Psyc 307 Final Exam

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What is systematic desensitization?

A form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response; can be very beneficial treatment for fears and phobias

What did Konrad Lorenz mean by "imprinting"? How is it related to social development?

A form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species, usually their mother • Experiment of Lorenz becoming a figurehead for little ducks; represented the mother, safety and nurturing

A person's preference in regard to erotic feelings toward males or females is called: A. gender identity. B. homosexuality. C. sexual orientation. D. self-esteem.

According to Bowlby, 2-year-old toddlers begin to understand their parents' feelings, goals, and motives, and use this understanding to organize their efforts to be near their parents. What is this phase called? A. comfort contact B. attachment-in-the-making C. reciprocal relationship D. imprinting

"Not really a stage, latency is an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and kids put psychic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports"

Latency (6-11)

The drug thalidomide was unlikely to result in birth defects if it was NOT used by the mother between the 4th and 6th week after conception. This fact BEST illustrates which general principle of teratogenic effects?

The susceptibility of a developing organism to a teratogenic agent varies with the developmental stage of the organism at the time of exposure.

Why might preventative interventions be preferable to interventions that are implemented post-birth?

With preventive the problems may not even occur and interventions post birth may not be enough to totally correct problems.

What is a hostile attributional bias?

a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them

Dr. Sam is seeking to answer the question, "what abilities predict which children will become good readers?" According to the scientific method, what must she do next?

formulate her hypothesis

Maternal employment has some

apparent benefits

All Lincoln does is suck on his fist and eat. According to Freud, this stage of development is called the _____ stage. A. phallic B. genital C. latency D. oral

13. The word dynamic in dynamic-systems depicts that: development is a process with continuous change. different systems have different driving forces. physical systems drive mental ones. physical systems are always in motion.

development is a process with continuous change

Mabel and Olive are twins who are no more alike genetically than they are with their nontwin sister, Clementine. Mabel and Olive are _____ twins.

fraternal

Children draw incorrect conclusions about Bärbel Inhelder and Jean Piaget's pendulum problem until they reach the _____ stage.

formal operational

Sidney is learning about inertia in her physics class; this indicates she is MOST likely in Jean Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

some apparent discrepncies with poverty, but this appears to be based on

how poverty is assigned by the census?

children monitor their own behavior and evaluate

how well it matches personal standards a good match leads to pride and self efficacy a poor match lead to shame

How can dynamic systems theory be applied to education?

interventions can be developed that focus on improving the actions of the child in the environment

"The immediate environment that an individual child personally experiences and participates in"

micro -standing on chair at daycare

"gender consolidation and understand some differences in gender preferences"

middle childhood

Dr. G is interested in 5 year old joe knowledge of the differeneces between horses and unicorns. She gives Joe a multiple choice test with pics of horses and unicorns and asks her to writw the number of each correct answer on the back of the test. joe writes some numbers incorrectly bc sh has trouble reading them. On both attempts, Joe gets the same score Dr. G measure has: -poor validity and good reliability -good both -good validity and bad reliability bad both

poor validity and good reliability

Which of the following abilities falls under John Carroll's "specific processes" stratum of intelligence? broad visual perception fluid intelligence printed language g (general intelligence)

printed language g is at the top then fluid

Providing useful associations, improving encoding, and having the ability to determine what is and what is not possible are all ways in which _____ improves memory. prior content knowledge mental rotation selective attention

prior

5. Providing useful associations, improving encoding, and having the ability to determine what is and what is not possible are all ways in which _____ improves memory. rehearsal mental rotation prior content knowledge selective attention

prior content knowledge

___ involves increasingly frequent choice of behaviors that are effective in meeting goals and decreasing reliance on less effective behaviors.

selection

What is the cortex?

the crinkled outer layer of the brain

Sociocultural Theories - Intersubjectivity

the mutual understanding that people share during communication

Because of the continuous interaction of genotype and environment, a given genotype will develop differently in different environments. This idea is expressed by the concept of:

the norm of reaction

Chronic stress can cause _____ in the physical development of human beings.

variability

"The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet training is the most important activity"

Anal (1-3)

Who developed the FIRST intelligence test that focused on predicting children's school performance and individual differences? Spearman Gardner Binet Wechsler

Binet

Erikson, identity VS role confusion adolescence

Who am i? what do I think of important issues? "Adolescents try to figure out "Who am I?" They establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what role to play"

Fruede believed that the genital stage lasts throughout...

adulthood. He also said that the goal of healthy life is "to love and to work"

In Thelen's study with high-speed video systems infants displayed considerable variability in the: patterns through which they reached developmental milestones. age at which they began reaching for an object. challenges they needed to overcome. ages at which they reached developmental milestones.

age at which they began reaching for an object.

In which way are dynamic-systems theories similar to Piagetian theory? an emphasis on early emerging competencies an emphasis on children being strongly motivated to learn about the world around them an emphasis on precise analyses of problem-solving activity an emphasis on the formative influence of other people

an emphasis on children being strongly motivated to learn about the world around them

14. In which way are dynamic-systems theories similar to sociocultural theories? an emphasis on precise analyses of problem-solving activity an emphasis on early emerging competencies an emphasis on the formative influence of other people an emphasis on children's innate motivation to explore the environment

an emphasis on the formative influence of other people

Piaget's Theory - Sources of Continuity

assimilation accommodation equilibrium

ingroup bias is related to ingroup

assmilation o (Aggies) o When you make the ingroup particularly salient, you make socialization stronger within ingroup rather than the outgroup o Obligations form

maternal employment is both

associated with negative outcomes or positive under circumstances

Basic Processes of Improving Memory

associating events with one another recognizing objects as familiar recalling facts and procedures generalizing information

Ellen Winner, a psychologist who studies intellectually and artistically gifted children, noted that they typically show: high math abilities but low verbal abilities. poor social abilities. astonishing verbal abilities, but average math abilities. astonishing early facility in a single area: numbers, music, drawing, reading, or some other realm.

astonishing early facility in a single area: numbers, music, drawing, reading, or some other realm.

New emphasis on early emotional relationships and adolescent identity

attachment

"time out from reinforcement of bad behavior" like...

attention

If a child uses his/her body in highly skilled ways for goal-directed purposes such as an athlete does, Gardner would suggest that this child is high on _____ intelligence. interpersonal naturalistic spatial bodily-kinesthetic

bodily

research has found that a persons activity level affects body weight. Which factor is the dependent variable? -type of diet -number of calories -body weight -activity level

body weight

14. Dynamic-systems theorists believe that: physical change is always occurring and mental change occurs in stages. both physical and mental change are constantly occurring. both physical and mental change occur in stages. physical change occurs in stages and mental change is always occurring.

both physical and mental change are constantly occurring

Dynamic-systems theorists believe that: physical change occurs in stages and mental change is always occurring. physical change is always occurring and mental change occurs in stages. both physical and mental change occur in stages. both physical and mental change are constantly occurring.

both physical and mental change are constantly occurring.

Piaget's Theory - what are the roles of nature/nurture in child development?

both play roles in child development

parents were more likely to offer explanation to

boys about what they were observing than they were to girls

basic family structure has...

changed over the years, but only matters in the effects of the change (increase divorce)

Parents have influence on children's development, but children's...

characteristics also influence parent's approach

What factors are implicated in the instability of IQ scores?

child's alertness and mood on test days family factors changes in environment

12. Which statement does NOT describe a benefit of Ann Brown's community-of-learners program? Children learn to be confident and rely on their solution above that of others. Children learn to identify questions that are key to solving a problem. Children become adept at constructing high-quality solutions to problems. Children learn to compare alternative solutions to a problem.

children learn to be confident and rely on their solution above that of others

Which statement is NOT an argument for intelligence testing offered by advocates? Intelligence tests are better than is any alternative method for predicting important outcomes such as school grades and achievement test scores. Intelligence tests are valuable for making decisions such as which children should be given special education. Children of all ages enjoy the puzzles and items on current intelligence tests. Alternatives such as evaluations by teachers or psychologists may be subject to bias.

children of all ages

contemporary theorist

children play a role in their own development

modification to gender schema theory allows for

children's active pursuit of cross gender-typed activities because they are enjoyed

Dynamic Systems Theories - Centrality of Action

children's specific actions contribute to development throughout life thought and action shade each other

Which factor is NOT related to a child's IQ? exposure to classical music while in the womb level of emotional support inadequate diet family income

exposure to music

____ validity refers to the ability to generalize research findings beyond the particulars of the research in question -internal -test-retest -external -interrater

external

at 3 months. children can distinguish

facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger

attaining the end state that individual currently is invested in • Action: disengagement and withdrawal

sadness

why i there an incomplete assignment from census

same sex marriage used to be illegal/not married

IQ is a strong predictor of academic, economic, and occupational success; however, other characteristics also exert important influences. Which factor has NOT been suggested to exert influence on important outcomes? type of school attended creativity motivation to succeed social skills

type of school attended

Average IQ and Variability

typically mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15

Abeeku lives in a war-torn village in Sudan and is showing signs of lethargy, poor attention, and slowed physical growth. Abeeku may be suffering from _____, an underlying cause of nearly 50% of child deaths worldwide.

undernutrition

o Low acceptance/involvement, little control, disinterest in autonomy granting o Parents are emotionally detached o Neglect is the extreme case of this

uninvolved parents, not really there

10. The inclination to teach others and the inclination to attend to and learn from others are: a core idea of Vygotsky's. uniquely human. crucial to creating groups. seen at the formal operational stage of cognitive development.

uniquely human

how are parents social managers?

what children get exposed to and what they shouldn't

Lorenz ecological theory is specific on

what context is, evolutionary psych

Sociocultural Theories - Social Scaffolding

when a more competent person provides a temporary framework that supports the child's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own

Biological model:

"Child nested in an environment composed of a series of nested structures that impact development (occur at different levels and can interact with one another)"

What is mental health?

"childrens sense of well being" • Internally, in their emotions and stress levels • Externally, as in their relationships with family members and peers

Define what family structure is

"the number of and relationships among the people living in a household"

Freud SUPEREGO

(conscience) •Guide you towards getting things done/goals •Phallic stage

How are emotions described according to functionalist emotions theory? With what types of goals are different emotions associated?

(contrasting to differential theory, but not in every way) • The basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal. • Emotions are discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment. • Physiological profiles support the actions that should be motivated by the emotion. • Emotions serve a purpose. • Context appropriate; why is this useful in this specific moment? • Emotions are categorized by WHAT THEY DO (their action tendencies)

how many children are raised by gays or lesbians

1-5 million

Does this trend hold true in Texas?

Dynamic Systems Theories - alternate explanation for a-not-b failures

_____ children live only with a divorced mom and ___ dad

- 4.8 mil -1.3 mil

Changes in family structure -Influence... -affects family... -affects children...

- Influence interactions among family members • How individuals interact with one another - Affect family routines and norms - Affect children's emotional well-being • Social behaviors

Formal Operational

-12 years and beyond -Piaget believed this stage was not universal

Preoperational

-2 to 7 years -symbolic representation -centration -conservation concept -egocentrism

____% of mothers with children under age 6 were employed outside the home

-56% 76% of those with children age 6-17

Concrete Operational

-7 to 12 years -logical reasoning about concrete world features -understand events are influenced by multiple factors

Daniel is experiencing an increase in crystallized intelligence but a slow decrease in fluid intelligence. Daniel is likely how old? 32 8 2 18

compare children from gay parents to normal

-Children are largely similar to children raised by heterosexual parents • Not teased more frequently than other children • Gender-normative • May be more egalitarian in gender attitudes • Think men and women do the same things equally well

What are the contributions?

-Focus on typical development -Innate factors are modified by experience -Development may proceed in discontinuous fashion -New emphasis on early emotional relationships and adolescent identity -Roles for subjective experience, unconscious mental activity

Which statement regarding heritability estimates is FALSE? -Heritability estimates can differ significantly for groups of people who grow up in very different economic circumstances. -Heritability estimates provide information about the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the development of individuals. -A heritability estimate applies only to a particular population living in a particular environment.

-Heritability estimates provide information about the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the development of individuals.

Acceptance/Involvement Authoritative: Authoritarian: Permissive: Uninvolved:

-High -Low -High -Low

who proposed children use two kinds of filters when processing information about the world. which are?

-Liben and Bigler -gender schema filter -interest filter

What are the different stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

-Oral -Anal -Phallic -Latency -Genital

what are the correlating ratio in centers? 6-15months: 2yrs: 3es:

3:1 4:1 7:1

The MOST likely participants of an adoption study are: -Sue and Sam who are adopted, are cousins, and are living together -Sue and Sam who are twins living in the same house with their biological parents -Sue and Sam who are adopted and are sisters living separately

-Sue and Sam who are adopted and are sisters living separately

What are the weaknesses of psychoanalytic theories?

-Vague descriptors -Untestable -Questionable nature of specific claims

o What is emotion regulation? Give some examples of how negative emotions may be regulated differently across development, including how different strategies are used.

-a set of consious and un consious proceses o Used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions • Changes in experience • Changes in expression o Develops gradually over childhood o Paves the way for success in social interactions and academic settings

what are the three key features

-acceptance and involvement -control -autonomy granting

Information Processing Theories - Working Memory

-actively attending to, gathering, keeping, and processing information -limits on capacity and speed

CONTROL: Authoritative: Authoritarian: Permissive: Uninvolved:

-adaptive -high coercive -low -low

Elizabeth Spelke hypothesized that infants begin life with four core-knowledge systems, each of which includes understanding of a particularly important domain. Which item is NOT one of these domains? spatial layouts and geometric relations (4) inanimate objects and their mechanical interactions (1) an understanding of the difference between life and death the minds of people and other animals being capable of goal-directed actions (2)

-an understanding of the difference between life and death The one missing is... (3): represents number, such as numbers of objects and events

Autonomy Granting? Authoritative: Authoritarian: Permissive: Uninvolved:

-appropriate -low -high -indifferent

o Observational learning of gender-role information involves four key processes:

-attention -memory -production -motivation

what are the three "typologies" of parenting style

-authoritative -authoritarian -permissive -uninvolved

Sensorimotor

-birth to 2 years -intelligence expressed through senses/motor skills -sucking motor movement -grasping movement -object permanence -little scientists -differed imitation

wha is the formal training for caregivers in child care centers?

-certification or college degree -child development or related field

Dynamic Systems Theories Emphasize That...

-children are innately motivated to explore the environment -children have a precise way of problem-solving -infants and toddlers are competent -other people are important for influencing development

How can Piaget's theory by applied to education?

-consider the various stages of cognitive processing to determine when information should be taught -children in the concrete operational stage would not be expected to be ready to learn abstract concepts, whereas those in formal operational stage would be -children learn best when interacting with their environment, both mentally and physically

Information Processing Theories - Executive Functioning

-control of cognition, aids other cognitive functions -links to behavior problems

what are the six different emergence of emotions?

-disgust -fear -anger -sadness -shame -guilt

The Child as a Limited-Capacity Processing System

-expanding amount of information they can process at one time -increasing processing speeds -acquiring new strategies and knowledge

What are some explanations for the increase in rates of Autism diagnosed since 1993?

-genetics -environmental contributions -neural anomalies

Mia enjoys thrill-seeking activities. Her mother says that she must have inherited her father's thrill-seeking gene. Mia's mother's conclusion is: -incorrect because behavioral traits involve polygenic inheritance in which several different genes contribute to any given phenotypic outcome. -correct because many behavior traits involve a gene one inherits from a parent. -incorrect because behavioral traits involve the crossing over of genes.

-incorrect because behavioral traits involve polygenic inheritance in which several different genes contribute to any given phenotypic outcome.

Why do misconceptions about vaccines persist?

-vaccines do have side effects (fever) -social learning theory and social contagion -mistrust of the pharmaceutical industry -timing of first diagnosis -the sleeper effect

what are the five gender development milestones

-infants -toddlers -preschoolers -middle childhood -around 9 or 10 years of age

Information Processing Theories - Long-Term Memory

-knowledge that people slowly accumulate over their lifetime -no limits on capacity or duration

Marital conflict may lead to

-less parental warmth and attentiveness -more exposure to aggression • Greater child aggressiveness • Greater delinquency -more hostility directed toward child • Greater child hostility • Greater child anxiety • Greater child depression

What are the 5 nested systems of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model?

-micro -meso -exo -macro -chrono

adjustment depends on family dynamics -Quality of -Quality of

-parent relationship - parent-children interactions

The Child as a Problem Solver

-problem-solving: process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle -brain development limits the problem solving, attention, and memory

what are the three components of a good child care place?

-ratio -maximum group sizes -formal training for caregivers -texas minmum standards

What are some reasons that parents choose not to vaccinate their children?

-religious reasons -child medical complications -cost -belief that vaccines are unnecessary -disbelief that child will get sick -belief that vaccines are unsafe

Influences of Schooling

-school = smarter -average IQ and test scores are higher during the academic year -children who went to more school days have higher intellect -children with a year more of schooling did better on IQ tests than those a grade behind

Zosia is about to have her first baby and is deciding whether to breastfeed. According to the text, a doctor would tell her that: -while formula feeding can support normal growth and development, there are physical and cognitive benefits associated with breastfeeding that have not been linked to formula feeding. -formula feeding is just as beneficial to a baby as breastfeeding. -babies who are breastfed always grow up to be more intelligent and better adjusted than babies who are formula-fed. -mothers who feed their babies formula are putting their children at great risk.

-while formula feeding can support normal growth and development, there are physical and cognitive benefits associated with breastfeeding that have not been linked to formula feeding.

Information Processing Theories - what process serves as a metaphor for the information-processing theories?

-the child as a limited-capacity processing system

Weaknesses of Piaget's Theory

-theory is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children's thinking and produce cognitive growth -infants and young children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized -the theory understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development -the stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is

Seven Primary Mental Abilities

-word fluency -verbal meaning -reasoning -special visualization -numbering -rote memory -perceptual speed

11. Joint attention develops around: 2 years of age. 6 months of age. 1 year of age. the same time as theory of mind.

1 year of age

How does Dodge's theory account for aggressive behaviors in children (i.e., where do they come from and how can they be corrected)? six steps

1. Encode a problematic event 2. Interpret the social cues involved in it 3. Formulate a goal to resolve the incident 4. Generate strategies to achieve the goal 5. Evaluate the likely success of potential strategies 6. Enact a behavior

What are the three functions of families?

1. Ensure the survival of offspring 2. Provide children the means to acquire the skills to be independent, productive as adults 3. Provide cultural training

Sociocultural Theories - Three Steps to Thought Processing

1. private speech (talking through things out loud) becomes whispers, then internal thoughts only 2. parent helps child understand and problem solve 3. child uses private speech

Piaget's Stages

1. qualitative changes occur at each stage 2. the type of thinking that dominates each stage is broadly applicable across topics and contexts in which children exist 3. traditions are brief 4. the sequence of stages are unchanging across individuals

stage three of selman

10-12 compare multiple POV, and can operate as 3rd party

stage four

12+ try to understand others POV vs. social group

two parents in remarriage percentages

14 and 15

labeling emotions occurs by

2 years og age

time out persists for a minimum duration, recommended

2+ minutes depending on age

what is NOW the average for women to have babies

26 used to be 21 in 1970

________ teen births: 31/1000

31 and now 11

no parent percentages

4 and 5%

what's the percentage difference between those children with single parents living below the poverty line compared with living with both

41 to 14

__ states allow for parent use of physical discipline

The fetus begins moving spontaneously about ____ weeks after conception.

