PSYC 333 - Exam 3

uninvolved parenting

- extremely lax and undemanding - may reject their children - may be overwhelmed and cannot devote energy to child rearing - raise children who are aggressive, selfish, and rebellious, perform poorly in school, substance abuse

only child

- relatively high in self-esteem - more obedient and slightly more intellectually component than children with siblings - likely to establish good relationship with peers

felt-responsibility hypothesis

the theory that empathy may promote altruism by causing one to reflect on altruistic norms and thus to feel some obligation to help others who are distressed.

Identity

firm and coherent sense of who one is, where one is heading, and where one fits into society

divorce

- 40%-50% of marriages end in divorce - better for a child to be in a stable single-parent home than conflict-ridden two-parent home

learned helplessness

- a disruption in motivation, affect and learning following exposure to noncontingent (uncontrollable) outcomes - Dweck ( occurs when individuals tribute failures to stable and internal factors, stops trying and persists over time)

permissive parenting

- accepting butler, few demands, little monitoring - raise children who are more impulsive and aggressive, self-centered, low in independence

Michael Rutter

- child psychologist - determined 8 main qualities of an "effective" school in a published study

sociability during middle childhood and adolescence

- contacts occur in peer groups -develop hierarchical organization - early adolescence: form cliques - 4-8 same sec member sharing values - midadolescence: same-sex cliques interact forming heterosexual cliques

authoritative parenting

- controlling but flexible, make reasonable demands, provide rationales for limits - tend to raise highly competent, well-adjusted children

Kohlberg's level two

- conventional morality: perspectives of other clearly recognized. obey rules to obtain others approval. - stage 3: "good boy" orientation - stage 4: social-order-maintaing morality

instrument aggression

- harming another is a means to some other end - push another kid over in recess so you can take the toy he has

reactive aggression

- impulsive, in response to perceived threat - typically immediate - hitting a child because they tripped him/her

evolutionary theory of gender-typing

- males and females face different evolutionary pressures - natural selection created fundamental differences in male and female roles (females: nurturing, males: spatial skills for hunting)

Kohlberg's theory

- moral development is continual and occurs thought out the lifespan - happens in levels/stages - stages are not skipped, stage 3 or 4 is highest for most people

adoptees

- more learning difficulties - higher rates of delinquency - most are well adjusted

proactive aggression

- motivated by external reward - goal-oriented and calculated - punching a child to cut them in line

relational aggression

- nonphysical form of aggression where the goal is to harm the victims relationships or social status - spreading rumors

sociability during the preschool period

- nonsocial activities: declines with age - onlooker play: watch but do not join - parallel play: play side-by-side, little interaction, declines with age - associative play: share but do not cooperate to achieve shared goals - cooperative play: collaborate - becomes more cognitively complex with age (predicts future social competencies)

sibling relationships

- older siblings provide care taking services to younger siblings - younger siblings learn from older siblings older siblings improve academic aptitude from tutoring younger siblings

Kohlberg's level three

- postconventional morality: right and wrong are determined using broad principles of justice that could conflict with written laws - stage 5: social contract orientation (laws should express will of majority, and further human welfare; if not challenge them) - stage 6: morality of individual principles of conscience (rare, hypothetical construct, no longer measured)

Kohlberg's level one

- preonventional morality: rules are external and not internalized. conformity is to avoid punishment and morality is self serving - stage 1: punishment-obedienceorientation - stage 2: naive hedonism (pursuit of pleasure, avoidance of pain)

impact of divorce

- preschoolers/early grade schoolers show visible distress and may think they caused the divorce (heavily affected) - impact may be longer for boys - boys experience more overt distress - girls experience more covert distress

changes in self-esteem

- some children experience a decline into middle and high school - overall stability is lowest in childhood and early adolescence - gradual increase in young adulthood

psychological androgyny

- someone whose personality traits fall somewhere in between the traits that are typically associated with males and those that are typically associated with females - historically masculinity and femininity were at opposite ends of a dimension - now, seen as two different dimensions: can score high or low on both or either

