PSYC 121 Final Exam (ch 13,14,15)
Match each concept of Groupthink in with the best description. 1. Invulnerability 2. Stereotyped out-group 3. Self-censorship 4. Illusion of unanimity A) They are idiots - we are so superior and will crush them B) I am the only person who disagrees so there is no point in my saying anything - I will just look like an idiot. C) Nothing can possibly go wrong D) Everyone agrees - we are all a go!
1. Invulnerability- C) Nothing can possibly go wrong 2. Stereotyped out-group- A) They are idiots - we are so superior and will crush them 3. Self-censorship- B) I am the only person who disagrees so there is no point in my saying anything - I will just look like an idiot. 4. Illusion of unanimity- D) Everyone agrees - we are all a go!
Match each behavior with its description. 1. Stereotype 2. Prejudice 3. Discrimination 4. Scapegoat 5. Limited Resources A) Fighting over a few desirable jobs B) Negative attitudes about a group of people C) Hateful behaviors toward others D) Picking on someone with less power E) Assumed attributions based group
1. Stereotype-- E) Assumed attributions based group 2. Prejudice-- B) Negative attitudes about a group of people 3. Discrimination-- C) Hateful behaviors toward others 4. Scapegoat-- D) Picking on someone with less power 5. Limited Resources-- A) Fighting over a few desirable jobs
Which of the following was not a major change to DSM-5? A) Revision of the multiaxial diagnostic assessment system B) Shift from use of Roman numerals to Arabic numerals in edition naming C) Reorganization of content to reflect developmental trajectory D) Collapsing of autistic disorders into a single spectrum
A) Revision of the multiaxial diagnostic assessment system
What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory considers the repeated late arrival of student X?
Consistency
According to Phillip Zimbardo, what type of attributions would he use to explain the behavior of participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment?
Situational
Match the descriptions with the concepts. 1. Foot in the door 2. Door in the face 3. Low balling 4. Altruism A) Ask for a bigger favor than you need¸ and once refused¸ ask for the actual favor you need B) Promise someone an incredible deal¸ once they agree to buy¸ add on extra costs that raises the cost significantly C) Start with a smaller request than needed¸ gain compliance¸ then return with a bigger request D) Acts of kindness with no expectation of a return
1. Foot in the door-- C) Start with a smaller request than needed¸ gain compliance¸ then return with a bigger request 2. Door in the face-- A) Ask for a bigger favor than you need¸ and once refused¸ ask for the actual favor you need 3. Low balling-- B) Promise someone an incredible deal¸ once they agree to buy¸ add on extra costs that raises the cost significantly 4. Altruism-- D) Acts of kindness with no expectation of a return
For each description, select the item that best explains the behavior. 1. Jason signed the pledge not to text while driving¸ but since he was on a straight highway with cruise control¸ he knew he could safely answer some important text messages. 2. John was given a $3000 moving estimate¸ and now the movers are saying that they forgot to include the cost of the boxes¸ such is an additional $600. 3. Susan donates blood to help those in need. 4. Steward wanted $20 to go out. He initially asked him mom for $40¸ she said no¸ but when he asked for "half of what I really need¸" she agreed to $20. 5. Stan was told by his doctor not to eat or drink after midnight for a surgery the next day. In the morning, Stan was thirsty and his mouth was extremely dry¸ so he drank a glass of water. He knew that most of the body is water and he could easily pee it out. 6. Richard makes a $50¸000 anonymous donation to help a young girl get a bone marrow transplant. A) Altruism B) Cognitive Dissonance C) Altruism D) Lowballing E) Cognitive Dissonance F) Door-in-the-Face
1. Jason signed the pledge not to text while driving¸ but since he was on a straight highway with cruise control¸ he knew he could safely answer some important text messages.-- B) Cognitive Dissonance 2. John was given a $3000 moving estimate¸ and now the movers are saying that they forgot to include the cost of the boxes¸ such is an additional $600.-- D) Lowballing 3. Susan donates blood to help those in need.-- A) Altruism 4. Steward wanted $20 to go out. He initially asked him mom for $40¸ she said no¸ but when he asked for "half of what I really need¸" she agreed to $20.-- F) Door-in-the-Face 5. Stan was told by his doctor not to eat or drink after midnight for a surgery the next day. In the morning, Stan was thirsty and his mouth was extremely dry¸ so he drank a glass of water. He knew that most of the body is water and he could easily pee it out.-- E) Cognitive Dissonance 6. Richard makes a $50¸000 anonymous donation to help a young girl get a bone marrow transplant.-- C) Altruism
For each description, select the item that best explains the behavior. 1. Jen wanted to stay out until midnight¸ well after her curfew¸ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no¸ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead¸ which her mom said was okay. 2. Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks¸ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home. 3. Michael has Type I diabetes and must restrict his sugar intake. At work¸ there was a party for one of his best friends¸ who was promoted. The cake looked so good. Michael had a big piece¸ but scraped off most of the icing¸ so it was no big deal. 4. Tina and Chris were on vacation and were staying at a new hotel. Both hungry and tired¸ they decided to order room service. The prices seemed reasonable. They ordered $22 worth of food. When the food was delivered¸ Tina opened the bill and it said the total was $39.55! Tina was upset because she could not understand how it could be that much and the hotel staff explained that there were tax and service charges. Tina was angry¸ but they were hungry¸ it was late¸ and there was nothing else she could do. 5. Sam got mailing labels in the mail from a charity. Even though he did not need them, he paid the requested amount.
