PSYC 231 Exam 2

What kind of memory involves knowing the date and time when your favorite music video premiered? a. Procedural b. Episodic c. Semantic d. Implicit

c. Semantic

_______ is believed to be a neural process in which long-term memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain. a. Consolidation b. Encoding c. Interference d. Memorization

a. Consolidation

As we age, our memories of past experiences tend to go through semanticization, which means there is an emphasis on _______. a. Facts b. Episodes c. Feelings d. Procedures

a. Facts

Your friend Joe was playing football and during one of the plays he hurt his head and had a mild brain injury. When his parents were able to talk to him, they asked how he was hurt but he said he remembers everything, except the incident. This is an example of _______. a. Graded amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia c. Temporary post-traumatic stress disorder d. Disrupted long-term potentiation

a. Graded amnesia

Donald Hebb (1948) proposed that synaptic consolidation is one of the mechanisms that allows the brain to have physical changes that reflect the learning of new memories. These changes occur over time and include _______. a. Increased firing in the neurons and greater number of indentations at the axon terminals b. Larger electrical impulses in the synapse and a decrease in the number of neurotransmitters that are released c. An increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons and burst of firing d. The growth of new dendrites and axon terminals in neurons

a. Increased firing in the neurons and greater number of indentations at the axon terminals

Sperling's experiment showed participants a display with rows of letters. In one of the variations of his study, he delayed the partial report. This provided evidence showing that: a. Information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds b. Information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory c. Short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory d. Short-term memory has a limited capacity

a. Information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie in DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Kim performs better because of consolidation b. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity c. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity d. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation

a. Kim performs better because of consolidation

Psychological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _______ can damage behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Occipital lobe d. Hippocampus

a. Prefrontal cortex

_______ process of transferring information from LTM back into working memory. a. Retrieval b. Consciousness c. Consolidation d. Specificity

a. Retrieval

Which of these is NOT an example of implicit memory? a. Semantic memory b. Classical conditioning c. Procedural memory d. Repetition priming

a. Semantic memory

An intermediate memory storage called _______ processes perceptual information transferred from _______. a. Short-term memory; sensory memory b. Short-term memory; working memory c. Long-term memory; short-term memory d. Working memory; short-term memory

a. Short-term memory; sensory memory

Patient HM had surgery to reduce seizures from epilepsy, which entailed removal of the _______ that is known to be crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. The hippocampus b. Occipital lobe c. Visual cortex d. Frontal lobe

a. The hippocampus

The capacity of long-term memory appears to be _______. a. Unlimited b. Unlimited for visual memories only c. Smaller than short-term memory storage d. Limited to five to nine items

a. Unlimited

Mantyla's (1986) experiment to remember a list of words. In the experimental conditions, some of the subjects were provided retrieval cues, others were asked to write them and others did not have any retrieval cues. The results of the study showed that memory was best when _______. a. When the cues were written by the person whose memory will be tested b. When participants were using visual images c. Participants agreed on how to use the cues effectively d. When participants were memory experts who understood how to make cues effective

a. When the cues were written by the person whose memory will be tested

One of the experiments we discussed asked participants to read a list of words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, and then write down the words they could remember. This study was most likely studying: a. Echoic memory b. Articulatory suppression c. The central executive d. The visuospatial sketch pad

b. Articulatory suppression

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content c. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content d. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content

b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

The results of the serial position curve shows that delaying the memory test for 30 seconds: a. Increases both the primacy and the recency effects b. Decreases the recency effect c. Has no effect on the curve d. Increases the primacy effect

b. Decreases the recency effect

_______ is the principle that we encode information along with its context and conditions. a. Recency effect b. Encoding specificity principle c. Primacy effect d. Environmental context principle

b. Encoding specificity principle

What kind of memory involves remembering being really excited two years ago, when you were able to meet your favorite rapper at a concert? a. Semantic b. Episodic c. Procedural d. Implicit

b. Episodic

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Repeating the words over and over in your head

b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

What are some of the main conclusions of Keppel & Underwood (1962) study in which they replicated Peterson and & Peterson (1959) study? a. Poor memory performance was due to executive retrieval and decay b. Poor memory performance after an 18-second delay was not due to decay but to retroactive and proactive interference c. Poor memory performance was due to decay d. Poor memory performance was due to overactive retrieval

b. Poor memory performance after an 18-second delay was not due to decay but to retroactive and proactive interference