mean-world beliefs

- tendency to view world as violent place where people typically rely unaggressive solutions to problems - 7-9 year olds who prefer violent television show the highest rated of mean-world beliefs

theory of mind

- the ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc. to oneself, and to others - to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

authoritarian parenting

- very restrictive, expect obedience, do not explain why limits exist - raise children with less favorable developmental outcomes; moody, unhappy, easily annoyed

achievement motivation

- willingness to strive to succeed at challenging tasks - phase 1: joy in mastery (prior to 2 years, pleased with success, but do not seek recognition, failures don't matter) - phase 2: approval-seeking (near age 2) - phase 3: use of standards (3+, pride after success, shame after failure, less dependent on others evaluations)

hostile aggression

-goal is to harm a victim - push another kid over in recess because you don't like him

Effective schools are those that a. achieve their goals regardless of students' ethnic or socioeconomic identities b. are generously funded c. apply sociometric techniques to identify disruptive students d. experience frequent problem behaviors, but suppress them via authoritarian discipline

a. achieve there goals regardless of students' ethnic or socioeconomic identities

Situational compliance is promoted by parents who a. are typically insensitive and tend to ignore their children b. are warm and sensitive to their child's needs. c. attend closely to their child's interests d. abusive

a. are typically insensitive and tend to ignore their children

When age differences exist among children, older children tend to a. assert more power in relationships b. express feelings of dependency or embarrassment c. behave very differently than older siblings d. act similarly as when peers share age equality

a. assert more power in relationships

Parents who apply the ___ disciplinary style are especially likely to be involved with Vygotskian scaffolding, with good results. a. authoritative b. authoritarian c. uninvolved d. permissive

a. authoritative

One of the reasons adolescents enjoy online communication with peers over face-to-face in some circumstances is because online settings allow them to a. explore sexual identity in lower-risk ways b. experience heightened arousal and risk associated with identity exploration c. lie about who they are d. meet a greater number of people from further away

a. explore sexual identity in lower-risk ways

Traditionally, girls are encouraged to adopt an ____ gender-role standard a. expressive b. evocative c. equestrian d. instrumental

a. expressive

Children are likely to code and remember information that is consistent with their ideas about gender, but they are likely to forget or distort information that is not considered consistent with their views. this is a tenant of the ____ theory. a. gender-schema theory b. social-learning c. psychoanalytic d. biological

a. gender-schema theory

A child who attacks a victim in order to obtain possession of a ball engages in a. instrumental aggression b. retaliation c. hostile aggression d. prosocial aggression

a. instrumental aggression

The moral person must accept attributes or standards as his or her own. This process is called a. internalization b. objectification c. situational compliance d. cognitive disequilibrium

a. internalization

In teenage years, adopted children tend to display ____ then their non adopted peers. a. more learning difficulties b. fewer emotional problems c. lower rates of delinquency d. more difficulty with peers

a. more learning difficulties

Children whose parents apply the ____ disciplinary style become impulsive, aggressive, self-centered, and bossy. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian

a. permissive

Self-serving responses to moral dilemmas, emphasizing one's own needs or interests, is especially common among a. preschoolers b. grade-schoolers c. teenagers d. mature adults

a. preschoolers

As children mature through middle childhood, they become increasingly inclined to characterize others in terms of a. psychological constructs (traits) b. psychological comparisons c. behavioral comparisons d. canalized genotypes

a. psychological constructs (traits)

The incompatible-response technique involves a. reinforcing desirable behaviors while ignoring undesirable behaviors whenever possible b. punishing whenever the behavior is incompatible with the rules c. ensuring compatibility between behavioral transgressions and the severity of the punishment d. using time-out whenever a misbehavior occurs

a. reinforcing desirable behaviors while ignoring undesirable behaviors whenever possible

