World History-Semester Exam Review

four kingdoms after Alexander's death

Macedonia, Syria in the east, Pergamum in western Asia Minor, and Egypt

Alexander the Great

created the Hellenistic Era

Neolithic Revolution

the shift from the hunting of animals and the gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis (systematic agriculture)

anthropology

the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils

Changan

with a population estimated at two million, it became the wealthiest city in the world during the Tang Era as a result of trade

wergild

"money for a man," the value of a person in money, depending on social status; in Germanic society, a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed

Buddha's belief of suffering

1. Ordinary life is full of suffering. 2. It is caused by desire to satisfy ourselves. 3. It can be stopped by ending desire for selfish goals and seeing others as extensions of ourselves. 4. To end desire, you should follow the Middle Path.

Sophocles

Athenian playwright whose most famous play was Oedipus Rex

religion in Southeast Asian mainland from 1500-1800

Buddhism was advancing and became dominant from Burma to Vietnam

official religion of Axum

Christianity was made the official religion by King Ezana, it was originally brought there by shipwrecked Syrians

limit of European influence on Southeast Asian mainland

Europeans had less impact on the mainland because they (mainland states-Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam) were able to unite and drive the Europeans out

result of revolt led by Hussein

Hussein's tiny force of 72 warriors was defeated, but fought courageously, by 10,000 Umayyad soldiers, causing the split of Islam into the Shiite and Sunni Muslims

Joan of Arc

a deeply religious person who experienced visions and came to believe that her favorite saints had commended her to free France (she brought the one hundred year war to a decisive turning point and inspired the French)

First Triumvirate

a government by three people with equal power created by Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey

carruca

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

Edict of Milan

a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire

Socrates

a sculptor whose true love was philosophy and said "The unexamined life is not worth living." (created and used Socratic method)

makeup of the Roman Senate

a select group of about three hundred patricians who served for life (advised government officials and eventually had the force of law)

quipu

a system of knotted strings used by the Inca people for keeping records

mercantilists

according to them, the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver

music and storytelling

both were used to pass on to young people information about the history of their communities

Mongols and Genghis Khan

brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule, creating the largest land empire in history

characteristics of a civilization

cities, governments, religion, social structure, writing, and art

farming in Mesopotamia

could only be done when people controlled the flow of the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) and enabled civilization to emerge

Cyrus the Great

created a powerful Persian state that stretched from Asia Minor to western India (compassionate ruler of Persia who was accepted by everyone)

Francisco Pizarro and new Incan capital

he made the new capital Lima, Peru by using his steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses to take advantage of the emperor's death (smallpox epidemic) and his sons fighting for the thrown

Philip II Augustus and power of monarchy

his rule from 1180 to 1223 was a turning point in the growth of the French monarchy because he waged war against the rulers of England and gained control of many French territories, expanding the income of the French monarchy and greatly increasing its power

European influence in Southeast Asia

limited to the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia

epic poems

long poems that tell the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey and Homer

Mesoamerica

name used for areas of Mexico and Central America that were created before the Spaniards arrived

Berber camel caravans

nomadic peoples whose camel caravans, or "fleets of the desert", became a crucial factor in trade across the Sahara

Quechua

once an area was placed under Incan control, the local inhabitants were instructed in this language (the language spoken by the Incas)

Akkadian empire

overran the Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history

Mahayana Buddhism

religion that said Theravada teachings were too strict for ordinary people, said Buddhism is a religion, said Buddha is a wise man and divine figure, said nirvana is a release from the wheel of life and a true heaven, and said people can achieve salvation in this heaven after death through devotion to the Buddha

Stoicism

school of thought (philosophy) created by Zeno which was concerned with how people find happiness (popular in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire) and said happiness was found by living in harmony with the will of God

use of fire by early humans

showed that people could adapt by changing their environment

hieratic script

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

reason for no portraits of Muhammad

the Hadith, an early collection of the prophets sayings, warns against any attempt to imitate God by creating pictures of living beings

polis

the early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding territory (the center of Greek life)

Constantine

the first Christian emperor

Julius Casear

the first dictator of Rome who was later assassinated

Liu Bang

the founder of the Han dynasty

Middle Passage

the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route

Sahara

the largest desert on Earth

the Investiture Controversy

the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe (struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII)

prehistory

the period before writing was developed

Paleolithic people reason for nomadic lifestyle

they had no choice but to follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles

Aztec acceptance of Spanish

they took the cross on the Spaniards' breastplates as a sign that Quetzalcoatl was returning

Dutch and clove trade

they tried to dominate the clove trade by limiting cultivation of the crop to one island and forcing others to stop growing and trading the spice

matrilineal

tracing lineage through the mother rather than the father