5 - 6

____ marriages end in divorce

___% are raised by a biological parent

59 - Likely these children have then experienced some sort of separation

what are the correlating group sizes in centers? 6-15months: 2yrs: 3es:

6 8 14

stage one of selman

6-8 years, different POV results from information differences

two parent marriages in 1960 vs '14

73 versus 47

stage two of selman

8-10 is able to consider others POV

single parent percentages

9% versus 26%

A particularly effective way for parents to elicit prosocial behavior from children is by: A. helping them reason through how their behavior affects others. B. punishing them for failing to engage in prosocial behavior. C. rewarding them for voluntarily engaging in prosocial behavior. D. letting them learn through playing games with peers.

A perseverative focus on one's own negative emotions and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation, is known as: A. rumination. B. anxiety. C. cognitive-behavioral therapy. D. depression.

A perseverative focus on one's own negative emotions and on their causes and consequences, without engaging in efforts to improve one's situation, is known as: A. rumination. B. depression. C. anxiety. D. cognitive-behavioral therapy.

A primary weakness of the learning approach is its lack of attention to: A. cognitive influences. B. spirituality. C. philosophy. D. environmental influences.

Adams and colleagues found that cortisol, a measure of children's stress reaction: A. changed less when friends were present during negative experiences. B. was higher when friends were present during negative experiences. C. was higher when their self-worth was high. D. was lower when friends were present during negative experiences.

Allison tends to avoid stressful situations altogether. Alex faces stressful situations by seeking social support. Andrew tends to break down in stressful situations and express his negative emotions forcefully. Who might be expected to be the BEST adjusted of these three children? A. Alex B. Andrew C. Allison D. Allison, Alex, and Andrew are equally well adjusted.

As children grow older, the nature of parent-child interactions: A. is subject to change. B. is marked by conflict. C. grows more influenced by social support. D. remains static.

At what point in personality development would the superego first appear, according to the theory of Sigmund Freud? A. the phallic stage B. the anal stage C. the genital stage D. the oral stage

Baby Everett often leaves his mother's side to go explore toys in a playroom but occasionally looks back at his mom or brings her toys. When his mom leaves the room, he is upset, but when she returns, he is comforted by her and glad to see her. Everett has a(n) _____ attachment to his mother. A. secure B. insecure/avoidant C. insecure/resistant D. disorganized

Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions is called: A. reciprocal determinism. B. perceived self-efficacy. C. behavior modification. D. intermittent reinforcement.

Bowlby listed four different phases of attachment. What age are children when they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase? A. between 6-8 months and 1½ years B. birth to 6 weeks C. 1½-2 years and older D. 6 weeks to 6-8 months

Brad is a 5-year-old who is asked why his preschool classmate is expressing sadness. Which statement is likely to be TRUE regarding his response? A. Brad will be able to give an accurate explanation for the cause of his classmate's sadness. B. Brad would be able to answer if his friend were angry, but he can't yet identify the cause of sadness. C. Brad won't know because he can't identify the causes of emotions at this age. D. Brad won't know because he can only identify the causes of happiness at this age.

By _____ of age, infants can distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger. A. 3 months B. 1 month C. 2 months D. 1 week

By age _____, children are good at identifying situations that make people happy; by age _____, they are accurate at identifying situations that make people sad. A. 3; 4 B. 1; 5 C. 1; 3 D. 3; 8

By age _____, children are good at identifying situations that make people happy; by age _____, they are accurate at identifying situations that make people sad. A. 3; 4 B. 3; 8 C. 1; 3 D. 1; 5

By age _____, many children can recognize themselves in photographs. A. 2 years B. 12 months C. 18 months D. 9 months

By what age do children engage in cooperative problem solving and reverse roles during play? A. 2 years B. 3 years C. 5 years D. 12 months

By what age do infants show the FIRST rudimentary signs of emotional self-regulation? A. 5 months B. 2 months C. 12 months D. 7 months

By what age do infants show the FIRST rudimentary signs of emotional self-regulation? A. 5 months B. 7 months C. 12 months D. 2 months

Charlie's parents always discuss feelings and other mental states with him. Thus, we would expect Charlie to be: A. more advanced in his understanding of emotion. B. picked on by his classmates. C. less able to delay gratification. D. rather disliked by his classmates.

Children of divorce are at greater risk for a number of negative outcomes, including increased risk of: A. experiencing their own divorce someday. B. having children with developmental disabilities. C. developing schizophrenia. D. sexually transmitted diseases.

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group around ages: A. 5 to 8. B. 3 to 4. C. 11 to 14. D. 9 to 10.

Children who are more skilled at _____ than are their peers are also higher in _____. A. labeling and interpreting others' emotions; social competence B. labeling and interpreting others' emotions; behavior problems C. taking standardized tests; social competence D. social referencing; behavior problems

Children whose mothers are depressed tend to exhibit a pattern of activation in the _____ that is associated with a greater reactivity to the environment, negative emotionality, and withdrawal. A. prefrontal cortex and amygdala B. hippocampus and amygdala C. occipital lobe D. brain stem

Children's development is BEST predicted from looking at: A. both early attachment status and the distinct patterns of parenting at the time of interest. B. early attachment status. C. the distinct patterns of parenting at the time of interest. D. both early attachment status and children's IQ scores.

Compared with infants who are insecurely attached, securely attached 12-month-olds exhibit more enjoyment, are less fussy or difficult, and are better able to use their mothers as a secure base for exploration at home. This example demonstrates that: A. children's behavior in the Strange Situation is similar to their behavior at home. B. girls but not boys are more likely to be securely attached. C. children's behavior in the Strange Situation is not related to their behavior at home. D. the Strange Situation is not a valid research method.

Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by: A. a crisis that the individual must resolve. mastery of social skills, however rudimentary. individual goal-setting. the intervention of a caregiver or mentor.

European American culture tends to place a high value on _____, while Japanese culture emphasizes _____. A. independence; interdependence B. self-assertion; expressing one's emotions, even negative ones C. maintenance of relationships; self-assertion D. interdependence; independence

Four-year-old Leo spent too much time in solitary activities and his parents wanted to encourage him to play with others. An observer noticed that in the classroom Leo's teachers gave him attention whenever he was by himself but tended to ignore him when he played with others. The teachers were instructed to give Leo attention when he played with others and ignore him when he played alone. This example illustrates: A. behavior modification. B. information processing. C. vicarious reinforcement. D. intermittent reinforcement.

Freud would argue that an adult who is compulsively tidy has unresolved issues from: A. the anal stage. B. the latency period. C. the oral stage. D. internalization.

Having a close relationship with _____ is a protective factor for the well-being of homeless children. A. their parents B. a teacher or religious leader C. their peers D. their siblings

In EEG studies, researchers have found that activation of the _____ has been associated with approach behavior, positive affect, and exploration; activation of the _____ has been linked to withdrawal, fear, and anxiety. A. left frontal lobe; right frontal lobe B. right frontal lobe; left frontal lobe C. amygdala; hippocampus D. hippocampus; amygdala

In late childhood, children's feelings of self-worth, such as their likability, may be more affected by their _____, whereas in adolescence, teens increasingly evaluate themselves on the basis of _____. A. peers; their own standards B. peers; parents' opinions C. parents' opinions; peers D. their own standards; peers

In one study, Japanese and American preschoolers were asked how they would respond to hypothetical situations of conflict such as a peer knocking down a tower of blocks they had just built. Which finding from this study is TRUE? A . American preschoolers responded with more anger and aggression than did Japanese children. B. American preschoolers were more forgiving than were Japanese preschoolers. C. American children responded with more fear and anxiety than did Japanese children. D. Japanese children responded with more anger and aggression than did American children.

In one study, when prevented from seeing their mother's face, 12-month-olds relied on _____ to determine whether or not to approach or avoid a novel toy. A. the tone of their mother's voice expressing fearful or neutral sounds B. signals their mother provided with her hands C. musical cues provided by the experimenter D. their mother's joyful or fearful body movements

In the study of child development, attachment refers to the: A. close, enduring emotional bonds children develop to primary caregivers. B. identification a child develops with a particular child-rearing style. C. interrelationship between themes of child development. D. closeness that can develop between a family and a psychologist.

In what way does the "terrible twos," a period when 2-year-olds demonstrate their notorious self-assertion, demonstrate their sense of self? It demonstrates they have their own goals, independent of (and often in opposition to) their parents goals. It demonstrates their ability to identify themselves in photos. It demonstrates their ability to understand how loud their cries and demands can be. It demonstrates their lack of emotion regulation.

Jennifer, an aggressive-rejected youth, MOST likely: A. has more academic difficulties than her peers. B. displayed aggressive behavior first, then was rejected by her peers. C. does not display disruptive behavior. D. was rejected by her peers, which triggered her aggression.

Joanie has suddenly developed a fear of strangers. Joanie is MOST likely how old? A. 6 to 7 months B. 12 to 14 months C. 2 to 3 months D. 9 to 10 months

Kara is afraid of spiders and when she sees one her heart rate goes up. Which aspect of emotional functioning is BEST described here? A. emotion-related physiological processes B. internal feeling states C. emotion-related cognitions D. emotion-related behavior

Kim, a child who is exposed to harsh physical punishments, is likely to: A. imitate the aggressions of her parents. B. share her mistrust of her parents with siblings or friends. C. expect that aggressive behavior will result in negative outcomes. D. assume others have innocent intentions.

Luna is sure that going back to work will be detrimental to her new baby. Economically, however, she needs to return to work. As her friend, you should tell her that the effects of maternal employment on children are: A. minimal as long as adequate supervision is provided. B. minimal. C. extremely negative even when adequate supervision is provided. D. extremely negative.

Max enjoys playing violent video games, so he encourages his friends to also play violent games with him. Interacting with friends who now play violent games, Max now tends to play violent games more and more often. This example illustrates: A. reciprocal determinism. B. intermittent reinforcement. C. classical conditioning. D. perceived self-efficacy.

Members of a clique are often similar in that they have: A. similar levels of aggressiveness and bullying. B. vastly different interests in extracurricular activities. C. different academic motivations. D. little interest in being liked by people outside the clique.

Most children cannot label complex emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt until: A. age 7. B. age 3. C. age 5. D. adolescence.

Nine-month-old Genevieve is upsEt, so she rubs her blanket and sucks her thumb to calm down. What does this scenario illustrate? A. self-soothing B. discrete emotions C. cognitive strategies D. rumination

Once children are capable of _____, they are often viewed as more responsible for their behavior and for complying with parental expectations. A. crawling B. rolling over C. talking D. walking

Overall, research suggests that children in childcare are: A. securely attached to their mothers at the same rates as are other children. B. less securely attached to their mothers than are other children. C. more securely attached to their mothers than are other children. D. less securely attached to their fathers than are other children.

Parents Ann and Frank are convinced that their 2-week-old baby Devin smiles at them to engage them in parent-child interactions. On average, at what age do children begin to exhibit social smiles? A. the third to fourth month of life B. the second to third month of life C. the first to second month of life D. the sixth to seventh month of life

Parents of negative, unregulated children may eventually become less patient and more punitive with their children. This example demonstrates: A. the effect of child temperament on parent behavior. B. the stability of temperament over time. C. goodness of fit. D. parenting style.

Parents who teach their children strategies for how to enter into a group of peers are engaging in: A coaching. B. gatekeeping. C. withdrawing. D. modeling.

Paul, a child in the United States, and Chang, a child in rural China, are both uninterested in social interaction. Which statement is MOST likely to be true of their sociometric classification? A. Paul will be neglected, and Chang will be rejected. B. Paul and Chang will both be rejected. C. Paul will be neglected, and Chang will be popular. D. Paul will be rejected, and Chang will be neglected.

Recent research indicates that infants' _____ affects the degree to which their rearing environment alters their adjustment and social functioning. A. genetic makeup B. attitude C. intelligence D. gender

Recent research indicates that infants' _____ affects the degree to which their rearing environment alters their adjustment and social functioning. A. genetic makeup B. intelligence C. attitude D. gender

Siblings get along better if their parents: A. get along with each other. B. are both employed and work outside of the home. C. fight with each other. D. are divorced.

Siblings whose parents treat them similarly tend to: A. have close, more positive relationships. B. engage in a lot of conflict and aggression with each other. C. isolate themselves from each other. D. show more externalizing problem behaviors.

Sixteen-year-old Maria's Mexican American family, like others in their ethnic group, place a strong emphasis on family obligation and expect Maria to be home after school to take care of her siblings and grandmother. However, Maria's classmates from the dominant U.S. culture are pressuring her to join sports teams and other after school activities. This example illustrates: A. the conflict between the values of her ethnic group and the dominant culture. B. cultural bullying and peer pressure. C. ethnic-identity foreclosure. D. ethnic discrimination against Mexican Americans.

Social competence is defined, in part, as: A. a set of skills that help in achieving personal goals in social interactions. B. a set of skills needed to communicate and befriend others. C. the ability to make and keep friends. D. the ability to verbally communicate clearly with others.

Stan is the schoolyard bully who pushes and shoves other kids to get his way. What type of aggression is Stan using? A. proactive B. verbal C. relational D. hostile

Stephanie, age 1, and her mother, Nikki, are participating in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. The experimenter escorts them to a room and leaves them alone together. During this time, the _____ is measured. When Nikki leaves Stephanie all alone in the room, _____ is measured. A. secure base; separation distress B. separation distress; reunion reaction C. separation distress; stranger comfort D. secure base; stranger anxiety

The allele variant of the SLC6A4 gene makes children differentially susceptible to the influence of _____ on the development of conscience. A. maternal responsiveness B. positive punishment C moral reasoning D. being the oldest sibling

Those who engage in cyberbullying tend to be: A. bullies offline. B. high in social anxiety. C. high in symptoms of depression. D. securely attached to their parents.

Three-year-old Tommy has graduated to a "big-boy" bed and now has begun to get out of bed at night seeking his parents' attention. Once in a while when he gets up, they let him stay up and watch TV with him, and other times they make him go right back to bed. Tommy's bad habit of getting out of bed continues to persist for a long time. This example illustrates: A. intermittent reinforcement making it difficult to extinguish a behavior. B. classical conditioning creating a bad behavior. C. intermittent reinforcement making it easy to extinguish a behavior. D. observational learning making it difficult to extinguish a behavior.

When Eva is aggressive toward another child at school, her mother believes it is because it is in Eva's nature and there is nothing she can do to help Eva change the behavior. Eva is MOST likely: A. not very socially competent. B. living with her father. C. incredibly shy. D. the youngest in a large family.

When is the MOST likely time for people to begin experiencing feelings of sexual attraction to others? A. puberty B. early elementary school C. preschool years D. early adulthood

Which child is MOST likely to report that he or she relies more on friends than on parents to confide in and for support? A. Mary, age 16 B. Lynn, age 8 C. Joseph, age 12 D. Thomas, age 15

Which event is NOT one of those in Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure? A. The caregiver leaves the room and the child is introduced to another child of the same age. B. A stranger enters the room and greets the child while the caregiver is out of the room. The stranger comforts the child if he or she is upset. C. The caregiver leaves the infant alone in the room. D. The caregiver and child are left alone in the room; the caregiver is told not to initiate contact with the child but to respond as appropriate.

Which factor appears to be LEAST important in the selection of friends? A. race/ethnicity B. proximity C. age D. gender

Which finding supports parental-investment theory, which posits that parents have a drive to perpetuate their genes in the human gene pool and thus invest a lot of effort in caring for their offspring? A. Children are much less likely to be murdered by their genetic father than by their stepfather. B. Child maltreatment rates are equivalent for stepparents and biological parents. C. Child maltreatment rates are higher for biological parents than for stepparents. D. Children are much less likely to be murdered by their stepfather than by their biological father.

Which of Erikson's stages lasts from adolescence to early adulthood? identity versus role confusion initiative versus guilt autonomy versus shame and doubt industry versus inferiority

Which research finding that demonstrates the bidirectional influences between adolescents and their parents is TRUE? A. Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later. B. Parenting styles did not change over a 2-year time period, despite changes in adolescents' reports of internalizing and externalizing problems. C. The majority of parents tend to become more permissive as their children go from early to mid-adolescence. D. Adolescents' reports of high levels of externalizing and internalizing problems, predicted an increase in uninvolved parenting styles 2 years later.

Which statement is NOT accurate about intervention programs designed to improve parental sensitivity and children's security of attachment? A. Follow-up studies revealed that gains in secure attachment decreased over time. B. Experimental interventions have had success with depressed mothers. C. As a result of the interventions, mothers were more attentive and responsive. D. Infants of mothers who received intervention cried less and were able to self-soothe.

Which statement is NOT true of children whose parents use high levels of emotion coaching? A. They show higher rates of delinquency at a younger age. B. They may have low peer acceptance. C. They often deal with teasing behavior by simply ignoring it. D. They often escalate socially inappropriate behaviors when provoked.

Which temperament dimension, of the five proposed by Mary Rothbart, attempts to capture the duration of time children work on one project such as a puzzle? A. attention span B. activity level C. rhythmicity D. positive affect/approach

Which type of behavior is species-specific? A. behavior that is common to all members of the human species but not typically observed in other species B. behavior that is not observed in humans but is found in other species C. behavior that is observable in humans and at least one other species D. behavior that is observable in certain groups of humans (e.g., males) but not other groups (e.g., females)

o What are display rules? What leads to the development of display rules and how are they used?

A social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

expectation for mature behavior from child

ATTV

3. Karen looks for a toy under the cloth where her mother had previously hidden it, even though she can visibly see the lump below another cloth. Karen is participating in Piaget's _____ task. A-not-B conservation deferred imitation symbolic representation

A-not-B

Charlie fusses every time he has to leave his mom and dad and go to the babysitter. This usually occurs when he sees his mother or father leave. What is the BEST description of what Charlie is experiencing? A. separation anxiety B. distress-pain C. self-conscious emotions D. stranger anxiety

Which statement is MOST true of sociometrically popular children's levels of aggression? A. They are more aggressive in classrooms with a strong peer status hierarchy. B. They are less aggressive than are average children when it comes to pushing. C. They are more aggressive than are average children with respect to generalized vengefulness. D. They are more aggressive than are rejected children.

"low acceptance/involvement, high control, low autonomy"

ATTN

"o Value obedience, respect for authority, work, tradition, and preservation of order. o Discourage verbal give and take"

ATTN

attempt to control, evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their children in accordance with an absolute set of standards.

ATTN

"o Firm enforcement of rules and standards, using commands and sanctions when necessary o Encourage child's independence and individuality"

ATTV

"open Communication, verbal give & take o Recognition of rights of both children and parents • Both children and parents are active agents"

ATTV

accepting and invloved, moderate demands, appropriate autonoy allowances

ATTV

When in development would one have the greatest likelihood of recovery?

Brain can rewire if damaged early in life, when compared with damage later in life

Which individual is MOST likely to be obese? -Hina, Pacific Islander -Janelle, African American -Gen, European American -Bao Yu, Chinese

African American and Latinos

What types of maternal factors affect prenatal development?

Age Disease Maternal Emotional State

A child's sense of well-being, both internally and externally, refers to their: A. sociocultural adaptation. B. psychopathology. C. mental health. D. temperament.

What is a likely reason that mathematics anxiety can contribute to negative outcomes in math achievement? Anxiety reduces the working memory resources needed to solve mathematics problems. Teachers do not like to instruct students with math anxiety. Anxiety causes physical illness that disrupts children from completing math homework. Parents do not make children with math anxiety do their homework.