Developmentally, the child's peers are a. social equals whose behavior complexity matches the child's b. anyone with whom the child has frequent daily contact c. anyone who shares similar interests with the child d. teacher, parents, or others who offer Vygotskian scaffolding when assistance is requested or needed

a. social equal whose behavior complexity matches the child's

Playful interaction among siblings contribute to children's emergence of a. theory of mind b. sibling rivalry c. antisocial behavior d. altruism

a. theory of mind

On a particular day, Dandelione, a single mom, interacts with her baby, her boss, a social worker, and her prison parole officer. These multiple influences on her are best understood in terms of _____ theory. a. Erikson's psychosocial b. Brofenbrenner's ecological system c. Freud's psychoanalytic d. Piaget's cognitive

b. Brofenbrenner's ecological system

Who will experience the greatest visible distress in response to parental divorce? a. Rihanna, who is one year old b. Latashia, who is three years old c. Sheyanna, who is nine years old d. Kellie, who is 14 years old

b. Latashia, who is three years old

According to Rutter and others, a factor that has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schooling is a. higher levels of monetary support b. a clear focus on academic goals c. the introduction of ability tracking d. the use of an "open" classroom design

b. a clear focus on academic goals

Children who are rejected by peers in grade school will a. inevitably have anxiety and adjustment problems b. be at risk for anxiety and adjustment problems, but less so if they are attached a sibling c. be at risk for a variety of problems, which are exacerbated by the presence of a sibling d. have few anxiety and adjustment problems, regardless of the presence of a sibling

b. be at risk for anxiety and adjustment problems, but less so if they are attached a sibling

Which set of traits applies to the "principle idealistic" character dimension of moral maturity? a. strong, self-assured, and self-confident b. clear values, highly developed conscience, and law abiding c. honest, truthful, sincere, kind, and considerate d. responsible, loyal, faithful, and honorable

b. clear values, highly developed conscience, and law abiding

It can be hard for an early teenager newcomer to make friends on first arrival because a. newcomers' racial identities are hard to identify b. cliques have already been formed c. authoritarian parents are often strict about discipline d. during adolescence, manure confused about their sexual orientation

b. cliques have already been formed

Which of these factors is known to be a good predictor of the child's later social competency with peers? a. lack of aggressive bullying b. cognitive complexity of play c. having a richly uninhibited fantasy life with daydreams d. parent's consistent application of authoritarian discipline

b. cognitive complexity of play

During Piaget's ____ stage, between the ages of five and ten, children show strong respect fro rules issued by authority figures. a. premorality b. heteronomous morality c. post conventional morality d. autonomous morality

b. heteronomous morality

Thugo, age 10, likes to beat up smaller kids just to hurt them and make them cry. Thugo performs a. imminent justice b. hostile aggression c. situational compliance d. a doctrine of specificity

b. hostile aggression

Two year old Jason's big sister stuck a sticker on his head. Later, he looks at himself in the mirror but does not try to retrieve the sticker off of his own head (Rouge test). Jason's self-concept is limited to that of a. extended self b. present self c. categorical self d. past self

b. present self

Snubbing or ignoring another person to make him or her feel bad is a type of a. self-oriented distress b. relational aggression c. display of imminent justice d. passive victimization

b. relational aggression

Genotypic influences on the child's self-concept are a. impossible to estimate b. stronger for boys than for girls c. stronger for girls than boys d. very low for either girls or boys

b. stronger for boys than for girls

Max is very worried about his son, who is about to move to middle school. What should he do to make this transition as smooth as possible for his son? a. make sure his son knows that the performance standards are high in his new school b. talk to his son about the ways the new school might be different c. tighten up his discipline so his sone will learn to adapt to the lowered autonomy of middle school d. stay on the sidelines so as not to be a helicopter parent

b. talk to his son about the ways the new school might be different

With which ethnic group has authoritarian parenting come to be quite effective, with children seeing strictness as a sign of caring? a. European Americans b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. Arab Americans

c. Asian Americans

There is ____ relationship between preference for violent TV and the viewer's own violent actions. a. a negative b. no known c. a positive d. the unconfirmed possibility of a

