Psyc 312 Chapter 8

According to the textbook, because _____girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.

Black; negatively; higher

Which of the following is not one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Blacks, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?"

Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them

Jenny has high academic self esteem while Cory has high physical self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?

Cory

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally is transitioning into high school. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?

Rose

Generalizing from Marcia's research on identity, who is most likely to become an authoritarian parent?

Tara, identity foreclosed

A recent study of ethnic identity and academic achievement illustrated how racial centrality, private regard, and public regard work together to influence Black adolescents' school performance and motivation. The researchers identified four distinct clusters within their sample of 600 students. Which cluster of students was most likely to drop out and which cluster of students was most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school?

alienated students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school

Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem

an increase

Being aware of potential racism and mistrusting others are not the same thing. Awareness of racism is associated with _________, while mistrust is associated with _________.

better achievement; doing poorly in school

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:

identity diffusion.

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?

personality dimensions

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?

"I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read."

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept?

-Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children. -Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. -The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations.

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:

-Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front -Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem

Although research presented in the textbook indicates that physical self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents' self-esteem:

-adolescents, when asked, say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves -adolescents may be unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance -physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than among boys and girls' physical self-esteem is on average lower than boys'

Alex suffers from identity diffusion. In addition to problems with identity development, problems with identity diffusion are likely to be reflected in the area(s) of:

-autonomy -intimacy -sexuality

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:

-conduct problems -depression -lower achievement in school

According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one's identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development:

-it makes adolescents more sensitive to discrimination - it allows adolescents to be more able to cope with discrimination

Someone who engages in false-self behavior most likely:

-reports less emotional support from parents and peers. -has low self-esteem. -is depressed.

Which of the following adolescents' self-esteem is most likely affected by their academic success?

Bill, an Asian-American adolescent

Which adolescent is most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image?

Carol, a 13-year-old female

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

Based on the research findings of Simmons and her colleagues, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8-11 year olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents' self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false?

Early adolescents' self-esteem remains stable

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to engage in false-self behavior?

Emily, who has high support from her parents

Which of the following statements concerning ethnic identity is false?

Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents express more negative feelings about mainstream American ideals than their more acculturated peers.

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model

Gender Intensification

In general and according to the textbook, which girl is most likely to become less confident as she becomes an adolescent?

Ginny, who has developed a strong feminine gender role identity

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

High achievement boosts self-esteem

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?

Jerome, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

Whose research supports Erikson's theory on identity development?

Marcia

Which adolescent male would be expected to have the highest self-esteem

Paul, who is extremely masculine

Tony, a Black adolescent, and Vicki, a White adolescent, both attend a predominantly Black school. Studies predict that:

Tony will have higher self-esteem than Vicki

Tabatha's parents are worried that as she enters adolescence, her self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Tabatha's parents expect the most fluctuations in her self-image?

When she is 12-14 years old.

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?

White females

Bruce, a 2nd-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in:

a state of psychosocial moratorium

According to the textbook, young adolescents with __________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, psychosomatic symptoms and irritability.

a volatile self-image

Ethnic identity may be sped up if parents teach their children

about racism.

According to Marcia's research, which identity status is associated with healthy development?

achievement

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going

According to the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:

adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression

Possessing both highly masculine and highly feminine traits is called

androgyny

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for African Americans typically:

are more sensitive to racial cues

Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience all of the following except:

are not aware of racism

Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?

because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents

biracial

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:

blaming other people for one's problems.

When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more:

differentiated

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated.

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence?

during adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.

Simmons and her colleagues found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur

during the transition into adolescence

Problems in identity development can result when:

earlier crises have not been resolved.

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?

early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence

establishing a coherent sense of identity

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

foreclosure

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of

future orientation.

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases during adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis.

gender intensification

Positive mental health is associated with

having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ______ self with one's ______ self.

ideal; feared

Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, Whites are more likely to:

identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label

Among biracial adolescents asked to describe their own ethnic identity, those with one Black parent and one nonBlack parent are more likely to:

identify themselves as Black.

James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing

identity diffusion

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

Kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. Erikson would describe him as facing the crisis called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be

impulsive.

Identity typically is crystallized:

in late adolescence to the early 20s.

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with parents

inauthentically; false-self behavior

Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Robin, an adolescent who approaches identity related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks information:

informational orientation

Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes?

intolerance of the majority culture

According to the textbook, research indicates which of the following is not a correlate of high self-esteem:

involvement in many extracurricular activities

Based on information from the textbook, among both males and females, many traits traditionally labeled as _____ are associated in adolescence with __________.

masculine; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:

more emotionally stable and more extraverted

Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as:

negative identities.

Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a:

negative identity.

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?

physical self-esteem

Research has shown that racial socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:

positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

Being androgynous may have _____ effects for girls and _____ effects for boys

positive; negative

According to Sellers's Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:

private regard, public regard, and racial centrality

According to Erikson, a necessary "time out" for adolescents is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

Dr. Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:

psychosocial moratorium.

Since Jerry became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Jerry's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:

psychosocial moratorium.

Which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem

religious affiliation

During childhood, Cathy had high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy's self-esteem is most likely to:

remain the same or increase

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

selecting a negative identity

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:

self-conception.

Maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of:

self-conception.

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:

self-esteem

Susan, a White adolescent, is more likely to be vulnerable to disturbances in ________ than any other group of youngsters

self-image

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:

self-regulation

Identity formation is best seen as a:

series of interrelated developments

Identity status

shifts across the life span.

Temperament and personality tend to become _________ as we __________.

stable; get older

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects

the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves

Kikko hates country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called:

the false-self.

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among Blacks. This model is called:

the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI)

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

to be depressed.

According to the textbook, which of the following might make individuals especially vulnerable to the effects of stress?

volatile self-image

Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children:

who fare worse in the face of discrimination

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the U.S. for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:

worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence

They remain about the same.

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their

dates.

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is:

interactions with others

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:

-globally -along several distinct dimensions