PSYC 2010 Unit 2 (Ch. 4,5,10)

insomnia

"A disorder characterized by an inability to sleep that causes significant problems in daily living"

obstructive sleep apnea

"A disorder in which people, while asleep, stop breathing because their throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night."

priming

"A facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus."

change blindness

"A failure to notice large changes in one's environment."

meditation

"A mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object, an internal event, or a sense of awareness."

narcolepsy

"A sleep disorder in which people experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing."

hypnosis

"A social interaction during which a person, responding to suggestions, experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action."

exogenous attention

"Attention that is directed involuntarily by a stimulus."

endogenous attention

"Attention that is directed voluntarily."

circadian rhythms

"Biological patterns that occur at regular intervals as a function of time of day."

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

"Impairments in mental functioning caused by a blow to or very sharp movement of the head."

consciousness

"One's moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world."

dreams

"Products of an altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality."

subliminal perception

"The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness."

REM sleep

"The stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, paralysis of motor systems, and dreaming."

Albert dislikes Benicio but likes Carmen. Carmen and Benicio are good friends. According to balance theory, how is Albert most likely to react? - Albert will be unbothered and continue to like Carmen and dislike Benicio. - Albert will switch who he likes: liking Benicio and disliking Carmen. - Albert will either come to like Benicio or convince Carmen that Benicio is unlikable. - Albert will bring a fourth friend into the network for balance.

- Albert will either come to like Benicio or convince Carmen that Benicio is unlikable.

Which statement is accurate regarding the amygdala's involvement in emotion? - Information reaches the amygdala along two separate neural pathways. - Increased activity in the amygdala during an emotional event is associated with improved long-term memory for that event. - The amygdala helps process the emotional content of facial expressions. - All of the above are true.

- All of the above are true.

Which statement most accurately describes cultural variation in emotions and emotional expressions? - Emotions and emotional expressions hardly vary between cultures. - Emotional expressions vary more than emotional experiences between cultures. - Emotional experiences vary more than emotional expressions between cultures. - Emotions and emotional expressions show almost no similarity between cultures.

- Emotional expressions vary more than emotional experiences between cultures.

A researcher subliminally flashes the word thirst to participants in Condition A, and nothing to participants in Condition B. Both groups of participants are then given the opportunity to drink some water. What do you predict about the participants' behavior? - Participants in Conditions A and B will behave nearly identically. - Participants in Condition A will drink more water than participants in Condition B, especially if they are thirsty. - Participants in Condition B will drink more water than participants in Condition A, especially if they are thirsty.

- Participants in Condition A will drink more water than participants in Condition B, especially if they are thirsty.

Students enrolled in a difficult class are preparing to give end-of-term presentations that will significantly impact final grades. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which is likely to perform the best? - Ahn, who is not at all anxious about the presentation and does not give it much thought after his initial preparation. - Sonya, who is moderately anxious about the presentation and continues to review her slides and practice her talk until presentation day. - Marcus, who is extremely anxious about the presentation and spends every waking moment preparing, worrying late into the night and thinking of nothing else.

- Sonya, who is moderately anxious about the presentation and continues to review her slides and practice her talk until presentation day.

Which of the following statements about the gustatory system are true? - Taste is a mixture of five basic kinds of gustatory receptors. - Different regions of the tongue are more sensitive to different tastes. - The texture of a food can affect how its taste is perceived. - People lose half of their taste buds by age 20. - Supertasters tend to be overweight and are more likely to be male.

- Taste is a mixture of five basic kinds of gustatory receptors. - The texture of a food can affect how its taste is perceived. - People lose half of their taste buds by age 20.