c. a postive

The most recent research on gender differences in reaction to divorce suggest that a. girls suffer more b. boys suffer more c. boys suffer more overt distress, while girls suffer more covert distress d. girls suffer more overt distress, while boys suffer more covert distress

c. boys suffer more overt distress while girls suffer more covert distress

The most violent programs displayed on TV are a. action-oriented adventure shows b. major league sports events c. children's cartoon shows d. reality-based programs for adults

c. children's cartoon shows

In which sort of culture is an extended family arrangement associated with better patterns of psychological adjustment in the children? a. individualistic culture b. western culture c. collectivist culture d. independent culture

c. collectivist culture

Transsexuals' gender-reassignment surgery contradicts the principle of a. gender intensification b. gender consistency c. gender stability d. direct tuition

c. gender stability

Labeling a child with complimentary terms such as "good" or "honest" a. challenges the child to increase the misbehavior rate b. encourages children to declare that they will be good, but their actual behavior does not change c. helps establish inhibitory controls d. works best in children whose id is weak

c. helps establish inhibitory controls

Adherence to gender-role expectations a. varies very little across culture b. is stronger in individualistic societies that emphasize personal achievement c. is stronger in collectivist cultures that emphasize the need to maintain social harmony d. is high in all cultures, regardless of the particular world-view variations that may exist in other social dimensions

c. is stronger in collectivist cultures that emphasize the need to maintain social harmony

Research investigating aggressive behavior in popular children reveals that they a. are not aggressive b. are less aggressive than their less popular age mates c. largely use relational forms of aggression to enhance their popularity d. largely use overt forms of aggressions to enhance their popularity

c. largely use relational forms of aggression to enhance their popularity

When Leah successfully solves a difficult algebra problem, her teacher tells her, "Leah, you thought that problem through and came up with an excellent strategy for solving it," Based on Mueller and Dweck's study, this interchange will help foster Leah's interest in pursuing a. performance goals because the teacher gave person praise b. learning goals because the teacher gave person praise c. learning goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise d. performance goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise

c. learning goals because the teacher gave process-oriented praise

Scientific evidence on the impact of gay and lesbian couples rearing children suggests that a. children raised in these homes struggle with gender identity but are otherwise well-adjusted b. children raised in these homes feel profoundly isolated and alone compared to their peers raised in heterosexual homes c. lesbian and gay couples are as knowledgeable and effective parents as heterosexual couples d. lesbian and gay couples provide a less stable home environment than heterosexual couples

c. lesbian and gay couples are as knowledgable and effective parents as heterosexual couples

Amy is an eight-year-old girls who watches a lot of television. She will probably be _____ with her body then girls who do not watch TV. a. more satisfied b. equally satisfied c. less satisfied d. more happy

c. less satisfied

Among minority youth, greater identity formation conflicts tend to arise for a. mixed-identity adolescents and cross-ethnic adoptees b. minority children living in poverty c. minority children living primarily in caucasian neighborhoods d. minority children who are involved in interracial romantic relationships

c. minority children living in primarily caucasian neighborhoods

During the preschool years, there is a shift in altruism from a. close associates to abstract patriotism about the nation b. other humans to egocentric self-directed concerns c. pretend play to real acts of helpfulness toward other d. other humans helpfulness towards pets

c. pretend play to real acts of helpfulness toward others

Which computer use will likely promote the use of metacognitive strategies in adolescent writing? a. repetitive drills on grammar b. video gamin that is strategic in nature c. spreadsheet and other organizing tools d. YouTube video content on writing skills

c. spreadsheet and other organizing tools

Psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson argued that the child's serious socialization begins during a. early infancy, prior to the age of 12 months b. late infancy, between the ages of one and two years c. toddlerhood, between the ages of two and three years d. early childhood, between the ages of four to six years

c. toddlerhood, between the ages if two and three years

Observing a rule-following model is most effective in reducing a child's misbehavior when the model a. looks just like the mischievous child b. gets punished for sassing to adults c. verbalizes that a rule is being followed and gives a rationale for doing it d. is disliked but peers, yet still acts properly

