PSYC 2060 Chapter 7

To make up for the shortage of male teachers, some education programs actively recruit men, especially ethnic minorities, to join the teaching profession. In a recent national survey of college students, however, only _________ of males said their probable career would be an elementary school teacher or administrator and only ___________ indicated an interest in a career in secondary education. A. 1%; 4.7% B. 5%; 8% C. 8.3%; 10% D. 10%; 15.7%

A

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced only after a given period of time has elapsed? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-ratio

A

A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. Being in the social studies classroom B. The child's feelings of restlessness C. The teacher's tendency to ignore the child D. The child's restless and disruptive behavior

A

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning? A. Ivan Pavlov B. David Premack C. B. F. Skinner D. E. L. Thorndike

C

Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the room helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work—in fact she is distracting them by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot tells Jan that she will have to go back to her seat and work independently if she does not stop telling jokes. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used ________, and it was ________. A. punishment; ineffective B. negative reinforcer; effective C. punishment; effective D. positive reinforcer; ineffective

B

A situation in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of the occurrence of that behavior is best known as which of the following? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. R-S theory D. S-R theory

B

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the sound of the bell ringing just prior to the presentation of food is best described as which of the following? A. Conditioned response B. Conditioned stimulus C. Unconditioned response D. Unconditioned stimulus

B

Which of the following scenarios provides the best example of a mental process? A. A child draws a picture of a car. B. A child plays the violin. C. A child tries to decide which crayon to use next. D. A child runs home from school.

C

A behaviorist's research would most likely address which of the following questions? A. Why do children get angry when teachers criticize them? B. How do children feel when other children treat them nicely? C. What motivates certain children to hit other children? D. Under what conditions are children likely to share toys with others?

D

According to a recent study, what are some of the benefits to children from watching the television show Sesame Street? A. Conflict resolution skills B. Prosocial behaviors C. Less stereotyping D. All of these

D

Bandura's reciprocal determinism model consists of all of the following main factors except which one? A. Behavior B. Person C. Environment D. Intelligence

D

Which of the following individuals is one of the main architects of social cognitive theory? A. E. L. Thorndike B. Barry Zimmerman C. David Premack D. Albert Bandura

D

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits? A. Are high achieving B. Prefer a lot of guidance and feedback C. Have difficulty cooperating with peers D. Are dishonest

A

Mr. Rojas says, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what has happened to the class? A. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced. B. The class received direct reinforcement. C. The class received negative reinforcement. D. The class received intermittent reinforcement.

A

Barry Zimmerman is well known for his work in which of the following areas? A. Helping students become high self-regulatory learners B. Developing the 3 to 1 mentoring program for ethnic minority males C. Showing teachers the benefits of partial reinforcement D. Explaining how students can cognitively transform their experiences

A

Felicia is constantly tardy to class. Her teacher decides to tell Felicia that he will subtract five points for every day that she is tardy, hoping that Felicia will begin to come to class on time. Felicia continues to be late to class and is now in danger of failing the class based on lack of points. What is this an example of? A. Negative reinforcer that was ineffective B. Punishment that was effective C. Punishment that was ineffective D. Positive reinforcement that was effective

A

In the middle of a difficult exam, Sam tells his teacher that his stomach hurts, and the teacher immediately sends him to the school nurse, who lets Sam lie down and take a nap. Sam's teacher takes notice that on several later occasions when Sam has a difficult test or assignment, Sam again tells the teacher that he doesn't feel well. Each time the teacher sends him to the school nurse without completing his work, and without being penalized. Sam is being: A. positively reinforced. B. punished. C. subjected to observational learning. D. negatively reinforced.

A

Mr. Bristol hands his eighth graders an agenda that tells them the due dates for all of their assignments are exactly one month apart. What type of reinforcement schedule did Mr. Bristol put his eighth graders on? A. Fixed-ratio B. Fixed-interval C. Variable-ratio D. Variable-interval

A

Of the following questions, which is best addressed by the approach of social cognitive learning? A. How do behavior and environment interact to influence learning? B. How do children process information through attention and memory? C. How does reflection and motivation lead to new knowledge and understanding? D. Why do some children prefer multiple-choice exams while others prefer essays?

A

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of associative learning? A. When Douglas asks a good question, the teacher smiles. B. When class is dismissed, Lori walks home with her friend. C. Jill prefers to work in small groups rather than independently. D. Kevin needs a math tutor to help him catch up with the rest of the class.

A

Of the following scenarios, which is the best example of negative reinforcement? A. The teacher makes John stay in his seat until he finishes an assignment while all the other children are allowed to play. B. The teacher scolds John for not finishing an assignment, then collects it and lets him play with the other children. C. The teacher lets John play with the other children before he completes his assignment, but then asks him to finish it the next day. D. The teacher gives gold stars to the first few students who complete an assignment during class.