1. Jen wanted to stay out until midnight¸ well after her curfew¸ so she asked her mom if she could spend the night at a friend's house. Her mom said no¸ so Jen asked for a midnight curfew instead¸ which her mom said was okay.-- A) Door-in-the-Face 2. Donna agreed to foster a cat while a home could be found. After several weeks¸ the shelter asked Donna if she would keep the cat because they were unable to find the cat a permanent home.-- E) Foot-in-the-Door 3. Michael has Type I diabetes and must restrict his sugar intake. At work¸ there was a party for one of his best friends¸ who was promoted. The cake looked so good. Michael had a big piece¸ but scraped off most of the icing¸ so it was no big deal.-- C) Cognitive Dissonance 4. Tina and Chris were on vacation and were staying at a new hotel. Both hungry and tired¸ they decided to order room service. The prices seemed reasonable. They ordered $22 worth of food. When the food was delivered¸ Tina opened the bill and it said the total was $39.55! Tina was upset because she could not understand how it could be that much and the hotel staff explained that there were tax and service charges. Tina was angry¸ but they were hungry¸ it was late¸ and there was nothing else she could do.-- B) Lowballing 5. Sam got mailing labels in the mail from a charity. Even though he did not need them¸ he paid the requested amount.-- D) Reciprocity Norm
Match the following symptoms with the appropriate term. 1. Mania 2. Hypomania A) Period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning B) Period of excessive energy
1. Mania-- A) Period of excessive energy that interferes with functioning 2. Hypomania-- B) Period of excessive energy
Match the description with the concepts. 1. Stereotype 2. Attitudes 3. Prejudice 4. Discrimination A) Treating a person/people differently based on group membership B) Assuming that a perception of a group based on some common characteristics applies to anyone with common features C) A person's thoughts¸ideas¸and opinions D) Negative beliefs/active dislike of a group of people with common characteristics that differ from oneself
1. Stereotype-- B) Assuming that a perception of a group based on some common characteristics applies to anyone with common features 2. Attitudes-- C) A person's thoughts¸ideas¸and opinions 3. Prejudice-- D) Negative beliefs/active dislike of a group of people with common characteristics that differ from oneself 4. Discrimination-- A) Treating a person/people differently based on group membership
Match the description given with the attitude component. 1. Susan goes to the movie to see a feature film starring her favorite actor. 2. Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports. 3. Whenever Aaron sees someone smoking¸ he is reminded that smoking causes cancer. 4. Jonathon likes the new suit he bought - it makes him feel good about his appearance when he wears it. 5. Jasper is terrified of snakes 6. Sasha loves animals and spends every Saturday volunteering at the animal shelter A) Cognitive B) Affective C) Behavioral D) Behavioral E) Affective F) Cognitive
1. Susan goes to the movie to see a feature film starring her favorite actor.-- C) Behavioral 2. Felix believes that his Range Rover is safer than his friend's Kia based on safety reports.-- A) Cognitive 3. Whenever Aaron sees someone smoking¸ he is reminded that smoking causes cancer.-- F) Cognitive 4. Jonathon likes the new suit he bought - it makes him feel good about his appearance when he wears it.-- B) Affective 5. Jasper is terrified of snakes-- E) Affective 6. Sasha loves animals and spends every Saturday volunteering at the animal shelter.-- D) Behavioral
How long did it take for one of the prisoners in the Stanford Prison Experiments to have a complete emotional collapse?