Anxiety reduces the working memory resources needed to solve mathematics problems.

Given an example of a circumstance in which the effects of brain damage may not be immediately visible.

Brain damage that occurs very early during prenatal development may have delayed effects

In what way is children's strategy use in word identification similar to their strategy use in arithmetic? As children gain experience, their strategy choices shift toward using retrieval, rather than overt strategies in both domains. Children who enjoy reading are better at word identification and children who enjoy math are better at arithmetic. Children with higher IQs use more advanced strategies in all domains. Older children use overt strategies in both reading and math and rely less on retrieval strategies than do younger children.

As children gain experience, their strategy choices shift toward using retrieval, rather than overt strategies in both domains.

What is a correlation?

Association between two variables Range from +1.00 (Strongest positive correlation to -1.00 (strongest negative correlation)

How does attending school affect intelligence? The effect of school attendance on intelligence scores is dependent on subject matter acquisition. No conclusions can be drawn about school attendance and intelligence scores. Attending school has been shown to increase intelligence scores. Attending school has no effect on intelligence scores.

Attending school has been shown to increase intelligence scores.

which parent contrast authoritative parents?

Authoritarian

Susan is at the park and sees Derek drop his ice cream cone. She notices that Derek has a sad expression and this causes her to feel sad as well. Susan is feeling: A. sympathy. B. empathy. C. identity. D. a conscience.

Alex is a 5-year-old boy. We would expect him to be able to identify situations likely to evoke which emotion? A. shame B. sadness C. guilt D. embarrassment

Alex is the child of two lesbian mothers, Sarah and Jane. What might we predict about Alex's outcome? A. Alex is more likely to be homosexual than are children of heterosexual parents. B. Alex's romantic involvements and sexual behavior will be the same as those of children of heterosexual parents. C. Alex's relationship with peers will be worse than will that of children of heterosexual parents. D. Alex's behavior will be more gender-typed as "girly" than will that of children of heterosexual parents.

Annie was born to a teenage mother, but her mother was very aware of child development and sensitive parenting techniques and the two had a very positive mother-child relationship. What does the research suggest is likely for Annie? A. She is likely to do very well on the SAT and other achievement tests. B. She is likely to obtain employment in early adulthood. C. She is likely to drop out of school. D. She is likely to get poor grades in school.

At college age, a notable number of young women identify themselves as: A. mostly homosexual but somewhat attracted to males. B. mostly heterosexual but somewhat attracted to females. C. asexual. D. bisexual.

At what point in personality development would the superego first appear, according to the theory of Sigmund Freud? A. the anal stage B. the phallic stage C. the genital stage D. the oral stage

B. F. Skinner was famous for his development of the theory of operant conditioning. According to Skinner, each individual's actions are primarily influenced by: A. behavior modification. B. the outcomes of past behavior. C. the behavior of peers. D. the immediate sociocultural context.

Bowlby listed four different phases of attachment. What age are children when they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase? A. 6 weeks to 6-8 months B. between 6-8 months and 1½ years C. 1½-2 years and older D. birth to 6 weeks

Charles Cooley in 1902 proposed the "looking glass self," which is the idea that people's self-esteem is: A. based largely on cultural influences such as religion. B. a reflection of what others think of them. C. dependent solely on physical attractiveness. D. mostly hereditary.

Charlie's parents always discuss feelings and other mental states with him. Thus, we would expect Charlie to be: A. picked on by his classmates. B. more advanced in his understanding of emotion. C. less able to delay gratification. D. rather disliked by his classmates.

Children who are _____ seem to have _____ relationships with peers. A. disorganized; harmonious B. securely attached; harmonious C. insecure/avoidant; little to no D. insecure/resistant; very close

Co-rumination is extensively discussing and self-disclosing emotional problems: A. in songs either sung vocally or in lyrics. B. with another person (usually a peer). C. with oneself before falling asleep. D. in writing in a diary or blog.

Danny is afraid of dogs and when he sees one he screams and runs away quickly. Which aspect of emotional functioning is BEST described here? A. emotion-related physiological processes B. emotion-related behavior C. internal feeling states D. emotion-related cognitions

During adolescence, girls are _____ as likely as are boys to develop depression. A. half B. two to three times C. up to 10 times D. about as

Erikson believed that, if infants in the basic trust versus mistrust stage do not develop the ability to trust others, they will have difficulty with _____ later in life. A. vocabulary development B. relationship formation C. physical development D. identity development

Especially for females, there is a considerable _____ in adolescents' and young adults' reports of same-sex attraction or sexual behavior. A. negativity B. instability C. positivity D. stability

Identical twins are more similar to each other in aspects of emotionality and emotion regulation than are fraternal twins. This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of _____ in individual differences in emotion and its regulation. A. family environment B. heredity C. parenting styles D. school environment

In Bowlby's attachment theory, the secure base refers to: A. a comfortable and safe home setting. B. a special setting developed for needy, dependent infants. C. the evolutionary roots of how children become attached to caregivers. D. the haven of safety a caretaker provides that allows a child to explore the environment.

In a study of Gusii infants in Kenya, which statement is TRUE? A. Fathers were highly involved with their infants and often slept right next to them. B. Fathers were seldom seen within 5 feet of their infants. C. Mothers spent about the same amount of time playing with their infants as do mothers in the Unites States. D. Mothers spent about 20% more time playing with their infants than do mothers in the United States.

In one study, when prevented from seeing their mother's face, 12-month-olds relied on _____ to determine whether or not to approach or avoid a novel toy. A. signals their mother provided with her hands B. the tone of their mother's voice expressing fearful or neutral sounds C. musical cues provided by the experimenter D. their mother's joyful or fearful body movements

In the United States, which finding is NOT true of the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) study? A. More hours of nonrelative care predicted greater risk-taking and impulsivity at age 15. B. At 6 years, children in extensive childcare were viewed by teachers as being less smart than were other children. C. A number of changes in caregivers in the first 2 years of life predicted lower social competence at age 2. D. At 4½ years, children in extensive childcare were viewed by care providers as exhibiting more problem behaviors.

It is 4:00 P.M. Janet and Lee are at the boardwalk. Lee wants to eat some cotton candy and pretzels. Janet does not think this is a good idea. Her mom has worked hard to make a special dinner. Janet can see her own point, Lee's point, and her mother's point. According to Selman's stage theory of role taking, what stage is Janet in? A. stage 4 B. stage 3 C. stage 1 D. stage 2

Jamie does not write on her desk because the rules of the classroom forbid it, and she wants to set a good example for her classmates. According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is Jamie in? A. instrumental and exchange orientation B social system and conscience orientation C universal ethical principles D punishment and obedience orientation

Jee Sun is a 15-year-old Korean girl. Which prediction would likely NOT be true about her in regards to self-esteem? A. Her self-esteem is likely related to her contributions to the welfare of the larger group. B. She is more comfortable with being praised than adolescents in the United States. C. She is likely to have lower self-esteem than adolescents in the United States. D. She is more comfortable acknowledging both good and bad personal characteristics than U.S. adolescents.

Kara is afraid of spiders and when she sees one her heart rate goes up. Which aspect of emotional functioning is BEST described here? A. emotion-related cognitions B. emotion-related physiological processes C. emotion-related behavior D. internal feeling states

Lila is 5 years old and in kindergarten. In a lab experiment, a researcher presents Lila with photos of faces depicting happiness, surprise, and disgust and asks Lila to point to each emotion when it is labeled. How might we expect her to perform? A. Lila can identify disgust but not happiness and surprise. B. Lila can correctly identify all three emotions. C. Lila can identify happiness but not disgust or surprise. D. Lila is unable to correctly identify any of the emotions.

Members of a clique are often similar in that they have: A. vastly different interests in extracurricular activities. B. similar levels of aggressiveness and bullying. C. little interest in being liked by people outside the clique. D. different academic motivations.

Men who delay parenting until approximately age 30 or older tend to be: A. wealthy. B. verbally stimulating with their infants. C. homosexual. D. unresponsive to their infants' needs.

Modern-day research on identity development in adolescence is highly influenced by which theorist? A. Freud B. Erikson C. Selman D. Dweck

Monique is a 15-year-old girl. Which statement probably describes what she feels is MOST important about her peers? A. They are a source of assistance with problems and tasks. B. They are a source of intimacy and disclosure. C. She can do everything on her own and does not need friends. D. They are merely companions.

Parents of negative, unregulated children may eventually become less patient and more punitive with their children. This example demonstrates: A. goodness of fit. B. the effect of child temperament on parent behavior. C. parenting style. D. the stability of temperament over time.

Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: A. peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders. B. children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization. C. peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. D. problems with peers predict children's depression.

Repeatedly exposing someone to a feared stimulus (e.g., white rabbits) in a context free of distress and paired with a positive experience such as a delicious snack in order to rid that person of their fear is called: A. observational learning. B. systematic desensitization. C. the Oedipus complex. D. social learning theory.

Some people develop a major depressive episode as a result of genetics. Others can end up with the same psychological struggles as a result of a major life issue, while still others may be affected by teratogens before they are born. The fact that there are many paths to this same destination demonstrates the concept of: A. etiology. B. equifinality. C. multifinality. D. diathesis-stress.

Some researchers believe that evolved predispositions lead to gender differences between boys' and girls' preferences. Which research finding supports this belief? A. Infants show an innate preference for faces of their own race (or their caregivers' race). B. Newborn girls looked longer at social stimuli—human faces—than they did at nonsocial stimuli such as mobiles, whereas the reverse was true for boys. C. Infants show an innate preference for female faces. D. Newborns imitate the facial movements (such as sticking out their tongue) of adults in their environment.

Stan is the schoolyard bully who pushes and shoves other kids to get his way. What type of aggression is Stan using? A. hostile B. proactive C. verbal D. relational

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association have a minimum of standards that they recommend for day cares, which do NOT include: A. maximum group sizes of six for children aged 12 months or less. B. the use of only organic milk, fruits, and vegetables for snacks. C. a child-to-caregiver ratio of 3:1 for children aged 12 months or less. D. lead teachers having a bachelor's degree in early childhood education or a similar field.

The process through which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role for their particular culture is: A. rumination. B. emotion socialization. C. indoctrination. D. goodness of fit.

The text lists several countries in which fathers do not report much play at all with their children. Which country is NOT on that list? A. Sweden B. the United States C. India D. Malaysia

The use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations is called: A. self-regulation. B. social referencing. C. self-esteem. D. social competence.

Theo's parents never express any sort of emotion in the household. Theo is likely getting the impression that: A. his parents have a mental illness. B. emotions should be avoided or inhibited. C. most people are hostile. D. positive emotions are okay to express but not negative emotions.

They are more aggressive in Jennifer, an aggressive-rejected youth, MOST likely: A. displayed aggressive behavior first, then was rejected by her peers. B. has more academic difficulties than her peers. C. does not display disruptive behavior. D. was rejected by her peers, which triggered her aggression.

To which social and psychological problem have sexual-minority youth been shown to be especially vulnerable? A. Tourette's syndrome B. homelessness C. xenophobia D. schizophrenia

Toddlers who were insecurely attached as infants tend to _____ in comparison with those who were securely attached. A. have stronger conflict-resolution skills B. be lower in sympathy C. have successful intimate relationships with peers D. express more positive emotion

When is the MOST likely time for people to begin experiencing feelings of sexual attraction to others? A. early elementary school B. puberty C. preschool years D. early adulthood

Which ability have studies NOT shown to be connected to being well adjusted and liked by peers and adults? A. the ability to use cognitive methods to control emotions B. the ability to score well on IQ tests C. the ability to delay gratification D. the ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors

Which child is MOST likely to report that he or she relies more on friends than on parents to confide in and for support? A Lynn, age 8 B. Mary, age 16 C. Thomas, age 15 D. Joseph, age 12

Which clinical procedure is based on learning theories? A. reciprocal determinism B. systematic desensitization C. psychoanalysis D. self-efficacy

Which critique is common of group-care settings? A. Children in childcare may learn to talk later than do children who are cared for at home. B. Children may learn negative behaviors such as aggression from their peers. C. Children in childcare may have lower stress levels than do children who are cared for at home. D. Children may have physically abusive educators.

Which example does NOT demonstrate children inhibiting their motor behavior? A. holding back from touching a dangerous object B. sucking their thumb to self-soothe C. slowing down when running D. holding back from touching an attractive object

Which factor associated with prosocial behavior is MOST biological in nature? A. intelligence B. temperament C. parenting style D. modeling

Which factor is NOT one of the five dimensions of temperament suggested by Rothbart? A. fearful/distress/anger/frustration B. intelligence level C. attention span D. activity level

Which possible reason might explain why more sexual-minority youth in the United States are coming out today than did in any previous cohort? A. All major religions now accept sexual-minority youth. B. There is an increase in legal and cultural acceptance of sexual minorities. C. Our genetic makeup has evolved to produce more sexual-minority youth today than in any other time in human history. D. Before the 1900s, there were no sexual-minority youth.

Which statement describes one (flawed) strategy that schools use to deal with children who have a hostile attributional bias? A. Schools give them mindfulness and yoga training. B. Schools remove them from their regular classrooms and put them into special classrooms, where they can be more closely supervised. C. Schools give them psychoanalysis and cognitive behavioral therapy. D. Schools give them one-on-one tutors so that they don't come into contact with other peers.

Which statement is NOT true according to the research on children's media exposure? A. Exposure to violence in media represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. B. Children who watch more than 20 hours of television are significantly more likely to be socially isolated from their peers. C. A child who has a TV in their bedroom is at increased risk for obesity. D. Heavy users of screen media are more likely to report getting grades of C or below.

Which statement is NOT true of aggression in elementary school? A. It tends to be hostile. B. It tends to be only physical. c. It often arises from a perceived threat to self-esteem. d It often arises from the desire to hurt another person.

Which statement is TRUE of the biological correlates of aggression? A. They only exist because of the similar environmental influences that aggressive individuals tend to surround themselves with. B. They are neither necessary nor sufficient for the development of aggression. Biological correlates only act as risk factors, which act in concert with other influences. C. They are necessary for the development of aggression, but environmental factors play an added role. D. They are necessary and sufficient for the development of aggression. With the right biological factors, environmental influence on aggression is trivial.

Which statement is TRUE of the onset of antisocial behavior in adolescence? A It rarely occurs in children with no prior history of aggression. B. It is more frequent in those at an economic disadvantage. C. It is more common in children from two-parent households. D. It is less common in children who have had an irritable temperament since infancy.

Which statement is a possible reason that children in Japan may be classified as insecure/resistant at higher rates than are children in the United States? A. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much more likely to be in day care and were very experienced with separations from their mothers. B. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much less likely to be in day care and experience separations from their mothers. C. Japanese children are innately insecure. D. Japanese mothers are very harsh with their young children.

Which statement is a possible reason that children in Japan may be classified as insecure/resistant at higher rates than are children in the United States? A. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much more likely to be in day care and were very experienced with separations from their mothers. B. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much less likely to be in day care and experience separations from their mothers. C. Japanese mothers are very harsh with their young children. D. Japanese children are innately insecure.

Which stressor does NOT appear to have the potential to affect infants' and young children's ability to regulate their attention and behavior? A. maternal stress during pregnancy B. late-term birth C. prenatal exposure to cocaine D. nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy

Which temperament dimension, of the five proposed by Mary Rothbart, attempts to capture the duration of time children work on one project such as a puzzle? A. rhythmicity B. attention span C. activity level D. positive affect/approach

Which theorist claimed that "a person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him"? A. Freud B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Bandura

Which theorist did NOT emphasize that children's self-esteem was based on the quality of their relationship with others and what others thought of them? A. Erikson B. Piaget C. Bowlby D. Cooley

Which theorist proposed a stage theory of development? A. Watson B. Selman C. Skinner D. Dodge

Which type of aggression INCREASES in popular youth across adolescence? A relational aggression B. both relational and physical aggression C. Neither type of aggression increases. D. physical aggression

Which type of judgment is NOT considered a domain of social judgment? A. moral judgment B. cultural judgment C. social conventional judgment D. personal judgment

Which type of parent is MOST frequently associated with children who resist peer pressure to do drugs or join gangs? A. detached B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. older in age

Which types of day cares were found to have the LOWEST quality of care? A. nonprofit centers that were not religiously affiliated B. for-profit chains C. nonprofit religiously affiliated centers D. for-profit independent centers

_____ tend to be more negatively affected by their parents' remarriage than are _____. A. Girls; boys B. Young adolescents; younger children C. College students; young adolescents D. Younger children; young adolescents

Sometimes the argument is advanced that divorce should be harder to obtain bc of the neg effects it has on children... why is staying married for the kids questionable?

Because ongoing marital conflict poses a variety of risks for children

What is reciprocal determinism?

Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions

"Therapy based on principles of operate conditioning in which reinforcement of contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behaviors"

Behavior modification

"vague on what context is"

Bronfenbrenner

Agnes is motivated by getting good grades and getting her parents and teachers' praise. She doesn't really care whether she has mastered the material as long as she gets an A on the test. She is motivated by _____ goals. A. self-fulfilling B. academic C. performance D. learning

Alex really enjoys learning about science. He doesn't really care what his grade in a science class is, as long as he feels like he really mastered the materials and gained a new understanding of scientific concepts. He is motivated by _____ goals. A. maintenance B. self-fulfilling C. learning D. performance

Allison tends to avoid stressful situations altogether. Alex faces stressful situations by seeking social support. Andrew tends to break down in stressful situations and express his negative emotions forcefully. Who might be expected to be the BEST adjusted of these three children? A. Allison, Alex, and Andrew are equally well adjusted. B. Andrew C. Alex D. Allison

Amelia's family has few economic resources. She is likely to: A. have parents who are thoughtful, active gatekeepers. B. have parents who engage in a great deal of emotional coaching. C. be rejected by her peers. D. be popular.

As children grow older, the nature of parent-child interactions: A. remains static. B. grows more influenced by social support. C. is subject to change. D. is marked by conflict.

Bowlby's theory of attachment is based on _____ theory. A. evolutionary psychology B. ecological C. ethological D. sociocultural

Charlie's parents always discuss feelings and other mental states with him. Thus, we would expect Charlie to be: A. rather disliked by his classmates. B. picked on by his classmates. C. more advanced in his understanding of emotion. D. less able to delay gratification.

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group around ages: A. 9 to 10. B. 3 to 4. C. 5 to 8. D. 11 to 14.

Children's expressions of anger tend to peak during: A. the first year of life. B. the fourth year of life. C. the second year of life. D. adolescence.

During adolescence, girls are _____ as likely as are boys to develop depression. A. about as B. half C. two to three times D. up to 10 times

European American culture tends to place a high value on _____, while Japanese culture emphasizes _____. A. interdependence; independence B. self-assertion; expressing one's emotions, even negative ones C. independence; interdependence D. maintenance of relationships; self-assertion

Genes related to the functioning of _____ that affect voluntary attentional processes appear to be especially relevant for self-regulation. A. cortisol B. serotonin C. dopamine and other neurotransmitters D. testosterone

Genes related to the functioning of _____ that affect voluntary attentional processes appear to be especially relevant for self-regulation. A. serotonin B. cortisol C. dopamine and other neurotransmitters D. testosterone

If you were to parent your kids according to the "style" of John B. Watson, which term(s) would BEST describe the interactions you would have with your children? A. overprotective B. child-centered C. rigid and strict D. permissive

In which country do children display a large number of helping behaviors as a result of being taught to believe that this is a moral obligation? A. Mexico B. Kenya C. India D. the Philippines

Joanne's teacher offers feedback based on effort, saying, "You worked really hard on that!" This is likely to support which type of thinking? A. positive affect B. entity/helpless C. incremental/mastery D. negative affect

Libby, age 1, loves to take a bath, tries all new foods (even vegetables), and takes a nap every day at 1:00 P.M. What type of temperament does Libby have? A. goodness of fit B. slow-to-warm-up C. easy D. difficult

Many years ago, women focused their search for identity on the goal of marriage and family. Today, many women are more likely to base their identity on both family and career. This example illustrates how _____ plays a role in identity formation. A. one's community B. spirituality C. the historical context D. genetics

On average, _____ of 15-year-olds have dated a peer at one point or another. A. around two-thirds B. slightly under three-quarters C. over half D. about one-quarter

Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: A. peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders. B. peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. C. children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization. D. problems with peers predict children's depression.

Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: A. peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. B. peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders. C. children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization. D. problems with peers predict children's depression.

The four phases of attachment proposed by Bowlby do NOT include: A. preattachment. B. attachment-in-the-making. C. psychosocial moratorium. D. reciprocal relationships.

The popular behavior management system of "time-outs" or temporary isolation for young children is based on Skinner's notion that _____ can serve as a powerful reinforcer. A. systematic desensitization B. intermittent responses C. attention D. parents

The use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations is called: A. self-esteem. B. social competence. C. social referencing. D. self-regulation.

Tommy was subjected to very harsh treatment during toilet training. Freud would suggest that Tommy is likely to be fixated on issues related to: A. sexual needs. B. oral activities. C. cleanliness. D. exercise.

What conclusion can be drawn about the cultural practices of a society in which parents ignore or scold children who express anger? A. The society believes anger is a productive emotion. B. The society does not value children. C. The society believes displays of negative emotion are unproductive. D. The society values emotional expression.

What did Erikson call the integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events? A. comprehensive achievement B. identity confusion C. identity achievement D. wholeness

When Sarah is 20 minutes late for her curfew, her mother does not punish her. Sarah knows that her mother is lenient, so she continues to break her curfew. Her mother shows love and affection for Sarah but has no control over her. What type of parent is Sarah's mother? A. authoritative B. uninvolved C. permissive D. authoritarian

When infants at about 8 months of age become upset when they are parted from their mother, it suggests that they have a sense of self because they understand that: A. they spent a long time in their mother's womb. B. crying will release negative emotions. C. they and their mother are separate entities. D. their mother will come back soon.

When they were young, Byron and Zachariah were both raised by a father who had serious struggles with alcoholism. Twenty years later, Byron has a serious alcohol problem, while Zachariah never touches a drop. The fact that similar paths can lead to different destinations demonstrates the concept of: A. diathesis-stress. B. equifinality. C. multifinality. D. etiology.

Which ability have studies NOT shown to be connected to being well adjusted and liked by peers and adults? A. the ability to delay gratification B. the ability to use cognitive methods to control emotions C. the ability to score well on IQ tests D. the ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors

Which approach is typically NOT effective for calming a crying 2-month-old? A. rocking the infant B. talking smoothly to the infant C. playing classical music loudly for the infant D. caressing the infant

Which avenue is NOT one through which parents socialize their children's emotional development? A. their expression of emotion with their children and others B. the discussions they have with their children about emotion C. their emphasis on academic skills such as math and reading D. their reactions to their children's expression of emotion

Which behavior is NOT one of those exhibited by Harlow's socially isolated monkeys? A. excessive rocking B. cowering C. excessive eating D. thumb sucking

Which child might we expect to freely express negative emotions such as anger based on cross-cultural research? A. Wang Juan from Beijing in China B. Hiroshi from Tokyo in Japan C. Anna from New York in the United States D. Li Na from Shanghai in China

Which component is NOT thought of by developmentalists as being typical of emotion? A. subjective feelings B. neural responses C. historical factors D. physiological factors such as heart rate

Which concern exists in Chinese culture with regard to single children (with no siblings)? A. They would become angry and resentful. B. They would suffer increased rates of depression. C. They would become spoiled through overindulgence. D. They would suffer increased rates of anxiety

Which factor helps children develop positive ethnic identities when their racial or ethnic group is the object of prejudice and discrimination? A. television shows in which the main characters are from their ethnic group B. reading books in which the main characters are from their ethnic group C. parents and other adults who highlight the strengths and unique features of their ethnic culture D. a best friend who is in the majority ethnic group

Which factor is NOT associated with growing up in an affluent family? A. higher levels of anxiety B. higher levels of delinquency C. higher levels of schizophrenia D. higher levels of depression

Which factor is a key aspect of parental sensitivity in regards to the development of a secure attachment? A. carrying the baby in a sling a lot B. using calorie-restriction in the infant's diet C. being consistently responsive D. co-sleeping

Which factor is critical in affecting whether maternal employment is associated with cognitive, language, or social problems in young children? a. the type of childcare provided (center-based; in-home, etc.) b. the ethnicity of the child-care providers c. the overall quality of childcare provided d. the age of the child-care providers

Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child? A. the ecosystem B. the microsystem C. the chronosystem D. the endosystem

Which motive is NOT altruistic? A. empathy B. sympathy C. social acceptance D. one's conscience

Which statement describes a consequence of childhood maltreatment? A. Maltreated newborns prefer to look at nonsocial stimuli than at faces. B. Maltreated children show empathy for friends but not for family members. C. Maltreated children often withdraw from peer interactions or show heightened aggression. D. Maltreated children always have lower IQs than do other children.

Which statement does NOT describe an outcome that Caspi and colleagues found for participants in their longitudinal study who were negative and unregulated as young children? A. They had poorer physical health at age 32. B. They tended to have few people from whom they could get social support. C. They were more likely to be unemployed. D. They were more likely to engage in illegal behaviors and get in trouble with the law.

Which statement is MOST true of children who are labeled as "popular" and "cool" by other children? A. They tend to have high levels of reciprocal empathy. B. They are the same children as those who are sociometrically popular. C. They tend to use aggression to obtain their goals. D. They tend to be viewed as below average in aggression.

Which statement is NOT a proposed reason for the association between a warm and involved family and sociable and cooperative children? A. Children who are disruptive may elicit negative responses from both parents and peers. B. Both harsh parenting and the child's negative behaviors are due to heredity. C. Involved families generally send their children to better schools. D. Such parenting fosters children's self-regulation.

Which strategy is one way African American mothers living in dangerous neighborhoods promoted their daughters' readiness to express anger and aggressiveness? A. taking their daughters to play dates where they provoke fights with other children B. showing their daughters TV shows with aggressive female characters C. play-acting the role of an adversary, teasing, insulting, or challenging their daughters in everyday interactions D. reading their daughters books with strong female characters

Which view has received more support? A. Neither hypothesis posed has been supported. B. Both hypotheses listed have received similarly high levels of support. C. Internet-based communication technologies allow friends to maintain and enhance the closeness of their relationships. D. Online communication impairs the quality of existing friendships by displacing time that could be spent face to face.

By what age do children engage in cooperative problem solving and reverse roles during play? A. 5 years B. 12 months C. 2 years D. 3 years

Influence of Immediate Environment

Caldwell and Bradley measure HOME (various aspects of the child's home life) -organization/safety of living space -intellectual stimulation -parent-child interactions -emotional support

what is meant by plasticity?

Check this one with your book. the capacity for continuous alteration of the neural pathways and synapses of the living brain and nervous system in response to experience or injury

in ecological children have an active role in...

Children have an active role in selecting/influencing these contexts. o The context in which children develop is important. • People are functioning in ways that feel adaptive in any given moment

Which statement is NOT an argument for intelligence testing offered by advocates? Alternatives such as evaluations by teachers or psychologists may be subject to bias. Intelligence tests are valuable for making decisions such as which children should be given special education. Intelligence tests are better than is any alternative method for predicting important outcomes such as school grades and achievement test scores. Children of all ages enjoy the puzzles and items on current intelligence tests.

Children of all ages enjoy the puzzles and items on current intelligence tests.

According to the text, which is NOT a crucial weakness in Jean Piaget's theory? -Children's cognitive development is shaped by caregivers, relatives, and other children significantly less than Jean Piaget asserted. -Jean Piaget's theory does not shed sufficient light on how processes such as assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration lead children to think in certain ways and produce changes in their thinking. -Research has suggested that children's thinking is far less consistent than Jean Piaget maintained. -Contrary to Jean Piaget's claims, even young infants appear to have some grasp of object permanence.

Children's cognitive development is shaped by caregivers, relatives, and other children significantly less than Jean Piaget asserted.

Identify different types of research designs used in developmental science. What makes each design unique?

Cross-sectional Design ---Children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period. Longitudinal Design --- Same children are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time. Useful for revealing stability and change over time. Microgenetic Designs ---Same children are studied repeatedly over a short period. Designed to provide in-depth depiction of processes that produce change. Microgenetic designs can provide insight into both the process of discovery and children's response to it.

A child's sense of well-being, both internally and externally, refers to their: A. psychopathology. B. sociocultural adaptation. C. temperament. D. mental health.

A longitudinal study by Dunn and colleagues found that the degree to which children are exposed to and participate in discussions on emotion at ages _____ predicts their understanding of others' emotions until at least age _____. A. 2 to 3; 10 B. 1 to 2; 3 C. 3 to 4; 6 D. 2 to 3; 6

A particularly important finding in the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) study was that how children fare in a nonmaternal care situation is much more strongly related to characteristics of the _____ than it is to the characteristics of _____. A. child; family B. father; mother C. childcare; mother D. family; childcare

A person with an entity view of intelligence believes that his or her intelligence level is: A. related to their sex. B. based on their socioeconomic status. C. based largely on the quality of their educational opportunities. D. fixed and unchangeable.

A person's preference in regard to erotic feelings toward males or females is called: A. homosexuality. B. gender identity. C. self-esteem. D. sexual orientation.

A social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions is called: A. functional approach. B. discrete emotions theory. C. social referencing. D. display rules.

A theory of emotion in which emotions are thought to promote action toward achieving a goal, is known as the: A. differential emotions theory. B. attachment theory. C. temperament approach. D. functionalist approach.

According to a study by Martos, Nezhad, and Meyer (2015), what is the age range within which MOST participants first became aware of their same-sex attraction to others? A. 12 to 14 B. 3 to 7 C. 3 to 17 D. 10 to 15

According to psychologists, a conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself is called: A. the one. B. psychosocial understanding. C. social being. D. the self-concept.

Adolescents who hold a(n) _____ about personality traits are more likely to demonstrate a hostile attributional bias than are adolescents who endorse a(n) _____. A. positive attitude; negative attitude B. incremental theory; entity theory C. negative attitude; positive attitude D. entity theory; incremental theory

Ainsworth's Strange Situation test involves: A. extended isolation of the child from the parent. B. intensive interactions of long duration between a child and a caregiver. C. the immersion of a child in an unfamiliar setting, with limited parental guidance. D. a series of separations and reunions involving a child and a parent.

Alice has a neglectful mother but no other environmental risk factors. Tommy has a neglectful mother as well as a neighborhood with no parks and high crime. Alice is expected to cope better than is Tommy. What important idea does this example demonstrate? A. Boys cope better with environmental risks than do girls. B. Parks are necessary for healthy development. C. Living in a high crime area always leads to poor developmental outcomes. D. Accumulated exposure to risk factors is crucial in order to understand negative developmental outcomes.

Alice is an 8-year-old girl whose psychic energy is channeled into constructive, socially acceptable activities. According to Freud, what developmental stage is she in? A. the oral stage B. the genital stage C. the anal stage D. the latency period

Allison drops out of school at age 17 and goes to work at a dead-end job because she feels like there are no alternate options for her future. Erikson would label this identity choice identity as: A. achievement. B. confusion. C. ending. D. foreclosure.

Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions is called: A. intermittent reinforcement. B. behavior modification. C. perceived self-efficacy. D. reciprocal determinism.

Children who do NOT fit into Ainsworth's three original categories now are typically classified as: A. resistant. B. avoidant. C. secure. D. disorganized.

Conflict between children and _____ tends to be greater than that between children and _____. A. biological fathers; stepfathers B. stepsiblings; stepmothers C. stepsiblings; stepfathers D. stepfathers; biological fathers

Dianna and Derek's mother uses a lot of emotional coaching. To be effective, her coaching should NOT: A. convey strategies for dealing with others. B. derogate either child. C. convey clear, useful information about others' feelings and behavior. D. be more focused on Derek than on Dianna.

Faced with having to undergo major surgery, older children are more likely to _____; younger children are more likely to _____. A. think about the chances of surgery going wrong; focus on the benefits of the surgery B. ruminate about the procedure; distract themselves C. insist they don't need surgery; ruminate about the procedure D. Ifocus on the benefits of surgery; insist that they don't need surgery

Freud believed the path to superego development for boys was through the resolution of the _____, a psychosexual conflict in which a boy experiences a form of sexual desire for his mother. A. mother stage B. phallic stage C. Electra complex D. Oedipus complex

George, a 6-year-old child, feels guilty after lying to his teacher about putting glue in his desk. As a result, he apologizes to his teacher, a behavior that his mother taught him was culturally expected in this situation. George's regulatory mechanism that promoted this behavior was: A. level 2 moral reasoning. B. his excellent memory. C. his frontal lobe. D. his conscience.

Identical twins are more similar to each other in aspects of emotionality and emotion regulation than are fraternal twins. This phenomenon demonstrates the importance of _____ in individual differences in emotion and its regulation. A. parenting styles B. school environment C. family environment D. heredity

In Rothbart's questionnaire, questions that ask about how often children throw temper tantrums when they don't get what they want measure which dimension of temperament? A. attention span and persistence B. activity level C. rhythmicity D. distress at limitations/frustration

In child-development terms, a group of people who have similar stereotyped reputations is called a: A. network. B. gang. C. clique. D. crowd.

In comparison with young and middle adolescents, older adolescents are better able to: A. get along with their parents. B. get along with their peers. C. obsess over contradictions in themselves and feel conflicted about themselves. D. integrate contradictions in themselves into a coherent whole.

In discussions of moral development, prosocial behavior is BEST defined as: A. behavior based on personal benefit. B. actions that contribute to society as a whole. C. behavior intended to win approval. D. voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.

In everyday conversations, children as young as _____ months have been shown to mention emotions such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, crying, and hurting in appropriate ways. A. 36 B. 48 C. 18 D. 28

In reciprocated best friendships, there are _____ people. A four B one C three D. two

Joanne's teacher offers feedback based on effort, saying, "You worked really hard on that!" This is likely to support which type of thinking? A. positive affect B. negative affect C. entity/helpless D. incremental/mastery

Juanita is an 18-year-old Mexican American who comfortably identifies with both her Mexican culture and the majority culture in the United States, where she lives. It is likely that Juanita has a(n): A. easy temperament. B. good attitude. C. dual personality. D. bicultural identity.

Kiara, a rejected child, is MOST likely to be seen by others as: A. sensitive to others. B. cooperative. c. friendly. D. withdrawn.

Marla is an abusive mother who often loses her temper and either yells at or ignores her son Leo. What type of attachment is Marla MOST likely fostering in Leo? A. anxious/avoidant B. resistant C. secure D. disorganized

Megan is afraid of heights. When she is on a balcony or deck, her mind begins to race and she thinks about herself or someone close to her falling off the side and that thought runs over and over in her head. Which aspect of emotional functioning is BEST described here? A. emotion-related physiological processes B. emotion-related behavior C. internal feeling states D. emotion-related cognitions

Recent research regarding peer victimization and depression suggests that: A. peer victimization predicts anxiety but not depression. B. peer victimization and depression are unrelated in 4th to 6th graders. C. problems with peers predict children's depression. D. children's depression both contributes to and is caused by peer victimization.

Sam's classmate walks by and accidentally bumps into his table, scattering the puzzle pieces he is working on. Sam quickly assumes that his classmate did it on purpose, suggesting that Sam has a(n): A. mastery orientation. B. inability to take another's perspective. C. helpless orientation. D. hostile attributional bias.

Self-esteem scores tend to be lower for people in Japan, China, and Korea than in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Which explanation is likely regarding this finding? A. Parents in Asia are often verbally and sometimes physically abusive of their children, which leads to low self-esteem. B. Asian cultures place a strong emphasis on individual accomplishments and self-promotion, which results in less positive self-descriptions. C. There are more children living in poverty in the Asian countries than in the Western countries, which leads to low self-esteem. D. Asian cultures place a greater emphasis on modesty and self-effacement, which results in less positive self-descriptions.

Sibling conflict and aggression, rather than closeness, are related to: A. children's eating disorders. B. living in poverty. C. children's low IQ. D. children's risky sexual behavior.

Similar to Piaget, Selman believed that, before the age of _____ year(s), children assume that whatever they think other people think as well. A. 3 B. 1 C. 10 D. 6

Social referencing refers to the: A. use of emotions as a way of acquiring information. B. ability to recognize emotions in others. C. ability to recognize the value of authority figures. D. use of an adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with a novel situation.

Teddy has a difficult temperament and is unmanageable and thus evokes negative emotions from his parents. This example illustrates: A. self-regulation in emotional expression. B. cultural variation in emotional expression by parents. C. parents' influence on the expression of emotion in the home. D. children's influence on the expression of emotion in the home.

The degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment is known as: A. behavioral inhibition. B. social competence. C. family dynamics. D. goodness of fit.

The four phases of attachment proposed by Bowlby do NOT include: A. preattachment. B. reciprocal relationships. C. attachment-in-the-making. D. psychosocial moratorium.

The main criticism of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is: A. that it is too complex. B. a lack of emphasis on cultural factors. C. that it is full of confusing interaction effects. D. a lack of emphasis on biological factors.

To examine children's use of aggression in dealing with social problems, Dodge and his colleagues: A. examine the contexts in which children display aggression. B. interview children about why they are aggressive with their peers. C. observe the reinforcement and punishment aggressive children receive from peers and adults. D. present children with hypothetical stories in which one child is the victim of another child's ambiguous actions.

Toddlers who were insecurely attached as infants tend to _____ in comparison with those who were securely attached. A. express more positive emotion B. have successful intimate relationships with peers C. have stronger conflict-resolution skills D. be lower in sympathy

When Tommy is teased by his peers, he takes a moment to rethink the situation and downplay the teasing by telling himself those peers aren't worth getting upset over. What does this example illustrate? A. physiological intervention to control negative emotion B. behavioral strategies to control negative emotion C. pharmacological assistance to control negative emotion D. cognitive strategies to control negative emotion

When asked to describe herself, Angie talks about concrete, observable characteristics such as "I can run real fast!" "I have a kitty!" and "I have a brother!" Angie is MOST likely _____ years old. A. 1 to 2 B. 12 to 14 C. 8 to 10 D. 3 to 4

Which adaptive feature is one of the most important with regard to the human species? A. the ability to talk B. the large size of the human body C. the ability to walk D. the large size of the human brain

Which approach is typically NOT effective for calming a crying 2-month-old? A. talking smoothly to the infant B. rocking the infant C. caressing the infant D. playing classical music loudly for the infant

Which behavior is NOT one of those exhibited by Harlow's socially isolated monkeys? A. excessive rocking B. cowering C. thumb sucking D. excessive eating

Which child might we expect to freely express negative emotions such as anger based on cross-cultural research? A. Hiroshi from Tokyo in Japan B. Wang Juan from Beijing in China C. Li Na from Shanghai in China D. Anna from New York in the United States

Which concern exists in Chinese culture with regard to single children (with no siblings)? A. They would become angry and resentful. B. They would suffer increased rates of depression. C. They would suffer increased rates of anxiety. D. They would become spoiled through overindulgence.