A

Research shows that teaching students strategies as well as self-regulation skills is critical in many academic areas. For students in a high school writing class, which of the following is a strategy? A. Outlining and creating a thesis statement B. Planning what to write C. Self-assessment and assessment of the quality of the story D. Monitoring the revision process

A

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? A. The buzzer B. Sitting in the car C. Jonathan's decision to buy the car D. Buckling the seatbelt

A

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully's mother takes him to a new dentist, Dr. Theron, who makes sure that Sully's visits are painless. Sully is anxious at first, but after a few visits, he no longer resists going to the new dentist. Sully's change in behavior can probably best be explained in terms of which of the following? A. Extinction B. Spontaneous recovery C. Higher-order conditioning D. Sensory preconditioning E. Stimulus generalization

A

The Bobo doll study shows that children can learn aggression in which of the following ways? A. Through observation B. Through direct experience C. Through role-playing D. Through reading

A

The importance of associative learning is emphasized in which of the following approaches to learning? A. Behavioral B. Cognitive constructivist C. Social constructivist D. Social cognitive

A

When a child is first learning a new behavior, which of the following strategies helps the child learn the new behavior most quickly? A. Continuous reinforcement B. Fixed-interval reinforcement C. Fixed-schedule reinforcement D. Variable-interval reinforcement

A

Which of the following individuals is best known for his investigations of classical conditioning? A. Ivan Pavlov B. David Premack C. B. F. Skinner D. E. L. Thorndike

A

Which of the following scenarios best depicts positive reinforcement? A. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. B. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. C. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. D. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly. E. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions.

A

Which of the following scenarios is most appropriate for the use of terminating positive reinforcement as a strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors? A. Whenever George interrupts the class, the teacher makes him stand in the hallway where he frequently talks to friends. B. Whenever Sandy forgets to finish her homework, the teacher makes her stay after class to finish. C. Whenever Joe starts a fight during recess, he has to sit in the corner of the playground while his classmates continue to play. D. Whenever Dana has a fever, her mother keeps her home from school and makes sure she gets plenty of rest.

A

At the end of the day, Isaac hears a car pull in the driveway. A few minutes later, his father walks through the side door to the house. Isaac smiles, then runs to the door to greet his father. This scene is repeated for several days. Then, one evening, Isaac runs to the side door as soon as he hears a car pull into the driveway. Isaac's behavior of running to the door when he hears the car can best be described as which of the following? A. Conditioned stimulus B. Conditioned response C. Unconditioned stimulus D. Unconditioned response

B

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when A. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. B. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. C. the stimulus decreases the frequency of an undesired response. D. the same response is given to similar stimuli.

B

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, which of the following is best described as the conditioned stimulus? A. Kathy's heart rate B. The hallway where the boy's locker is located C. The boy's locker D. The boy standing with friends

B

Mary's teacher compliments her every third time that she answers a question correctly. Mary's teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-rati

B

Mr. Billow knows that the students in his 11th-grade history class are very friendly with each other and really like to do all of their assignments in groups. Thus, when a student does not bring in his homework completed, Mr. Billow makes him go to the library and work on an independent assignment. Mr. Billow's tactic is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Vicarious reinforcement D. Punishment

B

Research shows that harsh physical punishment of children is linked to which of the following? A. Decreased problem behaviors over time B. Adolescent depression and externalized problems C. Decreased emotional and adjustment problems D. Improved school performance

B

Several weeks ago, Jonathan bought a new car. For the first few weeks, the buzzer went off every time he started the car because he had forgotten to buckle his seatbelt. Now, he always buckles his seatbelt as soon as he sits down, before starting the car. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. The buzzer B. Sitting in the car C. Jonathan's decision to buy the car D. Buckling the seatbelt

B

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. Sully then does not go to see the dentist for several years. On his next visit, Sully employs a method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting himself to associate relaxation with going to the dentist. This is an example of which of the following? A. Discriminative learning B. Systematic desensitization C. Higher-order conditioning D. Stimulus generalization E. Extinction

B

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes is which of the following? A. Self-esteem B. Self-efficacy C. Self-regulation D. Self-reinforcement

B

Under which of the following conditions is time-out the most appropriate strategy in reducing undesirable behavior? A. Maria frequently forgets to complete her homework. B. Julie frequently talks with her classmates while the teacher is trying to talk. C. Marcus frequently falls asleep during class. D. Jay frequently answers questions incorrectly when the teacher calls on him.