36 hours
Which of the following describes the DSM-5? (Select all that apply) A) A classification system of psychological disorders B) A guide to diagnosing psychological disorders C) A system for billing for treatment of psychological disorders
A) A classification system of psychological disorders B) A guide to diagnosing psychological disorders C) A system for billing for treatment of psychological disorders
Which of the following can reduce cognitive dissonance? (Select all that apply) A) Change your attitude B) Change your behavior C) Distort your attitude D) Distort your behavior
A) Change your attitude B) Change your behavior C) Distort your attitude D) Distort your behavior
Based on the information provided, which of the following best represents the desired normative behavior? A) Coming to class on time B) Taking mid-day classes C) Unrealistic expectations of the professor D) Small classes are more challenging
A) Coming to class on time
Maria steals money from the offering plate in church every Sunday. Which of the 4 D's of abnormal behavior best describes this behavior? A) Deviance B) Distress C) Dysfunction D) Danger
A) Deviance
When making attributions about the causes of the behavior of others, we tend to make ______________ attributions. (select all that apply) A) Internal B) External C) Situational D) Dispositional
A) Internal D) Dispositional
Our views of what is normal and abnormal are heavily influenced by ______________. (Select all that apply) A) Personal experience B) Our parents C) Societal standards
A) Personal experience B) Our parents C) Societal standards
Jacob has felt like he was bad at math ever since one of his teachers in middle school made him feel dumb when he did a problem wrong on the board for all to see. Jacob's insistence that math just "wasn't his thing" lasted throughout high school. Although he passed his courses with C's, his teachers felt that he simply wasn't trying. Once in college, Jacob found out that he was required to complete a college math course. He was hesitant, because he was worried about his inability to do well in math. On the first day, the professor did some ice-breaker activities. When asked to describe himself, Jacob stated that he was terrible at math and always had been. After class, the teacher asked to talk with Jacob about his low self-esteem regarding math. The teacher showed Jacob that he had been placed into a higher-level course based on his placement exams, which seemed to indicate that he was better at math than he believed. The teacher was most concerned that Jacob's negative outlook and predetermined belief that he would fail would likely come true unless he replaced those thoughts with more positive ones. It appears that the teacher is most concerned about which of the following? A) Self-fulfilling prophecy B) Pluralistic ignorance C) Jacob cheating on assignments and exams D) Diffusion of responsibility
A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following best explains why Jennifer is blaming the professor for her poor performance on the exam? A) Self-serving bias B) Primacy effects C) Fundamental attribution error D) False consensus effect
A) Self-serving bias
Which of the following are examples of social norms? (select all that apply) A) Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. B) Richard cuts in front of others in line whenever he is in a hurry. C) Between classes¸ Sarah checks her iPhone and sends texts. D) Despite class policy that expressly prohibits the use of cell phones¸ Amy texts her friends during class.
A) Students stop talking when their professor starts lecturing. C) Between classes¸ Sarah checks her iPhone and sends texts.
Which of the following best describes the premise or ideas that were the focus of attention of the doomsday cult under the leadership of Mrs. Marian Keech? (Select all that apply) A) The world's destruction B) Keech's ability to channel other beings C) The belief that a spaceship would pick up members D) Saving the world
A) The world's destruction B) Keech's ability to channel other beings C) The belief that a spaceship would pick up members D) Saving the world
Which of the following best explains Albert Bandura's theory behind aggression? A) Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded. B) Multiple exposures to violent behavior are necessary prior to performing the behavior. C) We are all born with the drive to behave aggressively. D) Aggression is learned through direct reinforcement and punishment.
A) Violent behavior is quickly learned by watching aggressive models who are rewarded.
You go to a party with friends and you feel confident, knowing you are looking good in the new clothes you bought. According to the self-fulfilling prophecy, which of the following would be most likely to occur? A) You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party. B) You find everyone to be annoying and wish you had never agreed to come. C) You meet some new people and find a seat and just watch others. D) You drink too much and get sick.
A) You talk to new people, socialize, and enjoy the party.
Which organization currently publishes the DSM?
American Psychiatric Association
Last year, Pauline was involved in a serious car accident. Since then, she has had vivid dreams about the accident and hyperventilates when she gets behind the steering wheel. She was subsequently diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder. If her therapist used DSM-IV-TR, this diagnosis would be found in the section on ______________ disorders.
