PSYC 336 QUIZ 1 - CH 1-3

Socio-Economic Status (SES)

( OIL) occupation, income, and level of education of the parents

Frued 3 personality structures

(IES) id, ego, superego

Heritability of intelligence __________ with age, and the contribution of shared environment to variations in intelligence __________ with age. a. decreases; increases b. increases; also increases c. increases; decreases d. decreases; also decreases

***c. increases; decreases

3 steps of classical conditioning

1. US > UR 2. US+CS > UR 3. CS > CR ex: 1. Food > drooling 2. Food + Bell > drooling 3. Bell > drooling

Stages of Cognitive Development

4 (Piaget)

What are the 3 different types of groups of control?

Experimental, Control, 2nd Control

Who coined the term imprinting?

Konrad Lorenz

examples of positive/ negative reinforcement/punishment

PR: candy if you sit in the sun NR: add shade so you can sit there PP: give more chores so you wont ignore hw NP: take away phone so you wont ignore hw

Freud vs. Erikson

Psychosexual vs Psychosocial

Tabula rusa

a blank slate

Independent variable (E.S.)

a random assignment to a condition that is manipulated (Experimental studies) ex: assigned to a random family for adoption

The variability of IQ in children is found to be about half attributable to genetic differences. Approximately __________ is attributable to variation in shared environment, and __________ is attributable to variation in non-shared environment or error. a. 25 percent; 25 percent b. 64 percent; 62 percent c. 50 percent; 50 percent d. 22 percent; 50 percent

a. 25 percent; 25 percent

In the study by Tucker-Drob and Harden (2012), the relationship between parental stimulation at age 2 and child cognitive ability at age 4 was found to be primarily __________. a. an environmental influence b. an instance of an evocative gene-environment correlation c. a genetic influence d. an instance of gene expression

a. an environmental influence

A child impresses her science teacher with her high interest in science and quick learning of science in the classroom. The teacher chooses her as one of only two children from her class that will prepare an exhibit for the district-wide science fair. This most likely represents __________. a. both evocative and active gene-environment correlations b. a passive gene-environment correlation c. an active gene-environment correlation d. an evocative gene-environment correlation

a. both evocative and active gene-environment correlations

Cognitive developmental neuroscientists use MRI and other brain imaging methods to determine how __________ changes with age. a. brain structure or function b. sensitivity to the environment c. behavior d. cognitive ability

a. brain structure or function

Changes to fast-food restaurants (which now generally display the caloric content of items on the menu) would be considered a(n) __________ influence, whereas a parent who lets the child decide to select an extra-large helping of cheese would be considered a __________ influence. a. distal; proximal b. exosystem; macrosystem c. genotypical; phenotypical d. microsystem; macrosystem

a. distal; proximal

In the study by Tucker-Drob and Harden (2012), higher cognitive ability at age 2 was correlated with parents providing more cognitive stimulation at age 4, taking into account the parents' tendency to provide cognitive stimulation at age 2. This provides evidence for __________. a. evocative gene-environment correlations b. passive gene-environment effects c. active gene-environment correlations d. a pure environmental influence of parents on children 2 attempts used

a. evocative gene-environment correlations

One mechanism by which experience can "get under the skin" is epigenesis, in which __________. a. experiences influence chemical processes that control where and when genes get expressed b. experience leads individuals to associate stressful experiences with certain stimuli through classical conditioning c. experience causes mutations in genes that control whether other genes are expressed d. experiences lead individuals to injure themselves

a. experiences influence chemical processes that control where and when genes get expressed

The major theories of development_______. a. fall somewhere on a continuum between an emphasis on nature and an emphasis on nurture, with many emphasizing the interaction of nature and nurture b. emphasize the importance of nurture over nature c. emphasize the importance of nature over nurture d. all emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture

a. fall somewhere on a continuum between an emphasis on nature and an emphasis on nurture, with many emphasizing the interaction of nature and nurture