Which emotion are children FIRST able to identify? A. disgust B. fear C. guilt D. happiness

Which example does NOT illustrate relational aggression? A. excluding others from a group B. withholding friendship to inflict harm C. spreading rumors to ruin a peer's reputation D. stealing the lunch money of a peer with lesser status

Which factor is NOT an age-related pattern of change in the development of emotion regulation? A. the transition from infants relying almost totally on other people to being increasingly able to self-regulate during early childhood B. the increasing use and selection of appropriate, effective regulating strategies C. the increasing use of cognitive strategies and problem solving to control negative emotions D. the transition from toddlers' expression of negative emotions to adolescent depression

Which factor is NOT mentioned in the text as being a risk for parents for maltreatment? A. low self-esteem B. strong negative reactions to stress C. poor impulse control D. having adopted children

Which factor is a key aspect of parental sensitivity in regards to the development of a secure attachment? A. carrying the baby in a sling a lot B. co-sleeping C. using calorie-restriction in the infant's diet D. being consistently responsive

Which group in particular is likely to have problems with stepfathers? A. college-age girls B. college-age boys C. preadolescent boys D. preadolescent girls

Which group might be expected to have the HIGHEST self-esteem on average in early elementary school in the United States? A. African Americans B. European Americans C. Latino Americans D. Asian Americans

Which outcome have researchers found NOT to be associated with better ability to delay gratification in early childhood? A. higher educational achievement levels B. higher self-esteem in adulthood C. higher SAT scores D. higher rates of being spiritual or religious in adulthood

Which personality structure is the earliest and most primitive of those posited by Freud? A. the ego B. the superid C. the superego D. the id

Which research is used to support the rich-get-richer hypothesis? A. Youths with high levels of depressive symptoms use online communication to express their feelings. C. Online communication is related to less depression for youths with low-quality best-friend relationships. C. Lonely and socially anxious youths seem to prefer online communication. D. Youths who were better adjusted at age 13-14 were found to use social networking more at ages 20-22.

Which statement explains why some children are liked by their peers more than others? A They are disinterested in athletics. B. They have controversial friends. C. They have multiple social networking accounts. D. They are physically attractive.

Which statement is NOT true of Piaget's stage of morality of constraint? A. Children view rules and laws as unchangeable givens. B Children believe that consequences are what determine if a rule is good or bad. C Children in this stage typically have not achieved concrete operations. D Children believe that rules can be changed if the majority of people agree.

Which statement is NOT true of teams of 10-year-olds told to write a story about rain forests? A. The teams of friends provided more frequent elaborations than did nonfriends. B. The teams of friends posed more alternatives than did nonfriends. C. The teams of friends engaged in more constructive conversations than did nonfriends. D. The teams of friends were less focused on the task than were nonfriends.

Which statement is a possible reason that children in Japan may be classified as insecure/resistant at higher rates than are children in the United States? A. Japanese mothers are very harsh with their young children. B. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much more likely to be in day care and were very experienced with separations from their mothers. C. Japanese children are innately insecure. D. Japanese children, at the time of these studies, were much less likely to be in day care and experience separations from their mothers.

Which strategy is NOT likely to produce children's feelings of guilt, rather than shame? A. helping children understand the consequences their actions have for others B. avoiding public humiliation of children C. emphasizing the badness of the behavior ("you did a bad thing"), not of the child ("you are a bad boy") D. emphasizing the badness of the child ("you are a bad boy"), rather than of the behavior ("you did a bad thing")

Which symptom is NOT characteristic of major depression? A. marked diminished interest in activities B. recurrent thoughts of suicide C. excessive or reduced sleeping D. crying at some television commercials

Who would MOST likely be successful at the "rouge test"? A. Marlene, 12 months B. Kylie, 15 months C. Lily, 6 months D. Sondra, 19 months

William's peers are picking on him at recess because he is moderately overweight. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is affecting William? A. the mesosystem B. the exosystem C. the macrosystem D. the microsystem

Zack is a toddler who is not securely attached. Which description is likely NOT representative of his behavior? A aggressive B. withdrawn C. whiny D. high in popularity

Which statement is TRUE of cliques in middle childhood? A. They typically have at least 12 members. B. Members of the clique view each other as close friends. C. They are often of mixed race. D. Friends tend to be members of the same clique.

Which statement is TRUE regarding infants' recognition of emotional facial expressions? A. Three- or four-month-olds who are habituated to pictures of disgusted faces dishabituate (look longer) when shown a face depicting fear. B. One-month-olds who are habituated to pictures of angry faces dishabituate (look longer) when shown a face depicting surprise. C. One-month-olds who are habituated to pictures of angry faces dishabituate (look longer) when shown a face depicting happiness. D. Three- or four-month-olds who are habituated to pictures of happy faces dishabituate (look longer) when shown a face depicting surprise.

Which person is MOST likely to use private speech? Paxton, a teenager who is watching a television show without really paying attention Sue, an adult following simple directions Caroline, an adult reading a book David, a 5-year-old

David

The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately - Strategies, consistency of use; meant to make children internalize values

Discipline

What are some possible outcomes associated with exposure to teratogens?

Disrupted development of central nervous system, growth and developmental retardation, limb malformation, urinary tract damage, low birth weight, fetal alcohol syndrome, fetal alcohol effect, craniofacial dysmorphism, small head size, premature birth, problems with placenta,low birth weight, attention difficulties, emotional regulation

Which is better, according to Carol Dweck?

Dweck believes in teaching children to be Growth Mindset (Dynamic) believers is better for development and learning and progression

"the grand context of experiences shapes development"

Ecological -Children inherit genetic abilities and predispositions that serve adaptive functions.

Freud EGO, develop?

Ego: rational, problem solving stage; conscience -Oral

Distinguish between experience-dependent and experience-expectant plasticity.

Experience dependent - The process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experience. Experience Expectant - the process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonable normal environment will have.

What factors may contribute to low birth weights in newborn infants? What types of outcomes are associated with low birth weight?

Factors??? Outcomes- Lower IQ, lower rate of high school graduation, lower rates of pregnancy, more internalizing problems at age 23, greater incidence of anxiety pr ADHD during 30's, more likely to be single in 30s, SIDS,

In the nineteenth century, _____ proposed that men who had achieved "eminence" in a variety of fields had done so because their close relatives were more likely to be high achievers themselves.

Francis Galton

With which types of functions is each generally associated?

Frontal - assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation. Auditory Cortex- Hearing is quite acute at birth, the result of months of eavesdropping during the fetal period. Visual Cortex: Vision is the least mature sense at birth because the fetus has nothing to see while in the womb.

What are the different lobes of the cortex?

Frontal Cortex, Auditory Cortex, Visual Cortex

How long is a full term pregnancy? -When do most miscarriages occur?

Full term 40 Weeks. Most miscarriages occur in the first 13 Weeks of Pregnancy or first Trimester

The notion that children have a large variety of strengths on which parents and teachers can build is based on what theory of intelligence? fluid and crystallized intelligence theory Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences g theory of intelligence

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

"The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships"

Genital (adolescence)

Differentiate between the different periods of development.

Germinal -Conception to 2 Weeks-Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall. Rapid cell division takes place. Embryonic-3rd Week to 8th Week- Following implantation, major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body. Development takes place through the processes of cell division , cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death, as well as hormonal influences. Fetal - 9th Week to birth- Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body. Increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning.

Which types of cells comprise gray matter? White matter?

Grey matter is comprised mainly of neurons (nerve cells), White matter is mainly comprised of

Roles for subjective experience, unconscious mental activity:

IAT (implicit attitude test)

A summary measure that is used to indicate an individual's intelligence relative to others of the same age is called: a normal distribution. an intelligence quotient. a mental model. general intelligence.

One study found that IQ scores of 4- and 5-year-olds correlated .80, those of 6- and 7-year-olds correlated 0.87, and those of 8-and 9-year-olds correlated 0.90. These results demonstrate that: IQ scores are more stable during preschool than during middle school. IQ scores are more stable at older ages. IQ scores are more variable at older ages. younger children score better on IQ tests than do older children.

IQ scores are more stable at older ages.

Frued ID, what does it develop?

Id: mother is primary figure because she is the source of food -Oral stage: pleasure priciple

How is the formal operational stage unique from other Piagetian stages?

It is not believed to be universal - meaning not everyone makes it to the formal operational stage?

Which statement does NOT describe a frequent criticism of Piaget's theory? Piaget is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children's thinking and that produce cognitive change. Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. Piaget's stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is. Piaget understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development.

Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized.

define genotype

Inherited genetic material

Which statement is NOT a critique of intelligence testing argued by critics such as Ceci and Sternberg? Current intelligence tests are culturally biased. Reducing a person's intelligence to a number is simplistic and ethically questionable. Measuring a quality as complex as intelligence requires assessing a broader range of abilities than are assessed by current intelligence tests. Intelligence testing is too labor-intensive for both clinicians and test-takers.

Intelligence testing is too labor-intensive for both clinicians and test-takers.

Define and give examples of different types of reliability and validity

Inter-rater reliability - Amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior. Test-retest reliability - Degree of similarity of a child's performance on two or more occasions. Internal Validity - is the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing. External Validity - is the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research. There are 4 examples on the power point.

define endophenotype

Intermediate phenotypes, including brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior. Activity (turning on) of genes controlled by REGULATORY GENES: Genes that control activity of other genes.

"Effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in child's behavior - Child had learned and accepted desired behavior"

Internalization

Identify sensitive and critical periods of prenatal development

Isn't this the same as above

There are only two cookies left in the cookie jar. One of the cookies is broken into two pieces. Janet, age 4, begins to cry when her brother Justin gets the broken cookie and she gets the whole one. According to Piagetian theory, what is the MOST likely cause of Janet's distress? Janet does not have object permanence. Janet is demonstrating egocentrism. Janet cannot assimilate. Janet has not mastered the concept of conservation.

Janet has not mastered the concept of conservation

Jim and Alison both scored in the bottom 20% of IQ tests; however, Jim went on to complete a 4-year college degree, whereas Alison only finished high school. Which statement is likely to be TRUE regarding their weekly wages? Alison's wages will be higher than will Jim's. Alison and Jim will both have the same (and very low) weekly wages due to their low IQs. Jim's wages will be higher than will Alison's. Jim and Alison's wages will have them both living below the poverty line.

Jim's wages will be higher than will Alison's.

Annie and Joanie have the same job, but Joanie's IQ is 30 points higher than is Annie's. Which statement is likely to be TRUE based on the research? Annie will quit her job after 1 year, and Joanie will go on to a successful career. Joanie will perform better, earn more, and receive better promotions than will Annie. Annie and Joanie will perform the same and earn the same amount of money. Annie will perform better, earn more, and receive better promotions than will Joanie.`

Joanie will perform better, earn more, and receive better promotions than will Annie.`

what is the key to behaviorism/learning theories?

KEY: development is shaped by environmental stimuli and observable behaviors -no qualitatively different stages -pavlov, skinner, watson, bandura

social cog theories

KEY: development is shaped by self-socialization selman, dodge, dwek -children are active processors of social info -Children think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

Kate and Ryan both went to a 4-year college, but Kate's IQ was in the top 20%, whereas Ryan's IQ was in the bottom 20%. What would be expected, based on previous research, regarding their weekly salary wages? Kate's wages will be higher than will Ryan's. Kate's wages will be higher than will Ryan's because she went to an Ivy League college. Ryan will have higher wages than will Kate due to gender differences. Kate and Ryan will have the same wages due to similar education levels.

Kate wages will be higher

Which theorist is often credited with founding the sociocultural approach to child development? Lev Vygotsky Erik Erikson Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg

Lev Vygotskys

what are synapses?

Microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body or another neuron(s)

What is a multiple risk model?

Might look at book. Effects of cumulative and multiple risks affects normal functioning in child, Range from attachment to language development to well-being

How can sociocultural theories be applied to education?

National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) want alternative, creative strategies of learning rather than just telling students how things work and making them memorize it

-What are neurons? -What are the primary components of a neuron?

Nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain. All neurons have three main components: Cell body: Contains basic biological material; keeps neuron functioning, Dendrites: Neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward cell body as electrical impulses, An axon: Neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

Which is a major difference between the formal operational stage and the three previous stages? The formal operations stage has a broad applicability across topics and contexts. Not all individuals reach the formal operational stage. The formal operational stage does not exhibit qualitative change. The formal operational stage can sometimes be attained before one of the three previous stages.

Not all individuals reach the formal operational stage.

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment

• more education • higher job-status • higher income • planned births • lower divorce rates • more positive parenting styles

Older parents

"The lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities"

Oral (birth to one year)

The Carolina Abecedarian Project was a program that provided low-income children with specialized day-care services from 6 months to 5 years old. Which outcome has been shown to be an effect of the program? Participants achievement scores were the same as the control group. Participants had a mean IQ score 5 points higher than the control group when tested at age 21. At age 30, participants were equally likely as adults from the control group to have graduated from college. Participants were more likely to take AP classes in high school than the control group.

Participants had a mean IQ score 5 points higher than the control group when tested at age 21.

Which outcome has NOT been shown to be an enduring effect of most early-intervention programs? Participants were less likely to be held back in school than were nonparticipants. Participants were less likely to be in special education classes than were nonparticipants. Participants were less likely to be arrested by age 18 than were nonparticipants. Participants had higher IQ scores 4 years after leaving the programs than did nonparticipants.

Participants had higher IQ scores 4 years after leaving the programs than did nonparticipants.

What are the three types of gene-environment correlation? Provide an example of each.

Passive-children and parents share both their genes and the environment, Active-individuals seek out environments that are compatible with their genotype, Evocative-individuals evoke responses from the environment based on a genetically-based characteristic

Define and give an example of gene-environment interaction.

Passive-environment correlation example...... Evocative (or reactive)

"The phallus, or penis is the most important body part and pleasure is derived from genital simulations. Boys are proud of their penises; girls wonder why they don't have one"

Phallic (3-6 years)

What types of interventions are there for low-birth weight infants?

Physical contact and social contact, cuddle, caress, carry

3. Which statement does NOT describe an identified weakness of Piagetian theory? Piaget discounts the possibility of abstract thinking. Piagetian theory understates the contribution of the social world to development. Children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. The stage model overstates the consistency of children's thinking.

Piaget discounts the possibility of abstract thinking

Which statement does NOT describe an identified weakness of Piagetian theory? -Piagetian theory understates the contribution of the social world to development. -Children are more cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. -The stage model overstates the consistency of children's thinking. -Piaget discounts the possibility of abstract thinking.

Piaget discounts the possibility of abstract thinking.

o Which individuals or groups are involved in the socialization of children's emotions?

Processes by which individuals, through experience with others, develop the skills that allow them to adapt to their group and live with other people -parents, teachers, and other adults and children -the media and social institutions

"A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again"

Punishment

What are the characteristics of experimental designs?

Random assignment of participants to groups, experimental control, inference about causes and effects allowed

What are some of the important aspects of measurement in psychological research?

Reliability?? and Validity??? Reliability: Degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent. Validity: Degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

"Biological (anatomical) designation as male or female"

SEX -hormones -genes

What is SIDS? How can it be prevented?

SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Prevention - Putting babies to sleep on their backs, eliminating smoking, using firm mattresses and no pillows as bedding for infants, avoiding wrapping infants in lots of blankets or clothing

What is the general function of each component?

See ABOVE

"Active process during development whereby children's cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs"

Self socialization

What are sensitive and critical periods?

Sensitive Periods: When a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later Timing-a few sensitive periods when human brain is especially sensitive to particular kinds of external stimuli. Critical Period: When a particular type of development growth 9in body or behavior) must happen if it is to happen

what is epigenetics?

Several different definitions -check book- the study of heritable changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence - a change in phenotypes without a change in genotype - which in turn affects how cells read the genes.

Because Eileen is an excellent reader as a kindergarten student, what would we predict for her reading in high school? She will continue to enjoy reading, but her reading skills will become average. She will become a poor reader because she is too busy with other interests such as athletics. She will regress to the mean and become an average reader. She will continue to be an excellent reader.

She will continue to be an excellent reader.

What is heritability? -Does greater heritability mean that child outcomes are less changeable?

Statistical estimate of the proportion of the measure variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals. Higher heritability does not imply immutability. ???

What are stem cells? -How can they be used? -How are they associated with cell differentiation?

Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics. First, they are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some organs, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditions. They are associated with differentiation because they can differentiate into a different type of cell.

What structures are in place to support fetal development?

Structures of the Brain I guessed on this one. see if you can find it in the book

o What is social competence? How is it related to children's understanding of emotion? To emotion regulation?

The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while still maintaining positive relationships with others emotion reg: The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating

Which statement is NOT generally true of intervention programs aimed at enhancing the intellectual development of preschoolers? Participants are more likely to graduate from high school than nonparticipants. Program participants are less likely to be assigned to special education classes than nonparticipants. The programs result in sustained long-term gains in intelligence scores among participants. Participants' intelligence scores initially increase, but the gains eventually decrease.

The programs result in sustained long-term gains in intelligence scores among participants.

o What is social referencing? When does it emerge?

The use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations -evident by 12 months

Which lesson CANNOT be drawn from the Abecedarian Project? There is a benefit of early intervention for boys but not for girls. There is a need for caregivers to interact with infants in positive, responsive ways. There is a benefit to starting interventions early and continuing them for long periods of time. Gains produced by successful early-intervention programs are likely due to improvements in children's self-control and perseverance (in addition to any changes in IQ).

There is a benefit of early intervention for boys but not for girls.

Traumatic stress? Toxic stress?

Traum: chronic elevations in stress linked to single major event Tox: The experience of overwhelming levels of stress without support from adults to help mitigate the effects of that stress

Which example does NOT illustrate crystallized intelligence? Twenty-two-year-old Janis is very skilled at solving logic problems and can reason speedily. Sixty-year-old Laura is a scientist who did her most creative work in her 20s and 30s and has not been as creative since she turned 45. Fifty-six-year-old Carlos, who is a professor of philosophy, has published two books over the last 3 years. Fifty-four-year-old Travis is a historian who is finding that he is doing his best work after he turned 40.

Twenty-two-year-old Janis is very skilled at solving logic problems and can reason speedily.

Which example does NOT illustrate crystallized intelligence? Twenty-year-old Samantha is able to quickly solve difficult and novel problems that she encounters in her new job. Thirty-three-year-old Yasmin is a jet mechanic who knows every type of plane just by watching it from a distance. Eighty-year-old George still easily remembers all the trips that he took with his family as a child. Sixty-two-year-old Liam is a school teacher who enjoys memorizing all of his students' names on the first day of class.

Twenty-year-old Samantha is able to quickly solve difficult and novel problems that she encounters in her new job.

How does the infant mortality rate in the US compare to other nations? Describe the factors that influence this.

US is 5.87 per 1000 births. I think we are on the lower end of but there are still countries that have better numbers.

Understand the steps of the scientific method

Use theory to form a question to be answered. Formulate a specific hypothesis regarding the question. Develop a method for testing the hypothesis Use the data yielded by the method to draw a conclusion regarding the hypothesis

When is the worst time to suffer brain damage?

Very Early, during prenatal development, may have delayed effects

Why have people traditionally believed that vaccines predict things like autism?