B

What is the schedule of reinforcement for a behavior that is reinforced after a set number of responses? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-ratio

B

Which of the following individuals is known for his research of helping students become self-regulatory learners? A. E. L. Thorndike B. Barry Zimmerman C. David Premack D. Albert Bandura

B

Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning? A. Julia develops a fear of public speaking because some of Julia's classmates snicker when she asks questions about math. B. Samantha covers her work whenever the teacher begins to walk around the room because, in the past, the teacher had a tendency to stop at Samantha's desk, lean over her shoulder, and sigh. C. Alan is afraid of water because he never learned how to swim, and one of Alan's friends almost drowned last summer. D. Martin takes the long way home after school because he likes to stop at the bookstore and browse through the comic books.

B

Mr. Roberts had to step out of the class for a moment and tells Megan to watch the class. Megan begins to get teased by her classmates for being a goody-goody and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Megan tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Megan was A. positively reinforced by her classmates. B. negatively reinforced by her classmates. C. punished by her classmates. D. punished by the teacher.

C

Which of the following scenarios best depicts negative reinforcement? A. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher compliments the student for answering the question. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. B. A student raises her hand to answer a question. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. C. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly. D. A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student stops trying to answer questions.

B

Which of the following statements best describes a prompt? A. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response. B. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. C. It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed. D. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

B

Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles, when she sees Stanley poke his pencil in Sharon's arm. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used: A. Positive reinforcer B. Negative reinforcer C. Punishment D. Schedule of reinforcement

C

A social studies teacher frequently ignores the quiet child in the social studies class. As time passes, the quiet child becomes restless and disruptive whenever she is in the social studies classroom, even when a substitute teacher is in charge. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus? A. Being in the social studies classroom B. The child's feelings of restlessness C. The teacher's tendency to ignore the child D. The child's restless and disruptive behavior

C

A teacher who uses pop quizzes to reinforce good study behaviors is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-ratio

C

According to a 2003 poll, which of the following statements about U.S. parents' attitudes about spanking is true? A. Parents with 3- and 4-year-olds are the least likely to spank their children. B. Most parents have never spanked their children. C. Twenty-six percent of parents with 3- and 4-year-olds spank their own children frequently. D. Parents who live in states where corporal punishment is illegal have the most favorable attitudes toward alternative techniques, such as "time out."

C

According to the textbook, of the following strategies for decreasing undesirable behaviors, which strategy should be tried last? A. Terminate positive reinforcement (extinction) B. Use differential reinforcement C. Present aversive stimuli (punishment) D. Remove desirable stimuli

C

Alex loses his best friend, Tyler, when he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that tattling on friends is not a good idea. The loss of Tyler's friendship is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcer B. Classical conditioning C. Punishment D. None of these

C

Approximately what percentage of states in the United States allows physical punishment of students? A. 5% B. 25% C. 50% D. 95%

C

As a member of the debate team, Wesley becomes very angry with a peer, yells at him, and calls him names during a debate. To his dismay, he is immediately removed from the team. Wesley's removal from the team is an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcer B. Classical conditioning C. Punishment D. None of the above

C

As students in U.S. schools have become more ethnically diverse in recent decades, their teachers A. are equally ethnically diverse. B. are overwhelmingly Latino and African American females. C. are overwhelmingly non-Latino white females. D. are overwhelmingly minority males.

C

If a teacher compliments a certain student for good behavior an average of once per hour, regardless of how often the student displays the good behavior, the teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-ratio

C

In operant conditioning, reinforcement occurs when A. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. B. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. C. the stimulus increases the frequency of an undesired response. D. the same response is given to similar stimuli.

C

Isaac runs to the door whenever he hears a car pull into the driveway during the late afternoon. This is when Isaac's dad usually comes home from work. Isaac never runs to the door during the morning, and he never runs to the door if he hears a truck. Isaac's behavior can best be described as which of the following? A. Extinction B. Generalization C. Discrimination D. Desensitization

C

Natalie is Ms. Smitren's class clown. Natalie is very popular with her classmates because of her witty personality. Ms. Smitren has decided that the reason Natalie shows off is that she wants to be in the spotlight, so she decides to ignore Natalie when Natalie begins her comedy routines. However, much to Ms. Smitren's dismay, Natalie's behavior does not decrease. What did Ms. Smitren use in this example? A. Punishment B. Negative reinforcer C. Extinction D. Reinforcing of incompatible responses

C

Of the following strategies that might be used by a teacher, which one leads to the greatest persistence in the desired behavior? A. Fixed-interval B. Fixed-ratio C. Variable-interval D. Variable-ratio

C

Punishment results in A. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. B. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. C. a decrease in the frequency of an undesired response. D. the same response being given to similar stimuli.

