

True

The left prefrontal cortex is active during verbal tasks.

True

The personality characteristic, "openness to experience," is a common trait of creative people.

True

_______ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory

cognition

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

creative

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is_______

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________

experiences

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false?

he believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

he divided intelligence into two components, crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ______

hindsight bias