c. verbalizes that a rule in being followed and gives a rationale for doing it

_____ parents have children with many positive traits such as secure attachment, high self-esteem, strong morality, and prosocial actions. a. decent rated b. neonativistic c. warmly responsive d. strict disciplinarian

c. warmly responsive

gender-schema theory

children learn about male and female roles from the culture in which they live and adjust their behavior to align with gender norms of their culture

peer delinquency (selection)

children tend to affiliate with similar peers - they select children who engage in similar behavior

self

combination of physical and psychological attribute unique to each individual

What processes explain why violent video games may have greater impact on aggression than violent TV? a. active planning b. reinforcement c. passive planning d. active planning and reinforcement

d. active planning and reinforcement

Compassionate toddlers tend to have parents who a. reject the time-out disciplinary technique as too mild b. teach that wrongdoings must be balanced by revenge c. describe the child's enemies as "little terrorist" d. apply discipline via compassionate explanation

d. apply discipline via compassionate explanation

Sex differences in risk-taking in the first year of life may stem, in part, from a. boys being more courageous than girls b. increased testosterone levels in boys c. girls being placed in fewer risky situations d. boys heightened activity levels

d. boys heightened activity levels

Which intervention is most effective for changing gender-role attitudes? a. telling the child about the benefits of cross-gender cooperation b. praising the child for using cross-sex toys c. persuasive efforts that are led by women d. cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly

d. cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly

Low self-esteem is most strongly associated with ____ in girls and ____ in boys. a. lack of romantic competence; lack of athletic competence b. lack of athletic competence; lack of romantic competence c. failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of athletic competence d. failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of romantic competence

d. failure to gain the approval of friends; lack of romantic competence

Robert White asserted that people of all ages are motivated intrinsically to a. dominate socially over others b. apply deception or trickery to control those who hold authority c. modify their own interests to get others' approval d. master the environment and its challenges.

d. master the environment and its challenges

According to ecologists, most direct influences on an infant will come from a and be experienced in a. macrosystem b. chronosystem c. exosystem d. microsystem

d. microsystem

At what age is school effectiveness most likely to be related to extracurricular activities? a. elementary school b. middle school c. high school d. middle and high school

d. middle and high school

Which of these is a trait of collectivist societies? a. encouragement given to initiative b. emphasis placed on differences among people c. competition seen as important d. self-effacement

d. self-effacement

peer delinquency (socialization)

delinquent pers socialize (model and reinforce) antisocial behavior resulting in a child exacerbating current behavior learning new antisocial behaviors

social-learning theory

direct tuition - children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behavior, and punished for opposite sex appropriate behavior. also learned through observation - children adopt the attitudes of sam-sex models

rejected

disliked by many, liked by few; greatest risk of adjustment problems later in life

self-esteem

evaluation of ones worth based on the self-concept

peer acceptance

extent to which a child is viewed by peers as a worthy or likable companion

Brofenbrenner's ecological system theory

how the inherent qualities of a child and his environment interact to influence how he will grow and develop. Stressed examining the child in multiple environments (ecological systems) to better understand: Microsystem - innermost level, activities/interactions in the immediate surrounding Mesosystem - connections between microsystems ( homes, schools, etc.) Exosystem - contexts children are not a part of but which may still influence development (media) Macrosystem - cultural, subcultural, or social class context in which other systems are imbedded Chronosystem - changes in the child or any of the other systems can affect he direction of development (changes over time)

neglected

liked by few, disliked by few

popular

liked by many, disliked by few

incompatible-response technique

not giving children an "attentional" reward for un desirable behavior. only acknowledging behaviors incompatible with bad behaviors such as aggression

self-effacement

not making yourself noticeable; being inconspicuous due to humility

situational compliance

obedience that results from a child's awareness of an adults will in a particular situation and doesn't reflect enduring behavioral damage

social-information processing theory

refers to a theory of how individuals, especially children, establish (or fail to establish) successful relationships with society

peers

social equals, operating at similar levels of behavioral complexity