PSYC 306 Final
recovery from brain damage
- depends on age extent of damage
complex partial seizure
normally begin in the temporal lobes and are associated with alterations in consciousness. memory loss and confusion
partial seizures
originate in an identifiable part of the brain and then spread outward.
Hippocampus & stress response
-Acts to inhibit CRH release -Contains receptors for glucocorticoids (cortisol is one kind); overstimulation kills cells
Sensory system & stress response:
-Detect stressful stimuli in the environment & Sends information to cortex and amygdala (analysis and emotion work together, and try to identify the patterns they have seen before in memories)
Types of tumors: Gilomas
-Develop from glia cells •Astrocytomas -Grade 1 -> ~20 years -Grade 4 -> ~12 months •Medulloblastomas -Usually fatal within ~2 years
Emotion and the autonomic nervous system
-Flight or fight response -Controlled by the hypothalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) -ANS produces different patterns of arousal during different emotional states
Chronic stress impact:
-interferes with memory, appetite, and sexual desire and performance -depletes energy and causes mood disruptions -compromises the immune system
Two components of anxiety disorder:
1) strong negative emotions. 2) physical reactions due to anticipated danger.
Anxiety Disorder:
A feeling of apprehension, uncertainty, and fear withoutapparent stimulus, associated with physiologicalchanges (tachycardia, sweating, tremor, etc.)
Grand mal seizures
A few seconds - a few minutes -Cycling of tonic and clonic phases followed by coma,
hemorrhage (cva)
A rupture of a blood vessel High blood pressure is more volume in the vessel, it might cause rupture. Hypertension, structural defects in arteries Aneurysms - bulges in arteries filled with blood that can burst
Schachter-Singer Theory
A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.
two types of tumors
Begnin, Malignant
Treatments for generalized anxiety disorder:
Benzodiazepines & SSRI's
The limbic systems interconnected set of subcortical structures:
Cingulate gyrus, septum, amygdala, fornix, hippocampus, hypothalamus, mammillary bodies
treatments for depression?
Cognitive/Behavioral therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Trigeminal nerve (#5)
Controls deep facial muscles attached to bones, Primarily responsible for chewing and talking
Facial nerve (#7)
Controls superficial muscles attached to skin, Primarily responsible for facial expressions
Which of these is potentially responsible for the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Decreased dopamine in the frontal lobe
Frontal/prefrontal cortex and Function in Depression
Depression is correlated with increased right frontal lobe activityand decreased left frontal lobe activity;Left hemisphere damage due to stroke and other medicalcauses is associated with higher rates of depression
Treatments for Epilepsy:
Effective medications are usually GABA agonists or sodium channel blockers, Surgery, ketogenic diets
The repetitive uncontrolled electrical brain activity is called
Epilepsy
Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms:
Excessive, unfocused anxiety not attributable to a definite stimulus or situationlasting longer than 6 months- Tense, tired, change in sleep patterns, irritability, trembling, dizziness, nausea,heart palpitations- Autonomic underarousal
Which nerve controls superficial muscles attached to skin
Facial nerve
True or False: The effective medication for Epilepsy are usually GABA Antagonists or sodium channel blockers
False
Which of the following structures is NOT considered to be part of the limbic system?
Frontal cortex; (cingulate cortex amygdala, septum are)
a treatment for epilepsy
GABA agonist
Biochemistry of Depression, Possibly due to problems in the _______ depressed people show elevated: growth hormone levels. thyroid hormone levels. cortisol levels
HPA Axis
Treatments for Unipolar Depression
Herbal Remedies,Therapy- (Cognitive/BehavioralPsychodynamic), ECT, Sleep deprivation
People with anxiety show _____ levels of activity in the amygdala in response to ______ stimuli.
Higher; neutral
The context & stress response:
Identify stimuli and access memories pertaining to the stimuli
What is the stress response in the Cortex?
Identify stimuli and access memories pertaining to the stimuli
Amygdala and function in depression
Involved in expression of negative emotions- Increased blood flow and metabolism in depressed pxts- Activity correlated with severity of depression
What are two major types of immune cells?
Leukocytes, or white blood cells recognize invaders by the unique proteins that every cell has on its surface and kills them; Natural killer cells that attack and destroy certain kinds of cancer cells.
The amygdala & stress response
Matches stimuli to emotional valence & -Sends information to hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) via stria terminalis
The Amygdala Receives information from
Neocortex (sensory cortex), cingulate cortex, Hippocampus
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis
PVN of the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) ->Anterior pituitary releases ACTH ->Adrenal glands release cortisol (stays in blood for ~3hrs!) ->Allows extra Ca++ to enter cells, which increases NT release
Diagonsis of bipolar disorder is
Rare prior to puberty; approachesadult prevalence in adolescence
Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury (CTBI)
Repeated concussions may produce: slurred speech, memory and personality changes. -a Parkinson's-like syndrome.
According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion:
Some physical responses are more general; fear, love
According to the James-Lange theory:
Some physical responses are very specific; disgust, embarrassment
The stress response includes activation of the ________ largely under ________ control.
Sympathetic nervous system; hypothalamic control.
True or false: Bipolar disorder is 3-4 times more common infamilies with members diagnosed with majordepressive disorder
TRUE
What's going on in the HPA Axis?
The hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release: epinephrine and norepinephrine,•increase output from the heart and liberate glucose from the muscles for energy Also releases cortisol which provides a sustained release of energy for coping with prolonged stress
Results of Closed Head Injury
The site of a blow is known as a coup & The area on the opposite side of the head is the countercoup
True or False: Males and females are equallylikely to be diagnosed with bipolardisorder.