C

Sully has a painful experience at the dentist's office. The next time his mother brings him to the dentist's office, Sully gets tense and anxious. In this situation, the dentist is which of the following? A. Unconditioned stimulus B. Unconditioned responses C. Conditioned stimulus D. Conditioned responses

C

The approach to learning described as social cognitive emphasizes which of the following? A. How reflection and motivation leads to new knowledge and understanding B. How a child processes information through attention, memory, and thinking C. How behavior, environment, and other factors influence learning D. How children understand new information based on information they learned previously

C

Time-out is best described as an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement B. Negative reinforcement C. Removal of desired stimuli D. Punishment

C

Verbal reprimands are most effective under which of the following conditions? A. When the teacher reprimands the student several hours after the student has engaged in the undesirable behavior B. When the teacher shouts to get the student's attention, embarrassing the student in front of the class C. When the teacher makes eye contact with the student and speaks in a regular tone D. When the teacher elaborates in great detail, explaining why the student should stop doing the undesirable behavior

C

Which of the following aspects of the person factor has Bandura emphasized in recent years? A. Intelligence B. Beliefs C. Self-efficacy D. Self-control

C

Before Terrence begins a large project, he takes time to ask himself these questions, "What do I have to do?" "What can I do right now?" "What might I need help with?" After he successfully completes a project, Terrence positively reinforces himself with such statements as, "Good! I did it!" "All it took was a little planning and effort. I knew I could do it!" Which of the following best describes the cognitive behavior techniques Terrence is using? A. Self-efficacy strategies B. Self-regulatory strategies C. Self-monitoring strategies D. Self-talk strategies

D

In classical conditioning, a generalization occurs when A. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced but continues to be observed. B. a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced, and the response decreases. C. a decrease occurs in the frequency of an undesired response. D. it involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to elicit a similar response.

D

In the United States, which of the following students is most likely to receive physical punishment in school? A. A white female from a low-income background B. A white male from a middle-income background C. A minority female from a middle-income background D. A minority male from a low-income background

D

Kathy's heart rate increases every time she goes down a certain hallway at school. The boy that she likes has a locker in that hallway, and he often stands beside his locker and talks with friends. In the preceding scenario, what is most likely the unconditioned stimulus? A. Kathy's heart rate B. Kathy's attraction for the boy C. The hallway where the boy's locker is located D. The boy

D

Katy has not done well on her spelling tests in the past. In fact, spelling is the only subject that Katy has ever failed. When Katy's third-grade teacher announces that the class will be having their spelling test during lunch, Katy becomes very anxious and begins to feel sick. What is this situation best illustrating? A. Operant conditioning with Katy being positively reinforced B. Operant conditioning with Katy being negatively reinforced C. Classical conditioning with fear of failure being the US D. Classical conditioning with spelling tests being the C

D

Physical punishment can lead to negative student behaviors, including which of the following? A. Fear, rage, and avoidance of school or particular teachers B. Inability to focus attention C. Increased misbehavior to get attention from teachers and classmates D. All of these

D

Researchers have found that high-achieving students tend to do all of the following except which one? A. Set specific goals B. Systematically monitor progress toward goals C. Use a variety of strategies to learn D. Get frustrated when goals are difficult to attain

D

The uses of applied behavior analysis are especially important in doing all of the following except which one? A. Increasing desirable behavior B. Using prompts and shaping behavior C. Decreasing undesirable behavior D. Modifying involuntary responses

D

Under which of the following conditions, if any, is physical punishment of students recommended? A. When a student physically harms another student B. When a student physically harms or threatens a teacher C. When a student repeatedly misbehaves and no other form of punishment has been successful D. It is not recommended in any circumstance.

D

Which of the following is the best example of a learned situation? A. Abigail steps on a pebble and yells "ouch." B. Lamar, now 18 months old, can walk better than he did when he was younger. C. After studying his vocabulary words, Miguel still cannot pass his vocabulary test. D. Vincent consistently talks out of turn because his teacher pays attention to him whenever he does so.

D

Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization? A. George stops raising his hand because the teacher usually criticizes the way he presents his answer, even when his answer is correct. B. Ivy, who usually never forgets to turn off her headlights, forgot to turn them off because the buzzer in her car is broken. C. Henry ignores his alarm clock each morning, despite complaints from his mother, and usually ends up missing the bus. D. Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

D

Which of the following statements best describes an important conclusion that arose from the Bobo doll study? A. Children avoid aggressive behavior whenever possible. B. Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it. C. Children learn to display aggressive behavior only when they, themselves, are rewarded for doing it. D. Children learn to display aggressive behavior when they observe that other people are rewarded for doing it, and when others encounter no consequences at all.

D

Which of the following statements best describes shaping? A. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response. B. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. C. It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed. D. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior.

D