Anxiety
Which of the following countries would be considered to have a collectivist culture? (select all that apply.) A) The United States B) China C) Canada D) Japan E) Germany
B) China D) Japan
Samson was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His wife insisted that he see a doctor after he continued to announce that he had been elected President of the United States. This behavior is an example of a ______________. (Select all that apply) A) Hallucination B) Delusion C) Positive symptom D) Negative symptom
B) Delusion C) Positive symptom
Student X blamed her lateness on parking problems, which assumes a(n) ______________ attribution. (select all that apply) A) Internal B) External C) Situational D) Dispositional
B) External C) Situational
Which of the following best represents the fundamental attribution error? A) The reason why Keith feels depressed is a function of both nature and nurture. B) Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy. C) Rhonda was late because there was traffic. D) Ross got an A on the exam because the class was so easy.
B) Keanu failed the exam because he is lazy.
When uncertain what to do in a situation, people may fail to act because they rely on the social cues from others to determine appropriate behavior, but they fail to recognize that others are similarly uncertain and are also looking for directive social cues. Which one of the following best describes the above situation? A) Social norms B) Pluralistic ignorance C) Social influence D) Bystander effect
B) Pluralistic ignorance
According to Zimbardo, what events inspired Milgram's classic research? (Select all that apply.) A) The Stanford Prison Experiment B) The atrocities that occurred during the Nazi regime C) To test Attribution Theory D) Curiosity as to how much would a person shock another with minor prompts from an authority figure E) Milgram wanted a publication before Zimbardo
B) The atrocities that occurred during the Nazi regime D) Curiosity as to how much would a person shock another with minor prompts from an authority figure
Which of the following are real examples of altruism? (Select all that apply.) A) Giving your old clothes to Goodwill so that you have a tax deduction B) Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued C) Buying a $20 raffle ticket for a chance to win a free car D) Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children E) Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need F) You buy 6 boxes of Girl Scout cookies because they are tasty and only available once a year
B) Visiting a nursing home to make the residents feel valued D) Volunteering your time at a local school to help tutor children E) Anonymously donating a Thanksgiving meal to a family in need
The experience of Kitty Genovese in the mid-1960's began over a half-century of research in what area?
Bystander effect
Which of the following would cause the greatest state of cognitive dissonance? A) Miriam typically recycles but accidentally threw a can in the trash. B) Carrie is concerned about money and is clipping coupons. C) Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one. D) Sarah hates showing her calves, but her school uniform is a skort (Skirt with build in shorts) that only reaches the bottom of her knees.
C) Josef is an active animal rights advocate and vegan. After feeling hungry from his run, he eats a bowl of his mom's beef stew but tells no one.
Labeling psychological disorders can be both helpful and harmful. Which of the following is a harmful use of labels? A) Labels are a way to categorize similar behaviors. B) Labels are a way of organizing epidemiological data. C) Labels are a way to excuse unacceptable behaviors. D) Labels are a way to facilitate communication among mental health providers.
C) Labels are a way to excuse unacceptable behaviors.
Which of the following would be most effective in getting help in an emergency situation? A) Yelling for someone to help you B) Blowing a whistle loudly, followed by instructions C) Point directly at someone and ask that person for help D) All of the above are equally effective
C) Point directly at someone and ask that person for help
Which of the following best represents the events in at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq? A) Some people are inherently evil. B) A few bad apples can corrupt the behavior of others. C) The power of the situation can be so great that good people do bad things. D) The prisoners are to blame for their own misfortune
C) The power of the situation can be so great that good people do bad things.
Which of the following statements does NOT support the Biological model of aggression? A) Men are more aggressive than women due to men's levels of testosterone. B) Hyperactivity of the amygdala increases aggression in animals. C) Watching violence within your community increases aggression. D) Genetic differences explain differences in expressed aggression.
C) Watching violence within your community increases aggression.
Which of the following best describes the research on altruism? A) Men always offer more help than women. B) For men, altruism has become an instinctive response. C) Women can develop more intuitive responses. D) Gender roles have no effect on altruism.
C) Women can develop more intuitive responses.
Clive has given all his worldly possessions to the cult he joined. He no longer has any contact with his family and has no friends other than cult members. The cult leader told members when the world would end and how aliens would save them. When the world did not end, Clive remained in the cult and became more convinced that the leader was a prophet. What best explains Clive's behavior?