In the studies by Caspi and colleagues shown in Figures 2.6 and 2.7, gene-environment interaction occurred when levels of maltreatment were associated with different outcomes (in this case, antisocial behavior or depression) for children with different __________. a. genotypes b. epigenomes c. gametes d. personalities

a. genotypes

Which term refers to the proportion of variation of a trait (such as IQ) within the population that can be attributed to variation in gene expression? a. heritability b. gene expression c. polygenic inheritance d. segregating genes

a. heritability

Which of the following stages is part of Erikson's focus on psychosocial crises? a. identity crisis b. psychosexual c. ego d. superego

a. identity crisis

The negative correlation between length of stay in an institution and later cognitive scores _________________. a. means that longer stays were associated with lower cognitive scores b. means that longer stays were associated with higher cognitive scores c. was most likely due to a third factor, such as children who stayed longer in the institution were likely to have brain damage, and thus lower cognitive scores d. indicates that staying in the institution longer caused cognitive scores to decrease over time

a. means that longer stays were associated with lower cognitive scores

According to researchers following up on Vygotsky's ideas, adult guidance of children in Western cultures is heavily verbal, whereas children in traditional societies depend a lot more on a process of __________. a. observation and imitation of adults b. creating mental symbols of what adults are doing c. using strategies d. using nonverbal representations such as pictures to communicate

a. observation and imitation of adults

A child watches her older brother throw a ball and imitates his throwing motion. Later, her father praises her for an improved throw. these are examples of ___________ and _________, respectively. a. observational learning; positive reinforcement b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement d. positive reinforcement; classically conditioned response

a. observational learning; positive reinforcement

The increased risk of having a baby with Down syndrome is for mothers who are __________. a. over the age of 35 b. between the ages of 18 and 24 c. between the ages of 25 and 34 d. white

a. over the age of 35

A standardized test is __________ if the scores for a person are consistent across different test occasions. a. reliable b. structured c. valid d. using norms

a. reliable

According to Piaget, the contrast in thinking between infancy and early childhood involves a transition from thinking about the world exclusively in terms of sensory impressions and motor actions to thinking about the world in terms of __________. a. symbols b. schemes c. logical operations d. formulating and testing hypotheses

a. symbols

According to ethologists, a "sensitive period" is a time in development when __________. a. the development of the organism is most susceptible to environmental stimulation b. children's behavior can be recorded in a structured situation c. bundles of neural fibers form connections between neurons in the brain d. the ego begins to develop

a. the development of the organism is most susceptible to environmental stimulation

In many developmental and mental disorders, the heritability is very high (between 70 percent and 90 percent). This means that __________. a. there is still room for an impact of the environment b. the shared environment makes up the remaining 10 to 30 percent c. the non-shared environment generally makes up the remaining 10 to 30 percent d. the disorder is generally worse than disorders with lower heritability

a. there is still room for an impact of the environment

An advantage of longitudinal over cross-sectional studies is _________. a. they reveal relationships between earlier experiences or behaviors and later behavior b. they permit causal inferences to be made about changes in behavior over time c. they provide more reliable information about age differences in a behavior or skill d. they provide experimental control over independent variables, such as the age at which an institutionalized child was adopted

a. they reveal relationships between earlier experiences or behaviors and later behavior

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, how did children behave after seeing adults behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll? a. These children became aggressive in their daily lives. b. These children were more likely to be aggressive toward the Bobo doll in the laboratory. c. The children were more aggressive toward the Bobo doll, but subsequent studies did not bear out this finding. d. The children who had observed the adult playing aggressively with Tinkertoys were aggressive toward the Tinkertoys.

b. These children were more likely to be aggressive toward the Bobo doll in the laboratory.