Wakefield paper in 1998 (since discredited) David Kirby book Jenny McCarthy 657% increase in autism rates (1993-2003)

Contents of Intelligence Tests

Wechselt Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) most popular for 6+ years

What do twin studies tell us?

What does your book say? Twins provide a valuable source of information for health and psychological research, as their unique relationship allows researchers to pull apart and examine genetic and environmental influences. How are they able to do this? Twin studies allow researchers to examine the overall role of genes in the development of a trait or disorder.

What is resilience?

What does your book say? the power or ability to return to the original form, position, etc., after being bent, compressed, or stretched; elasticity.

In contrast to Piaget or Erikson, learning theorists believe in _____, suggesting that there are no qualitatively different stages in development. A. continuity B. resilience C. individual differences D. repression

Which statement is a TRUE research finding from the text regarding physically abused children? A. They are better at recognizing angry facial expressions than are children who have not experienced abuse. B. They are better at reasoning about negative emotions than are children who have not experienced abuse. C. They are worse at recognizing angry facial expressions than are children who have not experienced abuse. D. They recognize angry facial expressions with the same accuracy as do children who have not experienced abuse.

A benefit of viewing intelligence as "many processes" is: a better understanding of societal influences on intelligence. a more precise understanding of the mechanisms involved in intelligence. simplified statistical analyses. a better understanding of scholastic achievement.

a more precise understanding of the mechanisms involved in intelligence.

Karen looks for a toy under the cloth where her mother had previously hidden it, even though she can visibly see the lump below another cloth. Karen is participating in Piaget's _____ task. deferred imitation conservation symbolic representation A-not-B

a not b

Which example illustrates guided participation? a parent encouraging a child to participate in extracurricular activities a teacher showing Sesame Street to her class to help them learn their letters a teacher assigning group work by having children count off by fives a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed

a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed

Which example illustrates guided participation? a teacher assigning group work by having children count off by fives a parent encouraging a child to participate in extracurricular activities a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed a teacher showing Sesame Street to her class to help them learn their letters

a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed

children of divorce are at greater risk for

a variety of short and long term psychological, behavior, academic, and relationship problems than are those who live with both biological parents.

Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a cat until she noticed that it hopped instead of walked. This change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's pet illustrates Jean Piaget's process of:

accommodation

when should children establish gender identity

about 30 months • Don't really understand what that means or that it is fluid

Sally has a very high general intelligence; thus, research suggests she also is likely to have very high: empathy. emotional understanding. social-cognitive abilities such as theory of mind. achievement test scores.

achieve

Social scaffolding does NOT include: explaining the goal of the task. allowing the child to discover the solution on his or her own. helping children with the most difficult parts of the task. demonstrating how the task can be done.

allowing the child

The _____ is a membrane filled with a clear, watery fluid in which the fetus floats.

amniotic sac

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) yields: an overall score and subscores on five moderately general abilities: verbal comprehension, visual-spatial processing, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. a single g score. scores on seven primary mental abilities. scores for fluid intelligence and for crystallized intelligence.

an overall score and subscores on five moderately general abilities: verbal comprehension, visual-spatial

attaining the end state that individual currently is invested in • Action: forward movement, especially to eliminate obstacles to one's goal

anger

Children who suffer brain damage... -during later childhood suffer more severe cognitive impairment than do children who suffer comparable injury in early childhood. -only suffer long-term impairment if they are injured when synapse generation and pruning are occurring. -are more likely to experience a shift in the area in which a particular brain function is located.

are more likely to experience a shift in the area in which a particular brain function is located.

1. Piaget believed that children: contribute to their own development. require social encounters with other babies to truly develop during infancy. are physically and mentally active starting at about 3 months of age. are unable to learn through observation.

are physically

when does gender stability happen?

around 3 or 4 years of age

"Understanding that gender is a social category and that gender roles are social conventions not biological outcomes."

around 9 or 10 years of age

Four-year-old Chantal is exploring and finds a bottle of vitamins in a kitchen cabinet. They look just like the candy that she got for Halloween so she eats them all. Chantal's error illustrates Jean Piaget's process of:

assimilation

which parent is "ideal"

authoritative

Children born to older mothers are at a heightened risk for developing:

autism

Why don't racial and ethnic differences in IQ support an argument for the innate superiority of a racial or ethnic group?

average IQ scores from different racial groups differ, but scientific statements are based on averages and do not take into account individual differences. differences in IQ and test scores of children from different racial and ethnic groups only describe their performance in their own environment

Dweck and colleagues found that children's different motivation patterns are found as early as: A. elementary school, ages 6 and 7. B. preschool, ages 4 and 5. C. middle school, ages 10 and 11. D. toddlerhood, 18 months to 2 years.

In a famous experiment with "Little Albert," Watson first exposed a 9-month-old infant to a white rat, and the infant was not afraid of the rat. Next, Watson paired the presentation of the rat with a loud noise that clearly frightened the infant. Finally, the infant became afraid of the rat itself. This example illustrates: A. observational learning. B. classical conditioning. C. intermittent reinforcement. D. information-processing theory.

Similar to Piaget, Selman believed that, before the age of _____ year(s), children assume that whatever they think other people think as well. A. 3 B. 6 C. 1 D. 10

Sternberg's Theory (Successful Intelligence Theory)

based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life -analytical (linguistics, math, spatial) -partial (reasoning about everyday problems) -creative (flexibility and innovation)

Gardner's Theory (Multiple Intelligence Theory)

based on the view that people possess at least 8 types of intelligence -linguistic -logistical (math) -spatial -musical -naturalistic -bodily (kinesthetic) -intrapersonal -interpersonal

Paulette is 30 weeks pregnant and regularly enjoys foods that contain chili, ginger, and cumin. According to the findings of Julie Mennella, Coren Jagnow, and Gary Beauchamp, when Paulette's child is older, he or she will:

be more favorably predisposed to foods that contain the flavor of chili, ginger, and cumin than would a child whose mother's diet lacked those flavors.

fun fact about same sex parents

been around for a long time but just starting to receive data on them as the stigma slowly changes

Dr. Thornhill studies _____. He is interested in how and why people differ from one another.

behavior genetics

Overtime, children improve their ability to select cognitive or

behavioral strategies that are appropriate for the situation

1. Piaget is often labeled as a constructivist because he: believed children construct knowledge in response to their experiences. felt it was necessary for children to use their hands to build before they could internalize a concept. believed the child's entire community constructs their development. believed parents construct children's personalities through nurture.

believed children construct knowledge in repsone to their experiences

elementary girls of employed mothers...

better social adjustment and competence

When children are in the sensorimotor stage, they are: -between birth and 2 years old and know the world through their senses and actions. -between 2 and 7 years old and acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. -between 7 and 12 years old and become able to think logically. -at least 12 years old, can think systematically, and are able to reason.

between birth and 2 years old and know the world through their senses and actions.

schemas lead to

biases in processing and remembering information about gender • Children get so imbedded in this that they are less likely to remember information that is not gender typical (girl construction teacher versus girl kindergarten teacher)

Arabel receives a dominant allele for brown eyes from her father and a recessive allele for blue eyes from her mother. According to the laws of genetic inheritance, Arabel's eyes will be _____ in color.

brown

Giada is 22 weeks pregnant and is aware that her baby regularly has the hiccups, which her doctor says may be a form of _____ reflex.

burping

According to Erikson, between the ages of 1 and 3½ years, if parents provide a supportive atmosphere that allows children to achieve self-control without the loss of self-esteem, children will gain a sense of: A. role confusion. B. industry. C. autonomy. D. shame and doubt.

Freud would argue that an adult who is compulsively tidy has unresolved issues from: A. the latency period. B. internalization. C. the anal stage. D. the oral stage.

Which statement is NOT true according to the research on children's media exposure? A. Exposure to violence in media represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. B. bedroom is at increased risk for obesity. C. Children who watch more than 20 hours of television are significantly more likely to be socially isolated from their peers. D. Heavy users of screen media are more likely to report getting grades of C or below.

Dynamic Systems Theories - Soft Assembly

can change the way thought pairs with motion the gains from one task can be different than the way things work together in another task

"Historical changes that influence other systems"

chrono

6. Which board game has been used by information-processing theorists to help improve the numerical knowledge of children? Monopoly Clue Parcheesi Chutes and Ladders

chutes and laddders

what are the three steps of the development of emotion regulation?

co regulation self comforting behaviors self distraction

"Caregiver provides needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress"

co-regulation -process is external to the child

Information Processing Theories - what type of development?

cognitive development largely occurs continuously (small increments at different ages on different tasks)

Because Marius and Dina have sexual intercourse near the time that one of Dina's ovaries releases an egg into her fallopian tube, it is possible that _____ will occur.

conception

In which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children begin to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions? -sensorimotor -formal operational -preoperational -concrete operational

concrete

Nine-year-old Paul watches as someone pours liquid from a short, wide container into a taller, narrower container. He realizes that the amount of liquid is unchanged, indicating that he has reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operational

Flynn Effect

consistent rise in average IQ scores over the past 80 years in many countries

Professor Ahmed believes that language acquisition is rooted in innate brain mechanisms, such as the language acquisition device, but learning to read is more advanced knowledge that reflects the interaction of experience with learning mechanisms. Professor Ahmed is explaining the _____ position. information-processing nativist sociocultural constructivist

constructivist

The assumption that children have some innate, or inborn, knowledge in areas that are evolutionarily important to survival is central to _____ theories of cognitive development. sociocultural Piagetian information systems core-knowledge

core

7. The assumption that children have some innate, or inborn, knowledge in areas that are evolutionarily important to survival is central to _____ theories of cognitive development. sociocultural Piagetian core-knowledge information systems

core-knowlege

Measures of general intelligence... indicate that it peaks at age 20 and slowly declines thereafter. correlate negatively with achievement test performance. support the view of intelligence as comprising numerous, distinct processes. correspond with people's knowledge of subjects that are not taught in school.

correspond with people's knowledge of subjects that are not taught in school.

Diana is pregnant and is experiencing significant stress. What substance(s) is/are likely affecting her developing fetus?

cortisol and adrenaline

what happens at every level of SES?

costs of affluence

in order to determine how clothing references change with age, Dr. Zavala interviewed girls ranging from 6 to 12 years of age. This is an exmple of: -cross section -longitudinal -correlational

cross section

To find out whether peoples attitudes regarding an issue vary with their ages, Karen distributes the same survey to groups of people in their 20's, 30's, 40's and 50's. What kind of research is Karen doing? -cross sectional -correlational -longitudinal

cross sectional

Thirty-two-year-old James is a deep sea diver. He is known for his ability to quickly name rare fish simply by seeing them from a distance. James's ability demonstrates ________? divergent thinking crystallized intelligence convergent thinking fluid intelligence

crystalized intelligence

Which statement is TRUE regarding Bandura's Bobo doll experiments? A. Boys and girls were similarly aggressive toward the Bobo doll, regardless of condition. B. Girls were more physically aggressive than boys only in the condition in which the model was punished. C. Girls were more aggressive than boys if they were given positive incentives and they saw the model receive no consequences. D. Boys and girls were similarly aggressive toward the Bobo doll if they were given positive incentives and they saw the model rewarded.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the brain sizes and juvenile periods of various primates and humans? A. Humans have a bigger brain than do other species but spend the same amount of time as do other primates in their juvenile period. B. Humans have a bigger brain than do gorillas but the same size brain as do chimpanzees. C. Humans and gorillas share the same brain size, which is much bigger than that of other primates, such as rhesus monkeys. D. Humans have a bigger brain and a longer juvenile period than do other primates.

working moms particularly benefit

daughters

Research that involves _____ is crucial to clarifying two of the main conceptual features of core-knowledge theories. deception adults placebo groups experimentation

deception

in a study to measure the effects of students studying for mathmatics exams in groups compared with students who studied alone, the performance on mathmatics exams would be the: -effect size -dependent variable -indepepndent variable

dependent

Focus on typical development:

developmental psychopathology perspective

Which factor is NOT one that has been suggested to contribute to the fact that children's IQ scores at different ages, though similar, are rarely identical? changes in the child's environment such as parental divorce differences in clinicians on different test days child's alertness on test days child's mood on test days

differences in clinicians on different test days

parents assign

different chores to boys and girls

The text provides an example of how young children come to understand that both plants and animals are alive. The disparity between their previous understanding of living things and their realization that plants move toward the sun to aid in their survival creates a state of ____.

disequilibrium

avoiding contamination or illness •Action: active rejection of the thing causing _______

disgust

MOST children with divorced parents

do not suffer significant, enduring problems as a consequence. THEY OKAY

The theory that infants have substantial inborn knowledge of important evolutionary domains is called: constructivism. empiricism. nativism. domain specificity.

domain

Three-year-old Emma sets her teddy bear on a table and when she returns she sees that the teddy bear has been moved to the kitchen. She promptly accuses her 4-year-old brother of moving the teddy bear. She knows that the teddy bear could not move itself. According to core-knowledge theorists this ability to make this assumption is an example of: social scaffolding. task analysis. centration. a domain-specific understanding.

domain specific

The theory that infants have substantial inborn knowledge of important evolutionary domains is called: nativism. empiricism. domain specificity. constructivism.

domain specificity

Lucy and Lara both drink alcohol during their pregnancy. Lucy stopped drinking after she discovered she was pregnant which was during her 8th week, while Lara continued drinking into the 2nd trimester. According to the _____ effect Lara has a greater chance of having a baby with birth defects.

dose-response relation

Which example does NOT illustrate crystallized intelligence? broad visual perception fluid intelligence printed language g (general intelligence)

draw inferences

Mari is using a software program to perform statistical tests on her experimental data to determine if her hypothesis is supported. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Mari is:

drawing conclusions

Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: Piagetian theory. information-processing theory. dynamic-systems theory.

dynamic

Which of the theories of cognitive development does NOT address, as a major focus, how change occurs? information-processing theories dynamic-systems theories core-knowledge theories sociocultural theories

dynamic

15. Which types of theories have been MOST recently developed? information processing theories Piagetian theories sociocultural theories dynamic-systems theories

dynamic systems theories

13. Which perspective on development focuses on how basic actions, such as crawling, walking, reaching, and grasping, can yield insights? core-knowledge theories Piagetian theory dynamic-systems theories information-processing theories

dynamic-systems theories

9. Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: Piagetian theory. dynamic-systems theory. information-processing theory. nativism.

dynamic-systems theory

The word systems in dynamic systems refers to: children's systems are disorganized and sometimes work against each other. each child is a well-integrated system with many subsystems. each child is just one system. each child's subsystems operate discretely.

each child is a well-integrated system with many subsystems.

Association between poverty and IQ

effects on IQ are indisputable, possibly because of: -inadequate diet -reduced access to health services -emotional conflicts in the home -limited intellectual stimulation

_____ refers to when children increasingly choose approaches that meet goals more quickly or with less effort than do other approaches.

efficiency

8. Which theorist proposed the MOST prominent nativist theory, labeling it "Core-Knowledge Theory"? Esther Thelen Lev Vygotsky Elizabeth Spelke Jean Piaget

elizabeth spelke

Juanita's infant boy moved quite a bit during the last three months of her pregnancy. This continuity of movements, studies have shown, will increase the likelihood that her son will have greater levels of:

emotional regulation

The process of representing in memory the information that draws attention or is considered important is called _____.

encoding

Pete believes that his friend Miles, who comes from a troubled, low socioeconomic status (SES) family, is successful and well adjusted because his _____ was less influential than his heredity.

environment

Four-year-old Donte believes that all dogs have fur, bark, and have other fixed characteristics. According to Gelman (2003), like all children, Donte is a(n): behaviorist. essentialist. nativist. constructivist.

essentialist

"Environmental settings that a child does not directly experience but that can affect the child indirectly"

exosystem oEx. The parents coming home stressed from work. The kid does not experience the parent's work environment directly, but the parent's reaction to stress at home around the child

Baby Whitney's parents communicate with her in Polish, their native language. The fact that almost all caregivers speak to infants makes this an experience-_____ event.

experience dependent

Eighteen-year-old Mei Ling has been playing the piano since she was 3 years old. When researchers looked at an MRI of her brain, they noticed thicker hand-related cortical regions of her brain. This is an example of:

experience dependent plasticity

____ play an important role in encouraging boys to learn masculine stereotyped behaviors.

fathers

maintaining one's own physical and psychological integrity • Action: fight or withdrawal

fear

Is fear likely to be an effective strategy for getting people to vaccinate their children?

fear is an effective motivator for inaction, but is less effective for action (so no)

What did Watson's work with Little Albert demonstrate?

fear of conditioning, ethical considerations

Project Head Start

federally subsidized early education programs for children to get a head start on their formal education in America (1965 to present)

Roger, a student in elementary school, is very good at questions that use inferences and understanding relationships between concepts that have not been previously encountered. He is showing a high level of _____ intelligence. crystallized emotional fluid analytical

fluid

Thirty-year-old Tonya is a research biologist. She is known for her creative research problem solving and the ability to abstractly interpret research data. Tonya is demonstrating _____.

fluid intelligence

Twenty-eight-year-old Melissa is a research psychologist. She is known for her creative research problem solving and the ability to abstractly interpret research data. Melissa is demonstrating: crystallized intelligence. convergent thinking. divergent thinking. fluid intelligence.

fluid intelligence

Nate, a college student, is very good at solving new problems and thinking on his feet, but he does not have a lot of factual knowledge about the world. It is likely that Nate would score high on tests of _____ intelligence but low on tests of _____ intelligence. crystallized; fluid general; fluid crystallized; general fluid; crystallized

fluid, crystalized

Centration (Preoperational Stage)

focusing on a single feature of an object (quarters video)

Jeannette's doctor just informed her that, based on her ultrasound, her fetus appears to have spina bifida, a neural-tube defect. Which factor MOST likely contributed to this abnormality?

folic acid deficiency

what are the stages of selmman

fully ego-->another persons perspective-> "most ppl" -less complex to more/simpler to cpmples

Researchers who support the idea of intelligence as a single trait hypothesize that each person possesses a certain amount of _____ intelligence. s, special g, general f, fluid c, crystallized

John Carroll's Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence

g is at the top general abilities are in the middle (fluid, crystalized) more specific processes are at the bottom

The fact that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart demonstrated musical genius as a child but was unexceptional in many other ways supports: Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence. the Flynn Effect. Stanford-Binet test methods. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

gardners

"Social categorization as male or female"

gender

"o Biological differences o Cognition and motivation o Cultural influences"

gender

what happens around 5 to 7?

gender constancy • Conservation • Changes likelihood of gender-typed play

"may not be testable and often seen as defending the "status quo"

gender development: biological origin?

parents convey messages about gender through

gender essentialist statements

What is g?

general intelligence

Heritability estimates approximate how much of a variation among a given population of people is caused by differences in their _____.

genes

Dr. Salameh is studying the complete set of genes of a species of salamander called the hellbender. Dr. Salameh is mapping the hellbender's _____.

genome

Which factor has NOT been shown to improve the quality of children's writing? getting children to reflect on the relative qualities of essays written by other children getting children familiarized with the content on which they are writing getting children to ask themselves questions such as "Who is the main character in my story? What happens in the end of my story?" getting children to practice typing for 1 hour a day

getting children to practice typing for 1 hour a day

parents, peers, and teachers are much more tolerant of

girls who engage in masculine-stereotyped activities than they are of boys who engage in feminine-stereotyped activities.

when it comes to time out you cannot

give multiple warnings or threats, must be consistent, its exhausting

in families most effects of shift are ______

gradual - No giant changes at once, but may have occasional changes that are from trauma - Some single events can be traumatic.

