PSYC 3530 Exam 3 (Ch. 13-17)

As part of their therapy, clients learn to evaluate their unusual thoughts, track the accuracy of magical predictions, and reconnect with the world and with their limitations. The diagnoses of these clients would MOST likely be in which broad category of personality disorder?

"odd"

The elderly have a _____ rate of psychotic symptoms compared with younger individuals, and the onset of schizophrenia is _____ among the elderly than among younger individuals. A) higher; more common B) higher; less common C) lower; more common D) lower; less common

B) higher; less common

Research suggests that even though second-generation antipsychotic medications reduce psychotic symptoms, they: A) offer no insight as to what causes schizophrenia in the first place. B) may only moderately improve overall life satisfaction among those with chronic schizophrenia. C)represent a minor advance in the treatment of schizophrenia compared to conventional antipsychotic drugs. D)produce other symptoms that are more debilitating than those that are produced by conventional medications.

B) may only moderately improve overall life satisfaction among those with chronic schizophrenia.

A person with Alzheimer's disease shows decreased brain activity in the diencephalon. This decreased activity should be related to: A) no change in either the function of short-term memory or in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories. B) no change in the function of short-term memory but problems in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories. C) problems in the function of short-term memory but no change in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories. D) problems in both the function of short-term memory and in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories.

B) no change in the function of short-term memory but problems in the conversion of short-term memories to long-term memories.

Which of these is a biomarker that usually accompanies Alzheimer's disease?

Elevated beta-amyloid & tau proteins.

What behavior suggests that a child has autism spectrum disorder?

The child is not responsive to other people.

Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

The early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors, symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of Parkinson's Disease

Which is NOT a criticism of the use of IQ test results to diagnose intellectual disability?

They are not valid predictors of school performance.

The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:

an impairment in the ability to recognize words and comprehend what is being read.

Researchers differentiate older problem drinkers into those who have _____ and those who _____.

been abusing alcohol for most of their life; are late-onset alcohol abusers

Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a _____ view.

behavioral

The MOST common and successful treatments for encopresis are:

behavioral and medical treatments.

Research suggests that an effective treatment plan for schizophrenia should include:

biological and psychological treatments.

If relatives of a person with schizophrenia come to have more realistic expectations, reduce their guilt, and work on establishing better communication, they are probably receiving:

family therapy.

A _____ is a person who specializes in the mental health of older persons.

geropsychology.

Studies of the "oldest old" show that compared with people in their 80s and early 90s, the oldest old are usually:

healthier, clearer minded and agile

People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, whereas people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.

initiating; separation

Therapists who advise clients to resist following orders from their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

challenging the ideas about the power of hallucinations.

The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are:

conduct disorder and ADHD

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women has been associated with: a. slowed progression of Alzheimer's disease b. higher rates of Alzheimer's disease compared to those who do not take these c. an increased risk for developing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles d. delayed or decreased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease

d. delayed or decreased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease

If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, what action will be required of clinicians?

rate the degree of dysfunctioning caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders.

Axl has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Axl may be exhibiting:

schizoid personality disorder.

A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis' because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing:

Loose associations

Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:

antisocial personality dosrder

MOST children in the United States with intellectual disability live:

at home

Which type of therapy has clients interact with computer-generated on-screen virtual human figures in an attempt to help them overcome their psychological problems?

avatar therapy

Lydia has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning. In the past, she would have been diagnosed with Asperger's disorder. Using the current DSM-5 criteria, she would now be diagnosed with:

social communication disorder

At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?

cover-nondestructive

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:

too positively rather than too negatively in early life

The primary difference between major and mild neurocognitive disorder is:

whether it interferes with independent functioning

If one were to develop drugs that increase or maintain the production of _____, then this could be used to treat or prevent Alzheimer's disease.

memory-linked proteins

Hallucinations are to _____, as delusions are to _____.

perceptual; cognitive

The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of:

personality disorder—trait specified.

A friend says, "My 70-year-old grandmother is in good physical health but has been diagnosed with depression. Should she even bother getting therapy? She is pretty old, after all." Based on current research, the BEST answer is:

yes, more than half of the elderly patients show improvement with therapy

Dementia is now classified as:

neurocognitive disorder.

The term double jeopardy describes people who may develop psychological problems because of being:

part of a minority group and are old

Missing an opportunity to place a recently discharged client in a halfway house is to _____, whereas not finding a room for a client because all halfway houses are all fully occupied is to _____.

poor coordination of services; shortage of services

Should drugs be used in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?