The finding that institutionalized children have better outcomes if they are adopted before 18 months of age is an example of __________. a. observational learning b. a sensitive period c. shaping d. a scheme

b. a sensitive period

For an individual to have the behavioral expression of the disorder PKU, the individual must inherit a recessive combination of alleles and __________. a. a neurocognitive deficit b. be exposed to phenylalanine in the diet c. an X-linked trait d. be exposed to a negative social environment

b. be exposed to phenylalanine in the diet

An important concept in information processing theory is the _______, which exerts control over which strategies to use in particular situations. a. child's exploration of the environment b. central executive c. social and cultural context d. child's imitation of others

b. central executive

In the Bucharest Early Intervention Project, cognitive ability was a(n) ___________, and the group (never institutionalized, care as usual, and foster care) was a(n) ___________. a. independent variable; dependent variable b. dependent variable; independent variable c. dependent variable; valid variable d. experimental condition; long- term intervention

b. dependent variable; independent variable

The term for patterns of growth and change in behavior, thinking, or emotions over time is __________________. a. learning b. development c. stages d. evolution

b. development

Because of the relatively rapid increase in obesity (over the past 30 to 40 years), it is likely that the change stems mostly from changes in the __________. a. microsystems of children only b. environment or environmental contexts c. genetic variation among people d. exosystems of families only

b. environment or environmental contexts

In the bioecological model of development, indirect influences on children, such as those stemming from the parents' workplace, are identified as part of an ecological system called the ___________. a. mesosystem b. exosystem c. macrosystem d. microsystem

b. exosystem

Which of the following definitions corresponds to the term "segregating genes"? a. the particular combination of alleles present in an individual b. genes that have different alleles and hence can produce variation among people c. structures that contain the DNA strands d. the fertilized ovum, containing the full complement of chromosomes from mother and father

b. genes that have different alleles and hence can produce variation among people

Information processing theories use computers as an analogy for the human brain. For example, a change in a child's information processing "hardware" might be __________, whereas an example of a change in his or her "software" might be __________. a. connections of the temporal to frontal lobe; maturation of white matter tracts b. increases in working memory capacity; increases in use of strategies c. improvements in counting routines; use of more sophisticated schemes d. increases in executive control; improvements in knowledge

b. increases in working memory capacity; increases in use of strategies

A higher rate of obesity is found among poor families living in the inner city. Using Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, this is likely due to __________. a. a great interest among children of poor families in playing video games rather than outdoor sports b. influences at both the microsystem and the exosystem levels c. working parents cooking unhealthy food rather than relying on the portion control provided by prepared foods d. genetic differences between poor and middle-class families in proneness to obesity

b. influences at both the microsystem and the exosystem levels

Which of the following is the process in which a cell duplicates the DNA strand and divides into two cells? a. polygenic inheritance b. mitosis c. gene expression d. meiosis

b. mitosis

Genetic counselors help prospective parents and other individuals __________. a. make use of new tools that allow a pinpoint diagnosis of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia in a child they may conceive b. navigate a bewildering number of potential genetic tests and access what their family history and genetic test results might mean for a future offspring c. understand the laws of genetics, but leave counseling to psychologists d. make a decision based on the exact probability their child will have a serious medical or mental disorder

b. navigate a bewildering number of potential genetic tests and access what their family history and genetic test results might mean for a future offspring

When many genes act together, this is called __________. a. mitosis b. polygenic c. meiosis d. a phenotype

b. polygenic

The pattern of findings in family studies (higher correlations for IQ scores among relatives that are genetically more similar) __________. a. generally supports a small role for heredity in human psychological traits b. supports the influences of both genes and environment c. reveals that neither genes nor environment strongly influence IQ d. generally supports a small role for environment in human psychological traits

b. supports the influences of both genes and environment

Socioeconomic status is a powerful variable in developmental research, and generally refers to family income as well as ________________. a. the friends that the family has b. the educational level attained by parent(s) c. the neighborhood in which the family lives d. the area of the country in which the family lives

b. the educational level attained by parent(s)