Piaget's Theory - Continuity

gradually increasing knowledge over time with little pieces of information

10. Harini's mother is helping her do a jigsaw puzzle by flipping the pieces right side up and allowing Harini to discover their correct placement on her own. Harini's mother is engaging in: selective attention. guided participation. social scaffolding. joint attention.

guided participation

meeting one's own internalized values • Action: movement to make reparation, to inform others, or to punish self

guilt

Six-week-old Gina initially turns toward a rattle that is shaken near her head, and her heart rate slows momentarily. But, with repeated shaking of the rattle, her head-turning and heart-rate changes decrease until they stop completely. Gina's decreased response to the shaking of the rattle is an example of _____.

habituation

Kohlbergs gender development...

has three stages in the development of a mature understanding of gender

Which intervention has been shown to reduce math anxiety? having students engage in group therapy the day before taking a test having students write a description of their emotions just before taking a test having students engage in yoga the day of the test having students talk to a therapist the day before taking a test

having students write a description of their emotions just before taking a test

portrayals of males and females still tend to be

highly stereotypical

_____ twins have the same genetic make up

identical

6. Which type of identification is NOT an element of task analysis? identification of processing strategies for reaching a desired outcome identification of relevant information in the environment and prior knowledge relevant to achieving a goal identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution identification of goals needed to perform a task

identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution

Which type of identification is NOT an element of task analysis? identification of relevant information in the environment and prior knowledge relevant to achieving a goal identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution identification of processing strategies for reaching a desired outcome identification of goals needed to perform a task

identification of limited capacity that will inhibit achieving a solution

Less than 2 weeks ago, one of Cho's eggs was fertilized by her boyfriend. The resulting zygote is now embedding itself into her uterine wall. This event is called:

implantation

advances in display rules linked to

increase in cognitive capacities avacado vine

Improving Memory Strategies - Content Knowledge

increased knowledge makes new information easier to connect/integrate with what is already known

In the context of dynamic-systems theory, "selection" as a mechanism for developmental change refers to: selecting the most important social partners for supportive input. selectively attending to the most meaningful things in the environment. selecting the strategies that need practice. increasingly choosing more effective behaviors for reaching goals.

increasingly choosing more effective behaviors for reaching goals.

From correlational designs, researchers are able to: -determine causation -indicate how two variables are related to each other -only look at factors that positively influence development

indicate how two variables are related to each other

"tell differences between the sexes using multiple perceptual cues"

infants

2. Which statement does NOT describe a frequent criticism of Piaget's theory? Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. Piaget is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children's thinking and that produce cognitive change. Piaget understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development. Piaget's stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is.

infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piagets recognized

_____ analyses of how people solve intelligence test items reveal that a great many processes are involved. Information-processing Ecological Social-emotional Social-cognitive

info proces

Dodge=

info-processing theory of social problem solving WHY do we do what we do

4. Task analyses, analyses of cognitive processes, and a general view of children as problem solvers are all characteristics of: information-processing theories. Piagetian theory. core-knowledge theories. sociocultural theories.

information-processing theories

"Cognitive development occurs when children overcome their processing limitations by expanding their processing capacity and speed and acquiring new strategies and knowledge."

information=processing

commitment to an ingroup is associated with

ingroup bias

What is IQ?

intelligence quotient

Improving Memory Strategies - Selective Attention

intentionally focusing on the most relevant information

gender identity and gender development result from...

interaction of all factors influencing gender

broad visual perception falls under Carrol's ____ level abilities

intermediate

"Inconsistent response to the behavior of another person"

intermittent reinforcement

Natrualistic observation: -requires a large number of participants -requires specialized equipment -must take place in a lab -involves unobtrusively recording behavior

involves unobtrusively recording behavior

What are the limits of correlational designs?

it cannot prove that one variable causes a change in another variable. In other words, correlation does not equal causation.

Why should Andrew Wakefield's work not be references as evidence that vaccines cause Autism?

it has since been discredited

Information Processing Theories - whats are the roles of nature/nurture in child development?

it is an input/output system driven by environment but depends on the characteristics of the child

What are the contributions of learning theories?

lack attention to biological influences

Information Processing Theories - Continuous or Discontinuous?

largely continuous

Dynamic Systems Theories - Continuous or Discontinuous?

largely continuous children are motivated to solve problems

Dr. Knowitall is a well-known scientist. If you were to categorize his intelligence based on Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, in which type of intelligence would you expect Dr. Knowitall to score high? logical-mathematical intrapersonal interpersonal musical

logical

Dr. Knowitall is a well-known scientist. If you were to categorize his intelligence based on Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, in which type of intelligence would you expect Dr. Knowitall to score high? musical logical-mathematical interpersonal intrapersonal

logical

In order to investigate the effects of new technique for teaching math, Dr. Miller studies a group of first graders and then follows them over the next five years what kind of research is Dr. Miller conducting? -cross sectional -microgenetic -longitudinal

longitudinal

Which research design involves collecting data repeatedly on the same person as he or she changes? -correlational -longitudinal -cross-sectional -microgenetic

longitudinal

How stable are IQ scores over time?

longitudinal studies show consistency of IQ scores from age 5 and onward

What is the association between responding to infant cries and early development? Can you "spoil" and infant by being overly responsive?

look at your book but no you cannot spoil an infant by being overly responsive. The association is a positive one. The mother is helping the infant establish a secure bond with her.

"The larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embodied"

macrosystem

more major characters in TV show are

male than female

Colleen scores well on tests of executive function in early childhood. Which later achievement is NOT likely to be linked to this early success? She will enroll in college. She will have good grades in high school. She will have a good job and make a good income as an adult. She will have a happy marriage

marriage

The intelligence quotient (IQ) of a child reflects the _____ and standard deviation of intelligence test scores for children of the same age.

mean

Sociocultural Theories - Autobiographical Memories

memories of experience including thought and emotions parents use scaffolding to help children develop autobiographic memories

Xavier, a core-knowledge theorist, believes that children enter the world with specialized learning mechanisms, or _____, that allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance. mental structures scaffolds encodings equilibrated concepts

mental strucutre

Twelve-year-old Binnie is noticing that her hips are fuller than they were a few months ago, despite the fact that her diet has not changed. Her mother tells her not to worry; adolescent girls experience an increase of body fat, which helps trigger _____.

menustration

"The interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings"

mesosystem o Ex. The parents and teacher working together over the child standing on the chair at daycare

When it comes to IQ scores, far more variability exists within ethnic and racial groups than between them. This means that: all Asian American kids have IQ scores higher than do all European American kids. there are no differences in the average IQs of different ethnic and racial groups. millions of African American children have IQ scores higher than does the average European American child, and millions of European American children have IQ scores lower than does the average African American child. all European American kids have IQ scores higher than do all African American kids.

millions of African American children have IQ scores higher than does the average European American child, and millions of European American children have IQ scores lower

Which sequence CORRECTLY lists the four major developmental processes that underlie the transformation of a zygote into an embryo and then a fetus?

mitosis cell migration cell differentiation apoptosis

What are the critiques of traditional intelligence tests?

modern theorists argue that creativity, social understanding, and personal strengths/weaknesses are not measured

accounts for children's inconsistency in gender-typed interests...

modification to gender schema theory

Erikson, Iniative VS guilt 3-6 years

moral development "Kids either want to undertake many adult like activities or internalize the limits and the prohibitions set by parents. They feel either adventurous or guilty"

whats the difference in course evaluations

more likely to be listed as competent whereas women as nice

What is the U.S. trend for children vaccination?

most children are still being vaccinated 1-14% unvaccinated 25% parents delay infant vaccines

Which simile is MOST closely associated with dynamic-systems theories? -the child as product of his or her environment -the child as computer processing system -the child as scientist -the child as motivated observer

motivated observer

What factors influence IQ scores?

motivation conscientiousness social skills physical/mental health intellectual curiosity creativity self-discipline

Javier is throwing a baseball to his brother. The information from the brain to the muscles controlling this movement are carried by _____.

motor neurons

How is intelligence measured?

must be based on observable behavior (problem solving, memory, language comprehension, spatial reasoning, etc)

Intersubjectivity refers to the: process in which more competent people provide support for children's thinking. mutual understanding that people share during communication. process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities. process of intentionally focusing on the information that is most relevant to the current goal.

mutual understanding that people share during communication.

Intersubjectivity refers to the: process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities. process of intentionally focusing on the information that is most relevant to the current goal. mutual understanding that people share during communication. process in which more competent people provide support for children's thinking.

mutual understanding that people share during communication.

Danni suffers from multiple sclerosis, a disease in which her immune system attacks the _____ in her brain, interfering with neuronal signaling and producing physical and cognitive impairment.

myelin

Octavia suffers from schizophrenia; her doctor tells her that it is linked to defects in the gene that regulates the production of:

myelin

Neural Development

myelination increase processing speed and efficiency, connectivity connects different areas of the brain (hand-eye coordination)

Professor Ocala believes that all children in all societies master the basic grammar of their native language quickly and effortlessly, even though adults almost never directly instruct them about the grammar. This would indicate that she is taking the _____ position with respect to language acquisition. nativist constructionist information-processing sociocultural

nativist

Innate factors are modified by experience:

nature/nurture

The longer Mekhi works, the less sleep he gets. For Mekhi, there is a ____ correlation between hours worked and hours slept.

negative

Identify the general timing of neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, myelination, and competitive elimination? -That is, do these occur before or after birth? -How long do they last? -What does each mean?

neurogenesis before birth, synaptogensis before birth, myelination before and after birth, competetive elimination after birth

Chemical substances called _____ carry information from one neuron across the synapse to another neuron.

neurotransmitters

Janet has driven down the street she lives on many times, but when asked to draw a picture of the third house on the left, she struggles to do so. This is MOST likely because she: never encoded the memory because she didn't see the details as relevant. encoded the memory to long-term memory but has forgotten it. has the information in working memory but doesn't have the executive function to hold it there and draw at the same time. has stored the information in long-term memory but cannot retrieve it.

never encoded the memory because she didn't see the details as relevant.

Janet has driven down the street she lives on many times, but when asked to draw a picture of the third house on the left, she struggles to do so. This is MOST likely because she: -has stored the information in long-term memory but cannot retrieve it. -never encoded the memory because she didn't see the details as relevant. -has the information in working memory but doesn't have the executive function to hold it there and draw at the same time. -encoded the memory to long-term memory but has forgotten it.

never encoded the memory because she didn't see the details as relevant.

9. Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: information-processing theory. Piagetian theory. dynamic-systems theory. nativism.

Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: nativism. information-processing theory. dynamic-systems theory. Piagetian theory.

Long-term memory is limited in: nothing; there are no known limits. capacity. capacity and duration. duration.

***there is ____ ____ link between parents sexual orientation and children's development across a range of developmental outcomes

no casual

is there evidence that children in child care are less securely attached to their mothers than other children?

nope

why are parents less stressed when they are older?

not in college dealing with classes and scholarships AND an infant; more resources if you wait until later in life, a huge burden that can be lifted s

4. Long-term memory is limited in: nothing; there are no known limits. duration. capacity and duration. capacity.

nothing; there are no known limits

Dynamic-systems theories refer to the lure and challenge of trying something new as:

novelty

Nine-month old Amanda pulls herself up on the couch and tries to climb onto the couch. When her mother tries to help her he rejects the help even though she is not successful. According to dynamic systems theory she is trying a less efficient behavior because of its: -novelty. -selection. -variation. -efficiency.

novelty

how many children in the US are spanked?

o 2/3 of US children report being spanked • 65% 19-35 month olds • 85% of teenagers

what is the timeline of emotions: put onto perspective

o Emotions might last only seconds o Mood lasts longer than emotion, a state that you are in, an enduring stage that can last hours o Emotional traits stable across contexts, longer duration o Emotional plots: across all these levels, a convergence, how you felt at a certain point, how you felt later, etc.

Describe Carol Dweck's theory of achievement motivation in terms of entity/helpless vs. incremental/mastery orientation.

o Entity/helpless orientation: Attributing success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure o Incremental/mastery orientation: Attributing success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

why is quality of child care important regarding the effects on children

o Findings regarding the effects of child care on children's self-control, compliance, and social behavior are mixed.

What is role taking? How does it develop in Selman's stage theory?

o Focused on the development of role taking, the ability to adopt the perspective of another person and to think about something from another's point of view

Affluent kids report

o Greater substance abuse and delinquency o Greater anxiety & depression o High parental expectations

how are children of permissive parents

o Impulsive o Aggressive o Lack independence o Unable to take responsibility

how are children with ATTN parents

o Lack social competence with peers o Tend to withdraw in social situations o Low self-esteem o External locus of control

Describe Carol Dweck's theory of achievement motivation in terms of learning vs. performance goals.

o Learning goals: Seeking to improve their competence and master new material, or o Performance goals: Seeking to receive positive assessments of their competence or to avoid negative assessments

what is gender schema theory?

o Motivation to enact gender-typed behavior begins soon after children can label other people's and their own gender during toddlerhood.

what is better nanny/grandparent or child care center?

o Recent work out of UK found that high quality child care centers are better for children than nanny or grandparent care

What did Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment demonstrate? Under what conditions were children most aggressive?

o Reinforcement and punishment guide development o No qualitatively different stages o Contemporary theorists: children play a role in their own development

how are children with ATTV parents?

o Socially responsible o Independent o Able to control aggression o Self confident o High self-esteem

"• Younger children use behavior strategies like fidgeting or distracting themselves with play • Older children employ cognitive strategies such as mentally distracting themselves from negative events or trying to see things in a positive light"

oDevelopmental differences in negative emotion control strategies

Six-month-old Merrill is shown a stuffed animal and he tries to grasp it so long as it is within view. But, when the stuffed animal disappears, he ceases to look for it. Merrill appears to lack an understanding of:

object permanence

Object Permanence (Sensorimotor Stage)

object still exist even when I can't see them

define phenotype

observed expression of genetic material (genotype) (e.g. body characteristics and behavior) Parents' Genotype-Child's Genotype-Involves transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring. Chromosomes are molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information. DNA:Molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in forming an organism and its functions. Gene: Sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things. Phenotypes include physical characteristics and behavioral characteristics

Encoding errors

occur when we encode memories wrong once you code something wrong, its really hard to change that coding can lead to forgetting things

Information-processing theorists see children's cognitive growth as: -having only brief transition periods. -being broadly similar across all domains. -occurring in small increments that differ by task. -progressing through qualitatively different stages.

occurring in small increments that differ by task.

parents and adults more likely to comment

on a girls physical appearance and attire

Piaget's Theory - Discontinuity

one day you can walk, one day you can say mama qualitative shifts in what you're able to do

what is the alternative to divorce?

ongoing marital conflict

Skinner...

operant conditioning, behavior is under environmental control

Soft assembly is a term that is used to refer to the: developmental progression of adding new components one by one. organization of abstract concepts, rather than physical items. organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing. support given to a child's self-organization by social interactions.

organizational process of arranging components that are continually changing.

Sociocultural Theories - what are the roles of nature/nurture in child development?

other people and the surrounding culture are primary contributors to children's development (children are a product of their environment)

15. Self-organization in dynamic-systems theories does NOT involve: actions. attention. memory. other people.

other ppl

Self-organization in dynamic-systems theories does NOT involve: memory. attention. actions. other people.

other ppl

11. Autobiographical memories include all of the following EXCEPT: one's reactions to events. other's narratives. one's goals. one's emotions.

others narratives

Fluid Intelligence

our ability to think on the spot to solve problems

Crystallized Intelligence

our knowledge of the world

Which factor has been shown to influence children's occupational success? college grade point average college internships high school grade point average parents' encouragement and modeling of productive careers

parents

"you have to wear pants as the restaurant"

parents as direct instructors

Samantha suffered brain damage to her brain and now has difficulty judging distances between objects. Samantha has suffered damage to her _____ lobe.

parietal

Egocentrism (Preoperational Stage)

perceiving the world solely from one's own point of view (computer view example in class)

"not very active in discipline"

permissive

"o Allow children to regulate their own behavior and make their own decisions o Have few rules governing time schedules"

permissive

o Warm, accepting, few demands, inattentive o Use little punishment and avoid asserting authority or imposing controls or restrictions

permissive

Which factor is the STRONGEST indicator of a kindergarten child's later ability to sound out and spell words? phonemic awareness mastery of letter names phonological recoding visually based retrieval

phonemic

Kindergartners' performance on measures of _____ is the strongest predictor of their ability to sound out and spell words in the early grades, even stronger than _____. spatial ability; phonemic awareness phonemic awareness; IQ receptive vocabulary; IQ expressive vocabulary; phonemic awareness

phonemic awareness IQ

Humans have similar genes to many animals such as dogs, cats, and hamsters. This fact supports the principle of _____ continuity.

phylogenetic

Malachi is a bit surprised when his professor tells the class that human genes are quite similar to the genes of dogs or cats, and that is why researchers use nonhuman animals to study human development. Malachi's professor is lecturing on the principle of:

phylogenetic continuity

Development may proceed in discontinuous fashion:

piaget

According to information-processing theories, young children have particular difficulty with _____ because it requires inhibiting the desire to solve the problem in favor of first trying to construct the best strategy. encoding planning rehearsal centration

planning

The process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have is called experience-expectant _____.

plasticity

what are some alternatives to spanking?

positive reinforcement o Positive reinforcement • Reward for good behavior • Mixed reviews o Time-out • Demonstrated effectiveness IF used correctly

_____—skills that are useful in everyday life but are not measured by traditional intelligence tests such as reading other people's emotions and intentions—predicts occupational success beyond the influence of IQ score. Practical intelligence Fluid intelligence Creativity Mental health

practical

Ivy is 32 weeks pregnant and regularly enjoys licorice candy. According to the findings of Benoist Schaal, Luc Marlier, and Robert Soussignan, Ivy's newborn will MOST likely:

prefer the scent of licorice candy to another scent

2. Johnny pretends that his hat is a space helmet, he thinks the world revolves around him, and he engages in one-sided conversations in which he does not listen to what the other person is saying. Johnny is in what Piagetian stage? formal operational sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational

preoperational

During what Piagetian stage do children transition from only seeing their own perspective to beginning to recognize the different perspectives of others? conservation formal operational concrete operational preoperational

preoperational

"gender segregation"

preschoolers

Four-year-old Nissa wants to throw her ball in the dining room. Her mother tells her not to throw the ball indoors because the ball might damage fragile objects in the room. Nissa appears to comply with her mother and leaves the room, only to return a short time later with a larger bouncy ball. "This will not break the dishes," Nissa tells her mother. Nissa has just used: task analysis. problem solving. selective attention. rehearsal.

problem solving

Assimilation

process by which a child incorporates incoming information into concepts they already know (seeing a horse, then a zebra, and calling the zebra a horse)

Equilibrium

process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Accommodation

process by which people improve their current understanding based on new experiences

Sociocultural Theories - Guided Participation

process in which more knowledgable individuals help less knowledgable organize activities (initially helping them develop kills on their own)

Sociocultural Theories - Joint Attention

process in which social partners focus on the same external object, which is particularly involved with language development (a parent tells a child the name of an object while pointing at it)

A primary goal of intelligence testing (since the early 1900s) is to: replace standardized testing such as the SAT. look for racial, gender, and ethnic differences in IQ. provide an objective measure of scholastic aptitude that would allow fairer decisions about children's schooling (e.g., who should be in special education, honors, etc.). determine which children are best at simple skills such as associating objects with the sounds they make.

provide an objective measure of scholastic aptitude that would allow fairer decisions about children's schooling (e.g., who should be in special education, honors, etc.).