Yes, in low doses Antipsychotics appear to have helped

The goal of deinstitutionalization was to:

allow people with psychological disorders to be treated in the least restrictive environment.

One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:

are frequently unaware that they have a problem

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a: A)lower socioeconomic level. B)middle socioeconomic level. C)professional socioeconomic level. D)privileged (wealthy) socioeconomic level.

A)lower socioeconomic level.

Psychosis means: A) split personality. B) loss of contact with reality. C) brain seizures. D) drug abuse.

B) loss of contact with reality.

Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. A)positive B)negative C)hallucinatory D)psychomotor

B)negative

Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly. A. secondary sex characteristics B. language and motor skills C. thinking disorders D. allergies and other medical problems

B. language and motor skills

What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum?

Being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the: A)active phase. B)residual phase. C)prodromal phase. D)premorbid phase.

C)prodromal phase.

Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia, the _____ tends to be overactive, and the _____ tends to be underactive.

Substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins? A)2-5 percent B)15-18 percent C)40-60 percent D)70-80 percent

C)40-60 percent

People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as: A. cause-and-effect users. B. secondary effect abusers. C. mentally ill chemical abusers. D. uncontrollable chronic users.

C. mentally ill chemical abusers.

Compared with people closer to age 55, people older than 85 are about _____ as likely to experience delirium. A) two times B) three times C) ten times D) more than ten times

D) more than ten times

Theorists propose that institutionalized patients deteriorate because they are deprived of opportunities to develop self-respect and independence. The therapy that counters this effect by creating an environment that encourages self-respect and responsibility is known as:

Milieu Therapy.

What is the dark triad?

Psychopathy, Narcissism, Machiavellianism

Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?

They often occur together and feed into each other

Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change.

delusional thinking

The symptom of schizophrenia most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is:

delusions

Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?

dependent personality disorder

The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:

negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.

Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:

social anxiety.

The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia in institutions in the first half of the twentieth century was to:

use physical restraint.

Psychological disorders among the elderly can be divided into two groups:

1) Disorders that can occur throughout life 2)Disorders of cognition from brain abnormalities

Like those with paranoid personality disorder, those with avoidant personality disorder usually:

are very sensitive to criticism and avoid close relationships.

A child is extremely aggressive. She is always fighting with her peers and is frequently very cruel to them. She never tells the truth. Her MOST likely diagnosis is:

conduct disorder

Which have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder?

rapid social change

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

People with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present

Type I schizophrenia is to _____, as Type II schizophrenia is to _____.

Positive symptoms; negative symptoms

The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:

Schizophrenia

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

Schizophreniform disorder lasts for 1 to 6 months while schizophrenia lasts for 6 months or more

Which statement is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?

Some people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder.

Exercises that boost attention, memory, planning, and problem-solving are classified as _____, whereas exercises that train people how to understand and neutralize the voices in their head are classified as _____.

cognitive restructuring approaches; hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance approaches

A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:

ideas of reference.

If instruments such as the Big Five are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become:

less categorical and more a matter of degree.

If a patient developed extrapyramidal side effects after taking antipsychotic medication for several months, you would expect to see the patient showing primarily _____ dysfunction.

motor

Samuel, age 69, reports taking six prescription drugs, in addition to regularly taking two over-the-counter drugs. Among the elderly, Samuel is:

normal; the average elderly individual takes about this amount of drugs

One especially good reason to use a form of group therapy in the treatment of dependent personality disorder is that:

observe others coping skills and model appropriate behaviors and expression of feelings to one another

A child will not obey her mother. When threatened with punishment, she swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. Her outbreaks seem to be restricted to her parents, but she is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:

oppositional defiant disorder

An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is termed:

personality disorder

Behavior called _____ occurs when a person commits social misdeeds such as slandering others, spreading rumors, and manipulating friendships.

relational aggression

What percentage of 10-year-olds meet the criteria for enuresis?

5 percent

Research evaluating sociocultural approaches to dealing with Alzheimer's disease, for example, assisted-living facilities and day-care facilities, shows that, in general, patients receiving these forms of care:

Enjoy life more, and don't continue to decline as quickly.

The MOST common anxiety disorder among the elderly is:

generalized anxiety disorder.

Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:

creating a new disorder, called disruptive mood dysregulation

Among the elderly, psychotic cognitive symptoms are usually caused by:

delirium and dementia.