When an individual has a disorder, such as fragile X, but the effects of the disorder on the brain are lessened by some factor (such as the sex of the offspring—male or female), these are effects on __________. a. the environment b. the DNA sequence c. gene expression d. gene mutation

c. gene expression

According to evolutionary developmental theory, the emergence of social emotions and social behavior such as play evolved because of the survival value of __________. a. classical conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. getting along within the social group d. imprinting

c. getting along within the social group

Pediatricians, psychiatrists, nurses, and occupational therapists are all examples of which category of professions involving children? a. psychologists and researchers b. educators c. health care professionals d. policy makers

c. health care professionals

Videotaping mother-infant interactions in the home and analyzing the frequency of vocalizations directed by the infant to the mother are examples of a(n) ____________ observation, whereas asking mothers to show their infants a picture book and recording the number of infant vocalizations would be an example of a ______________. a. reliable; standardized test b. valid; norm c. naturalistic; structured observation d. ethnographic; questionnaire

c. naturalistic; structured observation

Which ethical guideline for research with children says that researchers should use the least stressful procedures whenever possible? a. informed consent b. deception and debriefing c. nonharmful procedures d. confidentiality

c. nonharmful procedures

According to dynamic systems theory, during periods of change, the interacting influences on a particular system of behavior (such as a particular motor skill) may become unstable for a time and then reorganize into a more complex and effective system. This feature of dynamic systems theories is called the ___________ principle. a. sensitive period b. identity crisis c. self-organizing d. strategic

c. self-organizing

In addition to providing direct data on changes in behavior or cognitive ability with age, longitudinal studies yield information about ____________. a. casual directions of effects b. cohort effects c. the consequences of early experience d. trends in behavior across generations

c. the consequences of early experience

An advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is __________. a. superior information about changes with age b. the absence of cohort effects c. they are less costly and time consuming d. direct information about causal relationships among variables

c. they are less costly and time consuming

According to the developmental systems model, normal or typical developmental sequences occur due to both the influences of species-typical genes and the influences of __________. a. rare genetic disorders b. atypical environmental influences c. the prenatal environment, but not the postnatal environment d. a species-typical rearing environment

d. a species-typical rearing environment

In contrast to Freud, Erikson thought that the main issue for the toddler (e.g., approximately age 2) was not toilet training but __________. a. developing a secure attachment to the parent b. ego development c. imprinting on the parent d. achieving autonomy from the parent

d. achieving autonomy from the parent

In Gottlieb's model, the probabilistic aspect of development refers to the idea that the characteristics of organisms at any point in their development (such as the current status of brain development or behavior) __________. a. are completely determined by the environment operating on behavior b. are determined by genetic mutations that are probabilistic c. are completely determined by genes operating on brain development d. are determined by genetic and environmental factors and the interaction of such factors, but not with absolute certainty

d. are determined by genetic and environmental factors and the interaction of such factors, but not with absolute certainty

The sex of the offspring is determined __________. a. by which ovum (X or Y) the sperm penetrates b. by genes located on several of the chromosomes c. by any of several sperm cells that simultaneously penetrate the ovum d. at fertilization by the 23rd chromosome pair

d. at fertilization by the 23rd chromosome pair

A dominant gene for a disorder, such as the gene for Huntington's disease, __________. a. can be inherited only from the father b. can be inherited only from the mother c. can be inherited only if both parents carry the gene d. can be inherited if only one parent carries the Huntington allele

d. can be inherited if only one parent carries the Huntington allele

Experiments by Meaney and colleagues used a technique called cross-fostering to provide direct evidence that early experience can modify __________ in rats. a. selective breeding b. genotype c. environment d. gene expression

d. gene expression

A child who is adopted by parents who are not frequent readers keeps showing an interest in reading. Eventually, the adoptive parents respond by getting the child a library card and reading along with the child to help him. This is an example of one factor that has been proposed as a limitation to the behavior genetics approach. The factor that fits best here is __________. a. environmental impact on genetic expression b. high heritability of reading skill and interest c. gene-environment interaction d. gene-environment correlation