True
True or False: Unipolar depression is the most common mental disorder
True
True or false: Grand Mal seizures consist of ,Loss of conciousness, Urination, defecation, increased sweating and saliva production due to activation of ANS
True
Closed Head Injury white matter damage
Usually due to twisting of the brain within the skull in response to the initial blow
Stroke (CVA)-Blockage-THROMBOSIS
a build-up of material that blocks a blood vessel but doesn't move from its point of origin
Stroke (CVA)-Blockage-EMBOLISM
a build-up of material that moves to smaller and smaller vessels until it gets stuck
Stress also activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA AXIS) which is
a group of structures thathelp the body cope with stress
Prefrontal cortex is the final destination for much of the brain's information
about emotion before action is taken
Adnormalities in the prefrontal cortex are associated with
aggression, depression, and schizophrenia
Vascular Malformations -Arteriovenous
are abnormally formed collections of blood vessels in the brain; Usually arteries and veins are separated by capillaries
Types of tumors meningiomas
are usually benign. -However, put pressure on surrounding brain tissue -Easiest to remove, as appear on the surface of the brain
The hypothalamus has primary control over the__________, and produces a variety of emotional expressions.
autonomic nervous system
Generalized seizures symmetrically affect_______ of the brain and do not appear to have a ___________ point of origin.
both sides; focus or clear
Vascular Malformations -Cavernous
brain tissue generally does not develop within the abnormal area. Symptoms include headache, seizures, hemorrhage.
Simple partial seizures
cause movements or sensations appropriate to the location of the starting point, or focus, of the seizure activity. -little change in consciousness -Jacksonian seizure (marching seizure)
Constantly checking that the stove is turned off before leaving the house out of fear of a house fire is an example of
compulsion
The site of a blow in a closed head injury is called:
coup
Stress is a ______ in the environment and it is the in individuals' __________ to that situation.
demanding condition; Internal response
Closed head injuries
do not involve penetration of the skull (eg. concussions)
Patients with right-hemisphere damage have trouble recognizing emotion in:
facial expressions and tone of voice.
n example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
flat affect
Possible causes of generalized anxiety disorder:
genetics, gaba receptors, 5-HT
brain tumors typically arise from
glia and the tissues of the meninges.
People with depression show ____ levels of acitivity in the amygdala.
higher
In stress response epinephrine and norepinephrine does what?
increase output from the heart and liberate glucose from the muscles for energy
Brief stress _______ activity in the immune system.
increases
open head injury
involve penetration of the skull. (eg. gunshot wounds, Fractures)
In stress response ACTH does what?
is released by Anterior pituitar
In stress response corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) does what?
is released by the PVN of the hypothalamus
Treatment fro bipolar disorder
lithium, anticonvulsants, SSRI's, antipsychotics
Ischemia: a condition of________ due to interruption to the blood supply to the brain
low oxygen levels
Petit mal seizures (absence seizures)
minor seizure lasting only a few seconds;-Loss of consciousness, but patient doesn't fall over-"Absence" refers to patients lack of awareness of surroundings
The right hemisphere of the brain is
more active during negative emotion. Those with damage in this area are more likely to be unperturbed or even euphoric, even when their arm or leg is paralyzed
The left hemisphere of the brain is
more active during positive emotions. People with damage in this area often express more anxiety and sadness about their situation
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are
parallel processes
2 components of emotion
physiological experience, A conscious, subjective, experience
Dichotic listening -Left ear -> Right hemisphere is better at recognizing:
prosody and emotional tone
In stress response cortisol does what?
provides a sustained release of energy for coping with prolonged stress
frontal lobotomies
reduce fear, anxiety & empathy
•Encapsulated (benign) tumors rarely _______after surgery or metastasize.
reoccur
Dichotic listening-Right ear -> Left hemisphere is better at identifying
semantic meaning
Treatment for tumors:
surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy, thalidomide
According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.
the same
The brain relies on the ___________ to deliver the essentials oxygen and glucose.
the vascular system
James-Lange theory of emotion
theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time independently
Prolonged stress and lead to
to brain damage or long-term brain changes.
Autonomic responses to emotional stimuli (facial expressions, emotional scenes) are greater when the stimuli are presented
to the right hemisphere.
People with amygdala damage are
unusually trusting.
Complex partial seizure
usually begins in the temporal lobe and is associated with alterations in consciousness, which may cause memory loss and/or confusion.
Infiltrating (malignant) tumors lack defined boundaries and are
usually return after surgical removal & often shed cells or metastasiz
Brain Infections: Encephalitis
•Inflammation of the brain caused by viral/bacterial/fungal infections. •Symptoms range from mild to severe (convulsions, delirium, coma, death). •Primary: infectious agent directly invades CNS (West Nile Virus) Secondary: Inflammation of CNS due to over activity of immune system in response to bodily infections
Neurocysticercosis (Brain Worms)
•brain Infection with the pork tapeworm. •Eggs hatch in the stomach and larvae enter the bloodstream through the intestines. •Larvae burrow into soft tissue: skin, muscle, eye, brain. •When the encysted worm dies, the immune response initiates focal seizures.
Brain infection: meningitis
•resulting from infection by bacteria/viruses/fungi. •Symptoms: flu-like (high temp, vomiting, diarrhea, joint/muscle pain), neck stiffness, aversion to bright lights, drowsiness, seizures. •Bacterial meningitis can be treated with antibiotics, and vaccines are available.