Retrograde amnesia usually affects _______ memories. a. Anterograde b. Remote c. Emotional d. Recent

b. Remote

Keeping in mind the strategies we discussed in class for studying, it is most effective if your study sessions are: a. Long and across several days b. Short and across several days c. Short but all on a single day d. Long and all on a single day

b. Short and across several days

According to Gais et al. (2006), which of these seems to be important in aiding the consolidation memories? a. Systems consolidation b. Sleep c. Storage d. Multitasking

b. Sleep

The capacity of short-term memory is about: a. Equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time b. Somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time c. Larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people d. Quite larger, holding a large number of items simultaneously

b. Somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The central executive and the phonological loop b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The phonological loop and long-term memory d. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad

b. The central executive and long-term memory

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that: a. Expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material b. Experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners c. Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts d. Knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span

c. Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as: a. Iconic memory b. Pre-perceptual auditory memory c. Echoic memory d. Primary auditory memory

c. Echoic memory

Remembering how you felt at your 16th birthday party and the details of what you spoke about with your friends and family is an example of _______. a. Semantic memory b. Working memory c. Episodic memory d. Procedural memory

c. Episodic memory

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the: a. Multiple trace hypothesis b. Cued recall effect c. Generation effect d. Spacing effect

c. Generation effect

Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories when he contracted viral encephalitis, which destroyed _______. a. Occipital lobe b. Frontal lobe c. Hippocampus d. Insular cortex

c. Hippocampus

Which of the following can explain the primacy effect? a. Rehearsal can improve short-term memory b. Information is still stored in long-term memory when they are recalled c. Information is still active in short-term memory when recall occurs d. Forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items

c. Information is still active in short-term memory when recall occurs

We discussed the case of a patient who had difficulty remembering facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and details of her daily tasks. This implies that the patient has: a. Intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory b. Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory c. Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory d. Intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory

c. Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

Which of the following is true about episodic memory? a. It involves both explicit and implicit memories b. It accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience c. It involves mental time travel d. It always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened

c. It involves mental time travel

Being able to recall what you had for breakfast yesterday is an example of _______. a. Working memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Sensory memory

c. Long-term memory

Old information interfering with the storage or retrieval of new information is to _______ as new information interfering with the storage or retrieval of old information is to _______. a. Overactive retrieval; executive retrieval b. Executive retrieval; overactive retrieval c. Proactive interference; retroactive interference d. Retroactive interference; proactive interference

c. Proactive interference; retroactive interference

Lili wants to learn to ride her bike without training wheels. Her father takes her to a parking lot and explains how to keep her balance and pedal fast enough to safely ride her bike. Lili tries a few times and within 45 minutes, she learns how to ride the bike almost effortlessly. These learned skills that Lili has acquired are an example of _______. a. Autobiographical b. Working c. Procedural d. Semantic

c. Procedural

_______ help us remember information that has been stored in memory regardless of whether they are remote or recent. a. Encoding b. Retrograde c. Retrieval cues d. Rehearsal processing

c. Retrieval cues

In general, most of our failures of memory are due to _______. a. The mood we are in when we learn the information b. How difficult the material we are studying is c. Retrieval errors d. The structure in which the material is presented

c. Retrieval errors

Jen is studying for her upcoming cognitive psychology exam by reading the textbook and answering the relevant questions at the end of the chapter without looking at her notes or book. Jen is most likely going to be able to _______ to take advantage of _______. a. Rehearse the information; the serial position curve b. Retrieve the information; the primacy effect c. Retrieve the information; the testing effect d. Rehearse the information; the recency effect

c. Retrieve the information; the testing effect

Which of the following components are part of the modal model of memory? a. Receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe b. Receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe c. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory d. Sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal

c. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The capacity of short-term memory is _______. a. Seven plus or minus two words b. Five plus or minus two bits of information c. Seven plus or minus two bits of information d. Five plus or minus two words

c. Seven plus or minus two bits of information

The double dissociation in patient HM and KF shows that: a. Long-term memory has a greater capacity than short-term memory b. Impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deceits in the functioning of the other c. Short-term memory can operate somewhat normally while long-term memory can be impaired d. A double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory

c. Short-term memory can operate somewhat normally while long-term memory can be impaired