d. gene-environment correlation

In the Colorado Adoption Study, the correlation in adolescence between the IQ scores of biological parents and adopted-away children was __________ the correlation between adoptive parents and their adopted children. a. lower than b. much lower than c. the same as d. higher than

d. higher than

The most common cause of Down syndrome is an extra 21st chromosome __________. a. in a parent older than 35 b. in a father over 35 c. in the sperm cell d. in the ovum

d. in the ovum

Multiple regression is a data analysis technique that enables researchers to evaluate the relative strength of association between many __________ and a __________. a. standardized tests; a structured interview b. cohort effects; microsystem c. observations; norm d. independent variables; dependent variable

d. independent variables; dependent variable

Investigators in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project asked caregivers or parents for permission to enroll children in the study; this process is termed _____________. a. confidentially b. institutional review c. debriefing d. informed consent

d. informed consent

As demonstrated by Meaney et al. in their experiments with nurturant and non-nurturant rat mothers, one way that epigenesis works is by increasing the extent of attachment of chemicals called __________ to DNA, which tends to reduce the expression of certain genes. a. ATCG b. RNA c. chromosomes d. methyl groups

d. methyl groups

Researchers and practitioners utilizing the positive development framework focus on __________. a. deficits that can be remediated b. using positive reinforcement rather than punishment in dealing with children c. the unique needs of ethnic minority children d. personal strengths of children and developmental assets in their environment

d. personal strengths of children and developmental assets in their environment

Passive gene-environment correlations are __________. a. those in which individuals seek out or create environments correlated with their genetic predispositions b. present when a child is adopted into a family to which s(he) is not genetically related c. likely to increase between childhood and adulthood d. present from childhood and correlated with the family environment

d. present from childhood and correlated with the family environment

Which of the following categories of professionals is responsible for the bulk of research publications on child and adolescent development? a. educational professionals b. health professionals c. social policy professionals d. psychologists and researchers

d. psychologists and researchers

The inheritance pattern in most single-gene disorders in human beings is __________. a. X-linked b. dominant c. via chromosomal errors d. recessive

d. recessive

Klinefelter syndrome, in which a male is born with an extra X chromosome, manifests itself typically as __________. a. low estrogen and high testosterone levels, which result in early development of male secondary sex characteristics b. high estrogen levels, leading to feminization of the body c. widespread, severe intellectual impairment d. specific deficits in verbal, academic, attention, and motor skills

d. specific deficits in verbal, academic, attention, and motor skills

According to Piaget, cognitive development can be organized into a series of qualitatively different ____________ that come about due to qualitative changes over time in ___________. a. adaptions; social factors b. observations; reinforcement c. outcomes; tools d. stages; schemes

d. stages; schemes

Fragile X is typical of genetic disorders in that it involves __________. a. building up of the X chromosome, causing it to block other chromosomes b. no noticeable effect on the patient's life, thus making it difficult to diagnose c. more severe effects in girls because they have two X chromosomes d. the silencing of a gene that is critical to normal development

d. the silencing of a gene that is critical to normal

An important assumption of dynamic systems theorists is that __________ is the unit of analysis. a. a person's physical growth b. brain development c. a person's genetic predisposition d. the whole individual

d. the whole individual

When genes switch on or off during development, this specifically refers to __________. a. whether they cause a disease (off) or not (on) b. whether there is a disorder (on) or not (off) c. whether they contain the correct DNA sequence inherited from the parent (on) or not (off) d. whether they make proteins (on) or not (off)

d. whether they make proteins (on) or not (off)

Children of immigrant parents who moved from a country in which nutrition was inadequate often grow up to be taller than their parents. But the taller parents among the immigrant group tend to have taller children. This indicates that __________. a. eating adequate amounts of food is a strong genetic trait b. height is primarily influenced by environmental factors c. height is not heritable d. without adequate nutrition, some genes affecting height might not get fully expressed

d. without adequate nutrition, some genes affecting height might not get fully expressed