After hours of waiting, a bird-watcher hears the call of a rare bird species. The bird-watcher reacts by turning their head about 45 degrees to the left and sees the bird. Which of the following statements best describes how the bird-watcher knew where to turn their head? - The call reached the bird-watcher's left ear before the right ear; the call was less intense in the bird-watcher's right ear than in the left ear. - The call reached the bird-watcher's left ear before the right ear; the call was less intense in the bird-watcher's left ear than in the right ear. - The call reached the bird-watcher's right ear before the left ear; the call was less intense in the bird-watcher's right ear than in the left ear. - The call reached the bird-watcher's right ear before the left ear; the call was less intense in the bird-watcher's left ear than in the right ear.

- The call reached the bird-watcher's left ear before the right ear; the call was less intense in the bird-watcher's right ear than in the left ear.

What is a key distinction between a person in an unresponsive wakefulness state and a person in a minimally conscious state? - The person in the minimally conscious state is less responsive to their surroundings. - The person in the unresponsive wakefulness state is less likely to regain full consciousness at some point in the future. - The person in the minimally conscious state is dreaming, whereas the person in the unresponsive wakefulness state is in a coma.

- The person in the unresponsive wakefulness state is less likely to regain full consciousness at some point in the future.

Which statement is false in regard to REM sleep? - You are more likely to report dreaming if woken from REM sleep. - You are more likely to sleepwalk during REM sleep. - As morning approaches, the sleep cycle becomes shorter and the sleeper spends relatively more time in REM sleep. - Most of the body's muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep.

- You are more likely to sleepwalk during REM sleep.

Which of the following is an example of exogenous attention? - You focus your attention on reading the textbook. - You attend to the road while driving. - You attend to an unexpected, sudden loud noise.

- You attend to an unexpected, sudden loud noise.

According to the research, which person is most likely to set challenging but attainable goals for themselves? - a person low in self-efficacy but high in achievement motivation - a person high in self-efficacy but low in achievement motivation - a person low in self-efficacy and low in achievement motivation - a person high in self-efficacy and high in achievement motivation

- a person high in self-efficacy and high in achievement motivation

Imagine you have a dull, chronic pain across your lower back. No matter how you position yourself, you cannot make the pain go away. Which combination of descriptors is most related to the signaling of this type of pain? - activated by chemical changes in tissue, fast fibers, nonmyelinated axons - activated by strong physical pressure or temperature extremes, fast fibers, myelinated axons - activated by chemical changes in tissue, slow fibers, nonmyelinated axons - activated by strong physical pressure or temperature extremes, slow fibers, myelinated axons

- activated by chemical changes in tissue, slow fibers, nonmyelinated axons

In audition, detecting the __________ of the sound wavelength results in the perception of loudness. Detecting the __________ of the wavelength results in the perception of pitch. - frequency, amplitude - amplitude, frequency - frequency, hertz - hertz, frequency

- amplitude, frequency

Attending an entertaining concert is an example of __________ motivation. Wearing earplugs to protect your hearing is an example of _______ motivation. - extrinsic; avoidance - avoidance; approach - approach; avoidance - approach; intrinsic

- approach; avoidance

What is not one of the motivational human values proposed by self-determination theory? - autonomy - relatedness - benevolence - competency

- benevolence

which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant? - marijuana - cocaine - heroin - alcohol - LSD

- cocaine

Andrea is a runner who suffered a devastating injury to her knee. She persevered through a long rehabilitation process to return to running and complete an ultramarathon. Which motivational concept best describes her perseverance? - extrinsic motivation - SMART goals - intrinsic motivation - grit

- grit

How would the circumplex model of classifying emotions describe anxiety? - positive valence and high arousal - negative valence and low arousal - positive valence and low arousal - negative valence and high arousal

- negative valence and high arousal

Which sense organ is largest in humans? - eyes, due to the large number of cones densely packed in the fovea - ears, due to the curvature of the cochlea, which increases surface area of the basilar membrane to house an infinite number of hair cells - nose, due to the dense array of cells packed within the olfactory epithelium - tongue, due to the large number of taste buds that can be housed within each papilla - skin, due to the large surface area