An elderly person who develops false beliefs that are not bizarre is MOST likely suffering from:

delusional disorder

What is the relationship between age and anxiety in the elderly?

As age increases, the rate of anxiety disorders increases.

A rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner is:

Delirium

Group therapy is particularly useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder, mainly because group therapy:

provides practice in social interactions.

Why do very young children rarely experience hopelessness?

they lack the cognitive skills

Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to Alzheimer's disease? A) concussion or other brain injury B) autoimmune disorder C) slow-acting viral infections D) exposure to zinc or lead

A) concussion or other brain injury

Schizophrenia is to _____, as Parkinson's disease is to _____.

Psychological; neurological

People with _____ personality disorder deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of others' motives.

Paranoid personality disorder

How can one BEST determine whether the use of token economies is an effective means of changing problematic behavior?

Record and compare behavior between a group that received tokens against a group that did not

What is the concern regarding the changes produced by token economies?

The person may have learned new behaviors without changing his/her distorted thinking.

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

25%

Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all EXCEPT:

Anything happy or positive toward one another

MOST cases of mild intellectual disability seem to be related to: A)inherited traits. B)sociocultural and psychological factors. C)fetal alcohol syndrome. D)organic brain syndrome.

B)sociocultural and psychological factors.

A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of these diagnoses is that: A)if allowed to stay home, children with school refusal generally recover. B)separation anxiety usually lasts into adulthood, while school refusal does not. C)in separation anxiety, the fear is limited to school. D)school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.

D)school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.

A person who is experiencing a potentially fatal reaction to an antipsychotic drug involving muscle rigidity and autonomic nervous system dysfunction is displaying:

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

About one-third of people who have schizophrenia live: a. living on their own, unsupervised b. in jail c. on the street d. in halfway houses

a. living on their own, unsupervised

During the mid-1900s, why were the most "difficult" patients transferred to the back wards of state hospitals, where they were often isolated, restrained, and punished?

because the priority of state hospital shifted from treating people humanely to maintaining order

Which problem related to substance abuse is more typical among the elderly than other age groups? a.Alcohol use disorder b.Drinking in reaction to negative life events c.Misuse of illicit drugs d.Misuse of prescription drugs

d.Misuse of prescription drugs

As people age, the incidence of alcohol abuse and other forms of substance abuse:

decreases

What is the name of the comprehensive treatment approach applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicidal intent?

dialectical behavior therapy

The typical pattern of Alzheimer's for the patient is: A) denial, anxiety, withdrawal, dependency. B) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, hope. C) denial, projection, regression. D) denial, acceptance, reemergence, reinforcement.

A) denial, anxiety, withdrawal, dependency.

The LEAST likely contributor to the differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is: A) economic factors. B) social bias. C) stereotyping. D) differences in drug tolerance.

A) economic factors.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is to _____, as Huntington's disease is to _____. A) viral cause; genetic cause B) motor problems; speech problems C) slow onset; gradual onset D) early-onset Alzheimer's disease; late-onset Alzheimer's disease

A) viral cause; genetic cause

When Grant was released from the hospital after receiving treatment for schizophrenia, his parents scolded him about finding a job and were very critical of his dietary habits. Grant later became suspicious of his parents, and his delusional thoughts soon returned. This example illustrates: A)a high level of expressed emotion displayed by Grant's parents. B)unconditional positive regard for feelings. C)cognitive dissonance between Grant and his parents. D)a common problem that occurs when people are released from mental hospitals

A)a high level of expressed emotion displayed by Grant's parents.

If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do? A)avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established. B)avoid only binge drinking, since only binge drinking is associated with FAS. C)drink no more than the equivalent of one ounce of alcohol per day. D)drink no more than the equivalent of two ounces of alcohol per day.

A)avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.

I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple choice test item; I just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called: A)avolition. B)ahedonia. C)inappropriate affect. D)flat affect.

A)avolition.

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing: A)catatonic stupor. B)catatonic excitement. C)catatonic rigidity. D)catatonic posturing.

A)catatonic stupor.

If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that: A)the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain. B)the person knows that the hallucinations are fictional. C)hallucinations and delusions are coded in the same place in the person's brain. D)the person is aware of auditory hallucinations but not aware of other types of hallucinations.

A)the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain.

What is the most effective ADHD treatment program? A. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best. B. Psychodynamic therapy works best, with or without drugs. C. Dietary changes work best in the long term. D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy outperforms even methylphenidate.

A. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.

The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is: A. narcissistic. B. histrionic. C. schizotypal. D. borderline.

A. narcissistic.

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which of the following statements? A)Poverty and social disruption cause schizophrenia. B)Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption. C)Genetic factors cause both schizophrenia and poverty. D)Schizophrenia causes marital disruption, which causes poverty.

B)Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.

Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from: A)disturbances in affect. B)disturbances in volition. C)a disturbed sense of self. D)a disturbed relationship with the outside world.

B)disturbances in volition.

Helena was just discharged from a public mental health facility. She went to live with other former patients in a group-living arrangement. There were staff members there to help, but the residents controlled most of the day-to-day activities. Helena's living arrangement is a: A)day center. B)halfway house. C)short-term hospital. D)sheltered workshop.

B)halfway house.

Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." Based on research, what is the BEST response? A)"It's true that most homeless people experience a serious psychotic disorder." B)"That's a big myth. Virtually no homeless people are truly schizophrenic." C)"Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia." D)"You should be scared. Mentally ill homeless people are usually violent.

C)"Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia."

What do Parkinson-like symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia have in common? A)They are all symptoms of schizophrenia. B)They all result mostly from taking the newer antipsychotic drugs. C)They all involve disruption of motor control. D)They all can be treated with conventional antipsychotic drugs.

C)They all involve disruption of motor control.

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is: A)visual. B)tactile. C)auditory. D)olfactory.

C)auditory.

Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from: A)delusions of persecution. B)delusions of grandeur. C)delusions of reference. D)delusions of control.

C)delusions of reference.

Patients are MORE likely to recover from schizophrenia if they: A)had hallucinations but no delusions. B)showed delusions but no hallucinations. C)demonstrated good premorbid functioning. D)had primarily negative rather than positive signs

C)demonstrated good premorbid functioning.

Some hospitalized mental patients not only failed to improve but also suffered negative effects of their care. This syndrome is called: A)schizophrenogenesis. B)hyperinstitutionalization. C)social breakdown syndrome. D)downward drift.

C)social breakdown syndrome.

What is the MOST common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability? A. Tay-Sachs disease B. sickle cell disease C. PKU D. Reyes syndrome

C. PKU

"Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s, when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, emotional praise at the group. These behaviors MOST closely resemble the characteristics of: A. schizoid B. antisocial C. histrionic D. narcissistic

C. histrionic

The person MOST responsible for coordinating community service and providing practical help with problem-solving social skills and ensuring that medications are being taken properly is a:

Case manager.

Possible reasons for the difference in Alzheimer's disease risk for non-Hispanic white Americans compared with other racial and ethnic groups include all of the following EXCEPT: A) genetic factors that are linked to Alzheimer's disease. B) differences in general health such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. C) differences in exposure to environmental toxins such as lead and zinc. D) stress brought about by language and employment barriers.

D) stress brought about by language and employment barriers.

As a psychiatrist, you prescribe a patient with schizophrenia a second-generation antipsychotic medication. What patient education, regarding this medicine, should you provide? A)This medication is most effective against negative symptoms of schizophrenia. B)This medication is commonly associated with undesired extrapyramidal symptoms. C)This medication is effective in only a small percentage of patients who take it. D)This medication needs to be taken even after symptoms have subsided.

D)This medication needs to be taken even after symptoms have subsided.

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by: A)the sudden loss of social status a woman experiences immediately after giving birth. B)maternal diabetes, which is at its worst during and after birth. C)feelings of diminished worth, combined with anxiety related to child care. D)a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth.

D)a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth.

Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children in 2001. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were: A)typical; almost all of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. B)typical; at least 75 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. C)somewhat typical; about 50 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. D)atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

D)atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

Other than an autopsy after death, the BEST way to diagnose the presence of Alzheimer's disease is by:

a brain scan of hippocampal function.

Which drug appears to work more at serotonin and D-1 and D-4 dopamine receptors than at D-2 dopamine receptors? a. clozapine b. Thorazine c. haloperidol d. chlorpromazine

a. clozapine

The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:

borderline personality disorder and eating disorders

Sylvie is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, she now lives on her own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. She would not be considered to have intellectual disability because: a. she is too old. b. her IQ is not low enough. c. her daily functioning is adequate. d. her condition was not diagnosed before she turned 18.

c. her daily functioning is adequate.

The _____ approach to personality disorders assumes that personality disorders should be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.

dimensional

Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:

histrionic disorder.