Plasticity

development can be modified by experience

Nature vs Nurture

genetics vs environment

(IES) freud

id - bio needs; hunger, sex ego- personality superego- rules/ morals, conscience

Konrad Lorenz?

imprinting (ducks)

Why is successful attachment important?

increases likelihood of survival healthy/ social development

Bowlby's attachment theory

infants 8 to 12 months of age who have a secure attachment are happy to see the caregiver don't want to be separated from them start crying, crawling closer, snuggling to be w/ caregiver go to them if they're upset ill

Multiple regression analysis

measure other variables to see if they are important ex: weight (malnourished)

UCS vs CS

naturally causes action vs naturally causes action with training food makes dog drool vs bell makes dog drool

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

never happened before, now you train it to happen often begins w/ reflexes, pre-existing stimulus, usual response; ex: food + bell = drooling

UCR vs CR

no learning required vs learning required drooling w/ food vs drooling w/ bell

Observational Learning (Bandura)

occurs when a child observes another person perform an action tries to imitate it

Freud psychosexual stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage (OAPLG)

Development

patterns of growth change in behavior, thinking, & emotions over time

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

punishment/ reinforcement increase/ decrease behavior

Developmental theory

rules/ statements that describes, explains, predicts various aspects of development

Ethologists

study behavior in natural settings

punishment vs reinforcement positive vs negative

to stop vs to make happen add vs take away

According to Gottlieb's developmental systems model, the fact that if one twin has schizophrenia, only 41 percent to 65 percent of identical twins have the disorder indicates that __________. a. influences on schizophrenia are not bidirectional, as was previously thought b. the gene (or genes) for schizophrenia could have been turned on by stressful experiences in the environment for one member of a twin pair but not for the other in some cases c. the twins must not have shared the gene for schizophrenia d. genetic influences on schizophrenia are very small

b. the gene (or genes) for schizophrenia could have been turned on by stressful experiences in the environment for one member of a twin pair but not for the other in some cases

One of the problems in determining the meaning of extremely high correlations of the cognitive ability scores of identical twins is that they share genes and a common environment. A design that gets around this limitation is __________. a. the study of fraternal twins reared apart b. the study of identical twins reared apart and reunited c. the study of parents who raised their biological children d. an intervention attempting to raise the cognitive ability of twins

b. the study of identical twins reared apart and reunited

A child who lives in a stressful home environment is fearful when interacting with other children in kindergarten, despite the teacher's efforts to encourage her. She is increasingly ignored by her peers and as a result does not develop skills in initiating play. Her family moves, she starts first grade at a new school, and she is ignored by peers and picked on by a bully, who is easily able to make her fearful and upset. The best term to describe this developmental pattern is __________. a. resilience b. maturation c. a developmental cascade d. nature-nurture interaction

c. a developmental cascade

Suppose scientists identify a gene related to shyness in children, but not in all cases. They find that children with this gene were more likely to withdraw from social situations when subjected to the stress of moving to a new school than when they stayed in the same school. By contrast, children without the gene showed no difference in social withdrawal in the two types of situations. This example fits most closely to the concept of __________. a. a strong effect of environment on behavior b. an evocative gene-environment correlation c. a gene-environment interaction d. an active gene-environment correlation

c. a gene-environment interaction

Suppose a child adopted from an orphanage continues to show a negative reaction to being placed in a crib for several months after being adopted into a supportive and loving home. According to learning theorists, this might be a(n) __________ response learned from months of stressful experiences spent in her crib at the orphanage. a. observational learning b. unconditioned c. classically conditioned d. operant conditioned

c. classically conditioned

An enduring contribution of Freud's theory is his proposal that difficulties in __________ contribute to later development. a. imprinting b. toilet training c. early experience d. becoming conditioned to the environment

c. early experience