- skin, due to the large surface area

Which answer accurately lists the order in which these structures participate in sensation and perception (except for smell)? - thalamus, specialized receptors, cortex - specialized receptors, cortex, thalamus - cortex, specialized receptors, thalamus - specialized receptors, thalamus, cortex

- specialized receptors, cortex, thalamus

Which of the following instruction sets would a yoga teacher trained in concentrative meditation be most likely to give? - Close your eyes while sitting in a comfortable position. Let your thoughts move freely through your mind, like clouds passing through the sky. Acknowledge them, but do not react to them. -Lying on your back, rest your hands gently on your abdomen. As you breathe in and out, focus attention on your breath. Notice the rhythmic rise and fall of your abdomen and the slow, deep movement of your chest. - Standing in place, bend one knee and lift that leg. Grasp the foot and bring it back as far as possible. Then lower the foot and repeat this action with the other knee, leg, and foot.

-Lying on your back, rest your hands gently on your abdomen. As you breathe in and out, focus attention on your breath. Notice the rhythmic rise and fall of your abdomen and the slow, deep movement of your chest.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does not support the idea that sleep is an adaptive behavior? -Sleep allows the body and brain to restore themselves. -Some animals, such as some frogs, do not sleep. -Humans sleep at night because our ancestors were more at risk in the dark. -Students who study more tend to have more REM sleep.

-some animals, such as some frogs, do not sleep

Match each definition with one of the following attention terms: change blindness, automatic processing, controlled processing, shadowing. 1. well-practiced tasks that can be done quickly, with little conscious effort 2. repeating the auditory input to one ear while different input is transmitted to the other ear 3. failure to notice large changes in one's environment 4. difficult or challenging tasks that require conscious effort

1. automatic processing 2. shadowing 3. change blindness 4. controlled processing

Imagine you are preparing to conduct a brain imaging study of visual processing. Which pathway—dorsal or ventral—do you hypothesize will be activated by each of the following experimental tasks? 1. deciding which of two objects is farther away 2. describing an object's color 3. describing a silhouette's shape 4. naming an object 5. selecting which two of three objects are closest together

1. dorsal ("where") 2. ventral ("what") 3. ventral ("what") 4. ventral ("what") 5. dorsal ("where")

For each description below, name the sleep disorder: insomnia, apnea, narcolepsy, somnambulism. 1. Marcus falls asleep suddenly while practicing piano. 2. Emma walks through the living room in the middle of the night, seemingly oblivious to those around her. 3. Sophia spends most of the night trying to fall asleep and is anxious and has a hard time functioning during the day. 4. Ivan snores loudly and stops breathing for short periods while sleeping.

1. narcolepsy 2. somnambulism 3. insomnia 4. apnea

Identify each of the phenomena as a need or a drive. 1. food 2. hunger 3. thirst 4. water 5. oxygen 6. social connection

1. need 2. drive 3. drive 4. need 5. need 6. need

Identify each of the following visual perceptions as an example of size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, or lightness constancy. 1. recognizing a dinner plate as circular, even when viewing it at an angle makes it appear elliptical 2. labeling grass as green, even in the dark 3. identifying a building as a skyscraper, even though it appears smaller than other objects in your field of vision 4. recognizing a door as a door, even when it is fully open so that you see only the edge 5. knowing that your friend is wearing the same T-shirt when it is illuminated differently by bright fluorescent lights or dull lamp lights

1. shape constancy 2. color constancy 3. size constancy 4. shape constancy 5. lightness constancy

Match each of the following drugs with the appropriate description of a user's typical response: alcohol, marijuana, MDMA, opiates, stimulants. 1. increased heart rate, elevated mood, restlessness 2. relaxation, contentment, vivid perceptual experiences 3. impaired motor skills, decreased sexual performance 4. energy, slight hallucinations 5. lack of pain, euphoria, intense pleasure

1. stimulants 2. marijuana 3. alcohol 4. MDMA 5. opiates

In which lobe of the brain (frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal) does each of the following sensory cortices reside? 1. primary auditory cortex 2. primary somatosensory cortex 3. primary visual cortex