When it comes to food preferences in infants, a sour taste is to a _____, as a bitter taste is to a _____.

pucker; grimace

effects of maternal employment also depends on

quality of alternative care

A researcher divides participants in an experiement into groups by flipping a coin: This ensures ____

random assignment

Ten-month-old Shayla is participating in a study of the A-not-B error. After the researcher hides the object, and just as Shayla is about to reach for the object in location B, the researcher taps location A. Which is MOST likely to happen? -Shayla will continue to reach for location B. -Shayla will instead reach for location A. -Shayla will cease reaching altogether. -Shayla will follow the researcher's gaze.

reach for A instead

Katie's mother is on the phone when she tells Katie to remember a phone number, which she then says aloud. Katie keeps repeating it to herself until her mother gets off the phone and can enter it into her cellphone. Katie is employing: rehearsal. problem solving. sensory memory. selective attention.

rehearsal

. _____ is NOT a basic process. Recalling Associating Rehearsing Generalizing

rehearsing

What is meant by dose-response relation?

relationship in which a change in the amount, intensity, or duration of exposure is associated with a change in risk of a specified outcome. Risks remain present

Improving Memory Strategies - Rehearsal

repeating information multiple times in order to remember it

Deferred Imitation (Sensorimotor Stage)

repetition of other people's behavior, now or later on

Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audiance of scientists at a society for research in child development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is: -reporting results -developing a hypothesis -drawing conclusions

reporting

How can information-processing theories be applied to education?

research has found that children's knowledge of numbers when they enter kindergarten predicts their mathematics achievement later

_____ bear the ultimate responsibilty for ensuring that children are unharmed when participating in psychological research -parents -researchers -participants -government officials

researchers

Four-year-old Quinn was just in a car accident and has injured the language area of his cortex. Quinn's doctor tells his parents that he should recover his ability to talk and process language because his immature brain can:

rewire itself so that another area of the brain can take over language functions

How has a sociocultural perspective changed classical perspectives on development? (like on the marshmallow test?)

self control predicts better academic and physical success, but does not always hold (low income families lead to eating whenever possible to help survival)

The ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions is referred to as: fluid intelligence. emotional regulation. self-discipline. emotional intelligence.

self discipline

"Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one's level of arousal"

self distraction •Improvements in self-regulations reflect maturation of the neurological systems, language, motor (DST)

"Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation"

self-comorting behaviors Brushing a tissue over an infant's face to make sleepy. It's repetitive, soothing, calming, and calms the child down

The ability to inhibit actions, follow rules, and avoid impulsive reactions is referred to as: emotional intelligence. emotional regulation. fluid intelligence. self-discipline.

self-discipline.`

Adolescents from low-income, single-parent, mother-headed households had higher...

self-esteem when moms employed full time

There are a few _____ periods when the human brain is especially sensitive to particular kinds of external stimuli. It is as though a time window were temporarily opened, inviting environmental input to help organize the brain.

sensitive

Piaget's Theory - Four Stages of Development (discontinuous development)

sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

Which sequence lists Piagetian stages in the CORRECT order? formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Executive function is NOT comprised of: enhancing working memory. sensory and perceptual processes. being cognitively flexible. inhibiting actions.

sensory and percep

5. Executive function is NOT comprised of: enhancing working memory. sensory and perceptual processes. inhibiting actions. being cognitively flexible.

sensory and perceptual processes

Monica sees a bluebird in a tree. The visual information from her eyes travels to the brain through:

sensory neurons

Erikson, Trust vs mistrust, birth to one year

set the foundation for quality relationships •Adults get stuck in this stage "Babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contract, or develop mistrust about the care of others"

define evolutionary appraoches

sex differences in behavior emerge because they offer reproductive advantages • Through the gene pool so that the offspring will survive • Importance of variability

maintaining others' respect and affection; preserving self-esteem • Action: withdrawal; avoiding others, hiding oneself

shame

Six-year-old Dina is considered an exceptionally gifted child. Which statement is LEAST likely to be true for Dina? She reacts to frustration with calmness and flexibility. She will likely have outstanding achievements as an adult. She is exceptional in a single area, not in a wide range of areas. She enjoys playing by herself.

she reacts to frustration with calmness nd flexibility

Alfred Binet and _____ developed the first widely used intelligence test. Louis Thurstone John Carroll Robert Sternberg Théophile Simon

simon

The fact that children have been shown to perform well on dissimilar intellectual tasks is supportive of: intelligence as a single trait. the impossibility of accurately measuring intelligence. intelligence as numerous processes. intelligence as a few basic abilities.

single trait

how does divorce affect the single parent the child lives with?

single, time-intensive, financially constrained stress level, warmth, monitor child, time spent with child new school, neighborhood disrupting routines and social netwrokds

What is the only disease to have been successfully eradicated?

small pox

In Vygotsky's theory, children are depicted as: well-equipped products of evolution. social beings. computational systems. little scientists.

social beings

o Children are active processors of social information o Children think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

social cog

12. Mario's mother is helping him to understand a story by asking him questions that help him fill in unstated aspects of the story. She is providing _____ to support his learning. intersubjectivity social scaffolding working memory accommodation

social scaffolding

"Process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture"

socialization

The _____ approach to children's cognitive development places the MOST emphasis on social interaction compared to other theories of cognitive development. sociocultural dynamic-systems information-processing Piagetian

sociocultural

Which theory(ies) emphasize(s) that children's development is a product of their surrounding culture and interactions with other people? information-processing theories core-knowledge theories Piagetian theory sociocultural theories

sociocultural

fathers used more instructional talk with

sons than their daughters

Jonah is able to take things apart and put them back together, is a talented artist, and enjoys chess. Which of Gardner's intelligences BEST pertains to Jonah? intrapersonal logical-mathematical spatial linguistic

spatial

Jonah is able to take things apart and put them back together, is a talented artist, and enjoys chess. Which of Gardner's intelligences BEST pertains to Jonah? linguistic spatial logical-mathematical intrapersonal

spatial

A child who scores 115 on an IQ test is 1 _____ above the mean. normal distribution level quotient standard deviation

standard dev

time out reduces...

stimulation/activity available to the child

Ellen Winner, a psychologist who studies intellectually and artistically gifted children, noted that they typically show: astonishing verbal abilities, but average math abilities. high math abilities but low verbal abilities. astonishing early facility in a single area: numbers, music, drawing, reading, or some other realm. poor social abilities.

stonishing early facility in a single area: numbers, music, drawing, reading, or some other realm.

"A physiological reaction to some change or threat in the environment"

stress

What do IQ scores predict?

strong predictors of academic achievement, economic success, and occupational success

16- to 18-month-olds prefer toys associated with

surprise and happy faces

1. Michael turns a blanket into a cape. His teddy bear becomes his trusted sidekick. The oversized refrigerator box is Michael's spaceship. According to Piaget, what characteristic is Michael displaying? object permanence conservation symbolic representation deferred imitation

symbolic representation

Three-year-old Kieran is pretending that a toy drumstick is an injection needle and pretends to give his teddy bear a shot to "make him feel better." According to Piaget, Kieran is demonstrating:

symbolic representation

Some researchers theorize that it is possible that the timing of the onset of schizophrenic symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood is linked to aberrant _____ during adolescence.

synaptic pruning

The brain of 12-year-old Delia has now lost about 40% of its synapses. This normal developmental process is known as _____.

synaptic pruning

The brain of 12-year-old Deval has now lost about 40% of its synapses. This normal developmental process is known as:

synaptic pruning

social identity theory was by who? and addresses what

tajfel and turners • Address the influence of group membership on people's self-concepts and behaviors with others.

Sociocultural Theories - Cognitive Development

takes place through direct interactions between children and others

According to Robert Sternberg, success in life is: maintaining a high IQ score throughout adulthood. the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed. the ability to find a spouse, have children, and maintain a career. the ability for one to achieve financial security by finding a career that one loves.

the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed.

According to Robert Sternberg, success in life is: the ability for one to achieve financial security by finding a career that one loves. the ability to find a spouse, have children, and maintain a career. maintaining a high IQ score throughout adulthood. the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed.

the ability to build on one's strengths, compensate for one's weaknesses, and find environments in which one can succeed.

What factor has been shown in research to contribute to differences between reading comprehension skills of children from middle- and low-income families? the sheer number of books present in a child's home environment the amount children read in schools the length of the books read to children before entering school the amount that parents read to their children

the amount that parents read to their children

time out does not allow for

the child to end or shorten to through misbehavior or un-permitted escape

oChildren's understanding of gender develops through

the construction of gender schemas artificial understanding of what is for boys and for girls

Genes vs. Environment

the effects of genetic influences on intelligence are explained by the interplay of several factors (genetic endowment, personal experiences, culture, government, SES, etc.)

In many countries, average IQ scores have consistently risen over the past 80 years, a phenomenon that has been labeled: crystallized intelligence. the Flynn effect. a normal distribution. fluid intelligence.

the flynn

Conservation Concept (Preoperational Stage)

the idea that changing the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the properties

What is myelin? what does it do?

the lipid substance forming a sheath (the myelin sheath) around the axons of certain nerve fibers; it is an electrical insulator that serves to speed the conduction of nerve impulses in these nerve fibers, which are called myelinated or medullated fibers.

Encoding

the representation in memory of features, objects, and events

Jason was born crossed-eyed and did not have the problem surgically corrected until he was 7 years old. Now Jason has severely impaired depth perception. This impairment developed because Jason missed _____ for developing depth perception.

the sensitive period

Math and reading scores are predicted by:

the stability of the home environment

Symbolic Representation (Preoperational Stage)

the use of one object to stand for another

7. Parker, who suffers from autism spectrum disorder, has a fundamental flow in his ability to learn distinctions between his own mind and the minds of others. From a core-knowledge perspective, Parker's challenge is in the area of: theory of mind. nativistic conceptualization. metacognition. executive functioning.

theory of mind

8. Parker, who suffers from autism spectrum disorder, has a fundamental flow in his ability to learn distinctions between his own mind and the minds of others. From a core-knowledge perspective, Parker's challenge is in the area of: theory of mind. metacognition. executive functioning. nativistic conceptualization.

theory of mind

Parker, who suffers from autism spectrum disorder, has a fundamental flow in his ability to learn distinctions between his own mind and the minds of others. From a core-knowledge perspective, Parker's challenge is in the area of: metacognition. theory of mind. nativistic conceptualization. executive functioning.

theory of mind

Dynamic Systems Theories - what is the role of thinking?

thinking aids goal attainment

Fixed Mindset (Static)

those who believe they are born with a certain amount of skills or abilities (they do not learn from feedback and are afraid of failure)

Growth Mindset (Dynamic)

those who learn from feedback and failure by knowing they need to work harder, listen better, etc. to accomplish new tasks

Dynamic Systems Theories - what influences changes in thoughts and actions?

thoughts and actions change from moment to moment at all points in development -current situation -immediate past -long-term history

Dynamic-systems theorists emphasize the role of action in development: throughout life. starting in old age. in infancy. during adolescence.

throughout life

*****remember that the "typical family" continues

to change and change quickly

Imagine you are studying the acquistion of language in children. What would be the first step in designing your research study?

to pose a research question

How is nuance reflective of a sociocultural interpretation of development?

toddlers will change their behavior to avoid making adults or peers angry

What are the weaknesses of ecological theories? What are the contributions?

very difficult to test

Annie sees the word dog and immediately calls to mind the image of a furry dog, with no need to sound out the word. She is using: phonemic awareness. phonological recoding. biological intelligence. visually based retrieval.

visually based retrieval.

dads over 30 tend to be

warmer, take on more responsibility, more cognitively-stimulating tasks with their children

Behaviorism and systematic desentization

watson

cognitive and motivational influences on gender development focus on

ways children learn gender-typed attitudes and behaviors through observation, inference, and practice. • Gender normativity

for most children sex is congruent

with gender

Vanessa has trouble remembering numbers even when she rehearses them. However, she continues to try the strategy because it is relatively novel for her. This practice is adaptive because: it is not adaptive; her working memory is too poor. with practice, the strategy will become more efficient. she knows conceptually that it should be successful. it is already the most efficient choice.

with practice

Overlapping Waves Model

your strategies overlap over time as they change (as you develop, your strategies do too) no point in life where only one strategy is used

At conception, the egg and sperm merge to form a(n):

zygote

give example when you are scared

• 1. Physiological (heart races) • 2. Subjective feelings (feel fear) • 3. Emotional expression (your face changes) • 4. Desire to act (run away) • 5. Neural responses ("it's probably nothing")

parents are generally not trained in use of time out...

• 80% parents interviewed inconsistent/ do not use time out correctly

concern that spanking leads to emotional and behavioral probs...

• Behavioral learning (learn to hit others) • Emotional manipulation (supposed to be secure base)

describe the classroom intervention by Hilliard and Liben 2010

• Boys versus girls • After 2 weeks the children didn't want to play with other kids in their class

o Know the general developmental progression for happiness, fear, anger, and self-conscious emotions

• By age 3: Identify situations that make people happy. • By age 4: Identify situations that make people sad. • By age 5: Identify situations likely to elicit anger, fear, surprise. • By age 7: Self-conscious social emotions (pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment, guilt) emerge.

what are the texas minimum standards for child centers?

• By the time kids are 3 years old, minimum qualification is 3 times as bad as it is referred • COST SO MUCH

example of TAMU vs t.u.

• Characteristics associated with a high-status group are typically valued more than those of a low status group.

contributions of social cog

• Children actively seek of information about social world • Children's social experience is influenced by their interpretations • Supported by research

time out should happen when?

• Commences immediately following misbehavior • Not "when we get home, you're in trouble"; must be right away

around 9 or 10 they realize.. and cost of

• Cost of violating gender norms. • Realize that gender discrimination is unfair and notice when it occurs.

it is difficult to determine causality and to separate spankinig from abuse because

• Differences in definitions • Differences in what constitute "problems" • There are differences in opinion as to what should replace spanking

describe the cognitive intervention program by bigler and liben in 02

• Elementary school children learned that interests and abilities are important for jobs in gender-free examples. • Gender stereotyping decreased and memory for gender-inconsistent stimuli increased. • Interventions typically fade after intervention. • Ex. "fireman" versus "firefighter"

describe female propensity

• Females propensity to build strong alliances with other females could insure assistance with childcare, benefiting their offspring. • Relational affiliations; social network and support for raising children

describe brain structure and functioning

• Focus on differences in physical structure of brain • Difficult to relate to behavior because we are not 100% sure on structural relations of behavior

describe hormones and brain functioning

• Focus on testing how hormones (androgens) and brain functioning are related to variations in gender development

describe male propensity

• Greater male propensity for impulsivity and physical aggression provides advantages for hunting and reproduction

describe costs of affluence?

• Growing up in highly affluent families can have a negative impact, affluenza.

Elementary students of working mothers had...

• Higher academic competence than children of full-time homemakers • Greater assertiveness and independence

What are the contributions for eco?

• Ideas apparent in other areas of psychology • Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model has made a significant contribution • Consider many influences on development • Bidirectional nature of influences

neglect with uninvolved parents is associated with

• Insecure attachment • Poor cognitive development • Poor social and emotional skills

What are the weaknesses of learning theories?

• Inspired an enormous amount of research in socialization, parental practices • Led to practical applications like systematic desensitization • Life fear of spiders, but not PTSD

Interest filter...

• Is this information interesting? I don't know why plays with this toy (boy or girl), so do I like this?

what are the five factors affecting impact of divorce?

• Level of parental conflict prior to, during, and after a divorce • Stress experienced by the custodial parent and children in the new family arrangement • Age of the child • Younger = worse outcomes • Contact with noncustodial parent • Less contact = worse (typically) • QUALITY OVER QUANTITY • Long-standing characteristics of child

What are the weaknesses of social cognitive theories?

• Little consideration of biology • This is a field that is emerging however!!

how are parents indirect socializers?

• Modeling behavior; cue children to see individuals either dangerous or not dangerous (like squeezing their hand more when walking by someone)

Child outcomes are more strongly related to characteristics of the family than to the nature of child care itself. Like...

• Moms satisfaction with work and arrangements • Maternity leave? • Mom's parenting style • Nature of mom's work • Late shift: start to see decreases in relation with child

How does an emotion differ from a mood or a trait?

• More complicated than simply sensations or reactions • Combination of physiological and cognitive responses to thoughts or experiences

Name 5 key components of emotions (Most psychologists share this general view of emotion, but do not necessarily agree on the relative importance of each component)

• Neural responses • Physiological factors • Subjective feelings • Desire to act • Emotional expression

why does quality matter when it comes to child care and what has the NICHD found in correlation to cognitive and language development?

• Number of hours in child care did not correlate with cognitive or language development when demographic variables were taken into account • Child care may have positive effects on cognition and that these are larger for higher-quality centers - QUALITY MATTERS!!!!!! •HIGH QUALITY CARE CAN CHANGE EVERYTHING

what are some current barriers for same sex marriage?

• Parent social support & identity is important • Barriers to becoming parents • Adoption and foster care

children assume that other people's ambiguous actions...

• Physical abuse could be a cause (Seth Pollack) • Difficult to correct

moderate uninvolvement associated with

• Poor emotional self-regulation • Poor school achievement • Antisocial behavior • Not aggressive, but not really good at making friendships

How are emotions described according to discrete emotions theory?

• Proposed by Tomkins, Izard • Emotions are INNATE and DISCRETE from one another from very early in life. • Each emotion is believed to be packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions. • Can categorize them without even knowing what they are when you are a child • Emotions may or may not have distinct physiological profiles. • Emotions have distinct, identifiable profiles across cultures. -categorized by WHAT THEY ARE

Toddlers recognize and start to show

• Recognize their own gender and that of others • Start to show preferences for gender-typed toys/activities

o What are the ways in which parents socialize children's emotions?

• Relationship quality • Higher quality: better mental health • Will talk more about in different chapter • Emotion expression • Reactions to child emotion • Display rules

Bandura Social Learning Theory:

• Social learning theory: Emphasizes observation and imitation, rather than reinforcement, as the primary mechanisms of development • most human learning is inherently social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people.

what are the three aspects of "goodness of fit"?

• Temperament • Stress tolerance • Interests

define genes

• Women are XX and men are XY • Does not explain much in terms of behavior (not much information coded on the Y chromosome)

why are families now smalleR?

• Women delaying pregnancies for careers • Increased access to birth control • Fewer children with multiple siblings

Erikson, industry VS inferiority 6-11

•Development of ego (not "freud's ego") •Am I good enough? "Kids busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior and unable to do anything"

Erikson, Autonomy vs shame and doubt 1-3 years

•Sense of ability; independently accomplish things "Kids either become self-sufficient in many activities including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking, or doubt their own abilities"

What are the differences between punishment and reinforcement? How is negative reinforcement different from punishment

•Skinner proposed that behavior is under environmental control oPunishment: diminishes likelihood of behavior oReinforcement: increases likelihood of behavior •Negative reinforcement ≠ punishment

Psyc 307 Final Exam

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gov FRQ chp. 12-13 (odds)

Current Issues 4: What is RAID 0, 1, 5, & 10?

lmath

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Marketing 300

Linux Unhatched

What is another name for a client operating system?

List of Presidents of India 1-4

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