Cognitive dissonance theory
What aspect of Kelley's covariation theory compares the late arrival of student X to the on-time arrival of other students?
Consensus
Which of the following would reduce discrimination? A) Being of equal status B) Working toward a common goal C) Playing competitive games that are fun D) A and B E) All of the above
D) A and B
According to Zimbardo, what factors must be considered when investigating heinous acts? A) The system involved B) The persons involved C) The situation D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following choices best describes the relationship between the terms manic-depressive disorder and bipolar disorder? A) Manic-depressive disorder is one type of bipolar disorder. B) Bipolar disorder is one type of manic-depressive disorder. C) Manic-depressive disorder is a newer term replacing the label bipolar disorder. D) Bipolar disorder is a newer term replacing the label manic-depressive disorder.
D) Bipolar disorder is a newer term replacing the label manic-depressive disorder.
Once we form an opinion about someone, which of the following explains why we attend to information that is consistent with our impressions and ignore information that is not consistent with our beliefs? A) Self-fulfilling prophecy B) Negative primacy effect C) Fundamental attribution error D) Confirmation bias
D) Confirmation bias
Eleanor, fell on the sidewalk of a busy street in New York City. She sustained a compound fracture and started going into physical shock. Despite her presence on the sidewalk and her clear distress, hundreds of participants walked past her and even over her without pause. What best explains why no one helped her for nearly an hour?
Diffusion of responsibility
What component of Kelley's covariance model considers the similarity of student X's behavior in other courses?
Distinctiveness
True or false. Participants in the Stanford Prison Experiment were informed that the local police would come to "arrest" them.
False
True or false. When local psychologists and psychiatrists were questioned about their predicted results, their prediction closely matched the findings.
False
True or false. With regard to impression formation, even if your initial impression is negative, it can be easily changed if subsequent exposures are positive.
False
The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger never heard the disagreeing information and views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the danger of:
Groupthink
Simon likes to intimidate the other kids in his class. Simon knows that he is extremely good-looking but the girl he wants to date won't go out with him because she is dating this loser named Brad. Simon often has fantasies about hurting Brad. Simon has devised a plan that he is going to jump Brad and hurt him without getting caught. This is an example of __________.
Hostile aggression
The onset of neurodevelopmental disorders is typically during which period of the lifespan?
Infancy
Mark plays rugby and often gets psyched up with his teammates to beat the other team and try to take down their good players early in the game. This is an example of ______________.
Instrumental aggression
Based on the totality of the situation, what type of attribution can be made about student X?
Internal
According to the Fundamental Attribution Error, when making attributions about other people, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions, whereas when making attributions about ourselves, we are more likely to make ______________ attributions.
Internal; external
The ______________ effect dictates that the more occasions that you are interact with someone, the more you will like them.
Mere exposure
The use of sterilization to prevent individuals with psychological disorders from procreating is called ________.
Negative eugenics
Dabnus often has a hard time focusing on his studies because he is constantly thinking about his fear of clowns. These intrusive thoughts are referred to as ______________.
Obsessions
When meeting new people, we tend to make snap-judgments as the basis for impression formation, which is best explained by ______________.
Primacy effects
Why is Dorothea Dix an important figure in the history of psychology?
She advocated for humane treatment of individuals with psychological disorders.
Which classic experiment in social psychology focused on conformity of individuals to the group?
The Asch Line Study
If your professor perceives you as a mature and responsible student, what would they most likely think if you came to class late?
The professor thinks that there must be some extenuating circumstances that caused your late arrival.
For members of the doomsday cult, when faced with the reality that the world was not ending and no spaceship was coming, what did most members do? (Make a prediction.)
They remained with the cult, even more committed now that they had all saved the world.
True or false. In general, we are most influenced by appearance than any other characteristic.
True
True or false. Leaders of cults are often perceived by members as charismatic.
True
True or false. People underestimate the extent to which they are influenced by superficial characteristics in others.
True
True or false. Women tend to be verbally aggressive rather than physically aggressive.
True
True or false. Zimbardo's presentation on Ted Talks asserts that all people can become evil.
True
When you meet someone for the first time, how quickly do you form an impression of that person?
Within seconds to minutes of meeting
What is one reason why women might be more likely than men to receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?
Women may experience hormonal changes that affect mood.