1. temporal 2. parietal 3. occipital

Match each process of detecting and interpreting information—sensation, perception, bottom-up processing, top-down processing-with its definition. 1. processing based on prior knowledge and expectation 2. detection of sensory signals by receptors 3. processing and interpretation of sensory signals 4. perception based on physical features of sensory stimuli

1. top-down processing 2. sensation 3. perception 4. bottom-down processing

activation-synthesis hypothesis

A hypothesis of dreaming proposing that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

James-Lange Theory

A theory of emotion stating that the person experiences emotion by noticing bodily changes first and then interpreting them as particular feelings.

signal detection theory (SDT)

A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires a judgment -- it is not an all-or-nothing process.

need hierarchy

Maslow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The psychological principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. After that, additional arousal impairs performance.

convergence

a cue of binocular depth perception; when a person views a nearby object the eye muscles turn the eyes inward

sensory adaption

a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation

binocular disparity

a depth cue; because of the distance between the two eyes, each eye receives a slightly different retinal image

temporal coding

a mechanism for encoding low-frequency auditory stimuli in which the firing rates of cochlear hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave

place coding

a mechanism for encoding the frequency of auditory stimuli in which the frequency of the sound wave is encoded by the location of the hair cells along the basilar membrane

motion parallax

a monocular depth cue observed when moving relative to objects, in which the objects that are closer appear to move faster than the objects that are farther away

self-affirmation

a need for a sense of self that is coherent and stable

sound wave

a pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time; it produces the percept of a sound

motivation

a process that energizes, guides, and maintains behavior toward a goal

drive

a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need

need

a state of biological, social, or psychological deficiency.

self-actualization

a state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

Cannon-Bard Theory

a theory of emotion stating that information about emotional stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions, respectively

two-factor theory

a theory of emotion stating that the label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of emotion

olfactory epithelium

a thin layer of tissue, within the nasal cavity, that contains the receptors for smell

eardrum

a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate

emotion

an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

secondary emotions

blends of primary emotions

object constancy

correctly perceiving objects as constant in their shape, size, color, and lightness, despite raw sensory data that could mislead perception

monocular depth cues

cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone

binocular depth cues

cues of depth perception that arise from the fact that people have two eyes

ideal affect

emotional and affective states that people want to feel or that cultures especially value

primary emotions

emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal (shared across cultures)

incentives

external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors

audition

hearing: the sense of sound perception

extrinsic motivation

motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed

intrinsic motivation

motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

bottom-up processing

perception based on the physical features of the stimulus

vestibular sense

perception of balance determined by receptors in the inner ear

cones

retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in color perception

rods

retinal cells that respond to low levels of light and result in black-and-white perception.

display rules

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations

olfaction

sense of smell

taste buds

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

core values

strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened

self-efficacy

the belief that efforts toward a goal will result in success

olfactory bulb

the brain center for smell, located below the frontal lobes

fovea

the center of the retina, where cones are densely packed

sensation

the detection of physical stimuli and the transmission of this information to the brain

balance theory

the idea that people are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships. a triad is balanced when the relationships are all the same direction or if two relationships are negative and one is positive.

top-down processing

the interpretation of sensory information based on knowledge, expectations, and past experiences

difference threshold

the minimum amount of change required to detect a difference between two stimuli

absolute threshold

the minimum intensity of stimulation necessary to detect a sensation half the time

need to belong

the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

self-regulation

the process by which people direct their behavior toward the attainment of goals

Transduction

the process by which sensory stimuli are converted to neural signals the brain can interpret

perception

the processing, organization, and interpretation of sensory signals in the brain

gustation

the sense of taste

haptic sense

the sense of touch

Homeostasis

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

retina

the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, which contains the sensory receptors that transduce light into neural signals

cognitive dissonance

the unpleasant feeling of being aware of holding two conflicting beliefs or a belief that conflicts with a behavior