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the: a. Way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually b. Effect of proactive interference c. Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized d. Way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal

c. Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

What happens to language related information that is in the phonological loop when new language related information comes in? a. The old information moves to the visuospatial sketch pad b. The old information binds with visual information c. The new information replaces the old d. The brain fails to receive the new information

c. The new information replaces the old

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. Encoding specificity b. Release from proactive inhibition c. The propaganda effect d. The self-reference effect

c. The propaganda effect

Imagine yourself walking from your dorm to your first class on a Monday. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The STM recency effect b. The phonological loop c. The visuospatial sketch pad d. Delayed response coding

c. The visuospatial sketch pad

The duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is about: a. Indefinite b. One to three minutes or more c. Just under a fraction of a second d. 15-20 seconds or less

d. 15-20 seconds or less

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories are probably: a. Relying most heavily on an automatic coding system b. Represent different aspects of the same mechanism c. Caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other d. Caused by different mechanisms that act somewhat independently

d. Caused by different mechanisms that act somewhat independently

Explicit memory is acquired and used _______ while implicit memory is used _______. a. Episodic; semantic b. Primacy; recency c. Self; others d. Consciously, unconsciously

d. Consciously; unconsciously

The process of acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is called _______. a. State-dependent learning b. Memory reconsolidation c. Transfer-appropriate processing d. Encoding

d. Encoding

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Sensory memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Episodic memory

d. Episodic memory

What's one of the reasons why people use chunking? a. Maximize the recency effect b. Increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound c. Develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information d. Increase the efficiency of short-term memory

d. Increase the efficiency of short-term memory

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Structure b. Mood c. Task d. Location

d. Location

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if: a. Both are processed by the phonological loop b. The central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period c. Both are processed by the visuospatial sketch pad d. One is processed by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is processed by the phonological loop

d. One is processed by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is processed by the phonological loop

When your friend moves a flashlight left to right across a dark room, it appears to leave a trail of light. The experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of: a. Echoic memory b. Top-down processing c. A visual delay effect d. Persistence of vision

d. Persistence of vision

Which of the following factors do NOT affect encoding? a. Imagery b. Generating information c. Testing d. Phonological discourse

d. Phonological discourse

The duration of sensory memory is about _______. a. One to three minutes b. As long as it is rehearsed c. 15-30 seconds d. Seconds or a fraction of a second

d. Seconds or a fraction of a second

Craik and Tulving (1975) asked participants to focus on whether letters of words were upper cases or lower to promote _______ while they asked others to focus on the meaning of the words to promote _______. a. Echoic processing; iconic processing b. Deep processing; shallow processing c. Iconic processing; echoic processing d. Shallow processing; deep processing

d. Shallow processing; deep processing

Digit span is one measure of capacity of: a. Long-term semantic memory b. Sensory memory c. Long-term memory d. Short-term memory

d. Short-term memory

Rehearsal can help memorization, which is important for transferring information from: a. Long-term memory to sensory memory b. Sensory memory to short-term memory c. Sensory memory to long-term memory d. Short-term memory to long-term memory

d. Short-term memory to long-term memory

In Wickens et al. (1976)'s experiment, they ask participants to memorize lists of words in the category of fruits and professions. The experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because: a. The stimulus category changed b. The response task changed c. The response task remained the same d. The stimulus category remained the same

d. The stimulus category remained the same

What was one of the ways in which researchers measured the limited capacity of patient KF's short-term memory? a. They tested his performance in the Remember/Know procedure b. They checked his day-to-day memory using his diary c. They used a priming task to test the capacity d. They tested his digit span

d. They tested his digit span

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that: a. Working memory has unlimited capacity b. Short-term memory consists of a number of components c. Short-term memory has a central executive function d. Working memory is engaged in processing and manipulating information

d. Working memory is engaged in processing and manipulating information