PSYC 360 FINAL

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alcohol withdrawal delirium

formerly known as delirium tremens (the DTs); acute state of confusion following cessation of alcohol use; characterized by intense anxiety, tremors (shaking), hallucinations, fever, sweater

psychosexual stages of development

four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage

Generalized anxiety disorder is a feeling of _____ _______ anxiety

free floating

What is panic disorder?

frequent experience of panic attacks accompanied by anxiety about the panic

Edwin Shneidman says that suicide results from what? Describe it

from a situation in which an individual lacks resources to cope with a situation and is vulnerable to the impact of stress

EDs: hypothalamus or frontal/temporal lobe

frontal / temporal lobe; the defect is in a person's cognition not in their physiology (hormones); for example, people with anorexia are still hungry but their reasoning is keeping them from acting upon it

PET scan (positron emission tomography)

functional; examines neural function by tracing the path of radioactive glucose through the brain while a person performs a particular task

Functional MRI (fMRI)

functional; technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level while performing a particular task

1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance results in _________ ____________ in central domains of living

functioning difficulties

associated w/ psychopathic traits

impaired fear conditioning / low response to punishment (less amygdala activity and physiological arousal in response to fearful/sad faces)

experimental research

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses

Cure for Huntington's Disease

gene editing treatment

effects of marijuana

generally increased sense of pleasure and short-term memory deficits

... primarily explain why one person (and not others) can become obese

genes

genotype-environment correlation (rGE)

genes shape environment; Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.

diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia

genetic factors + prenatal/perinatal events —> brain vulnerability — (stress + developmental maturation) > psychosis

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

parkinson's: .... factors play an important role in earlier-onset cases while .... factors seem to be more important in later onset cases

genetic; environmental

What does rumination mean

getting stuck on particular thoughts

interpersonal dimension psychopathy (ASPECT 1 OF PSYCHOPATHY)

glibness/superficial charm; manipulativeness; narcissism; pathological lying

recent research suggests that ... .... (in addition to dopamine hyperactivity) may also underlie schizo

glutamate hypoactivity

Once alcohol reaches the brain, it reduces the functioning of _________ and increases the functioning of _________

glutamate, GABA

Suicide is actually not irrational, it is ________ oriented

goal

primary process thinking

gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands

cannabis use may speed up the loss of .... matter that accompanies schizophrenia

gray

Nancy School

group of physicians in nineteenth-century Europe who accepted the view that hysteria could be induced/cured via hypnosis

criterion group

group of subjects who exhibit the disorder/illnesses under investigation

treatment for general paresis

1. vaccinating w/ syphilis biomaterial (no development of secondary symptoms) 2. infect w/ blood of a malaria patient improved symptoms (malarial-grade fevers can kill syphilitic bacteria)

kinds of brain damage (2)

1.. diffuse 2. focal

developmental disorder characterized by (1) deficits in social interaction, (2) rigidly fixed interests and patterns of restrictive, stereotypic behavior and (3) deficits in communication

autism spectrum disorder

extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivity to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships (but not by willful choice), low self-esteem

avoidant personality disorder

more severe version of social phobia

avoidant personality disorder

Cluster C disorders

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Describe stimulus/anxiety and operant learning?

avoiding the stimulus is negatively reinforced through reduction of the anxiety

Aristotle

believed that conscious thought could help eliminate pain and achieve pleasure, but believed that mental illnesses were caused by humoral disturbances; "it's all in your head"

Once someone is too lethargic to take part in therapy, what do you do?

bring in anti-depressants to subdue symptoms so you can intervene

prognosis of EDs

bulimia + binge >> anorexia

regular bouts of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g. vomiting, laxative use, fasting, excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain

bulimia nervosa

attempting to remove mass amounts of food that has already been consumed (underweight)

burge/pinge type anorexia

CD age of onset

by age 12

OCC age of onset

by age 8

Cognitive behavioral therapy involves the therapist and the patient working together through this:

collaborative empiricism

Give an example of the learning perspective of alcoholism?

college students who drink in the social culture, and they don't drink unless the drinking culture is there and maintained

genetically predisp. children are at higher risk of schizo when placed into adoptive fams that score high in ... but do very well when placed in low ... families

communication deviance

Emil Kraeplin

developed early classification system for mental disorders that is the basis for today's system; grouped illnesses by common symptoms; demonstrated illnesses tend to show specific patterns in terms of course and outcome

psychological assessment

developing a SUMMARY of a client's symptoms and problems using psychological tests, observations, and interviews (PROCESS)

universal interventions (psychosocial)

developings skills for: problem-solving expressing emotions engaging in satifyinging relationships accurate sense of sense coping with challenges

What is withdrawal?

development of specific syndrome of negative symptoms related to cessation of the use of substance

Aaron beck came up with the idea that cognitive biases and perceptual distortions lead to what?

development of the negative triad

field at intersection of developmental and clinical psychology

developments psychopathology

requisite for diagnosis w/ antisocial personality disorder

diagnosis w/ conduct disorder before age of 15

Treating Borderline Personality Disorder

dialectic behavioral training (DBT) - encourage patients to accept neg affect w/o resorting to self-destructive behavior - teach interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills - includes group + indiv therapy, as well as phone coaching

nearly all instances of eating disorders begin with a ...

diet; positively reinforced/encouraged to continue, into a drastic extent "diet that didn't stop"

... primarily determined why people today tend to be more obese than fifty years ago

diff. environments

The PBD notion suggests that bipolar depression has different/similar symptoms for children and adults

different

Why is PTSD now not an anxiety disorder?

different etiology

Is it hard to easy to treat OCD?

difficult

Is panic easy or difficult to treat

difficult

What is persistent depressive disorder also known as

dysthymia

Anxiety disorders are all comorbid with what 2 things?

each other and other mood disorders

Typical onset of bipolar is earlier or later than major depression?

earlier

The locus ceruleus emerged early or late in evolution

early

inc risk of depression (childhood)

early traumatic events

anxious children progression

easily conditioned to aversive stimuli in a way that makes it harder to cope with future benign stimuli

AN: skin

easy bruising, dry skin, fine hair coat, yellow skin, brittle nails

OCPD is highly comorbid with

eating disorders

Interpersonal therapy uses ___________ focused ___________ therapy in order to improve people's _________ skills

ego, psychodynamic, social

16th century BCE

egyptian papyri describe brain as site of mental functions

neural impulse (action potential)

electrical signal traveling down the axon

medications that can block the desire to drink (causes sickness)

emetic medications

brain, schizophrenia: limbic system

emotion; disturbances contribute to agitation

neural bases of addiction: endorphins

endogenous opiate (naturally found in the brain) that is a pain & stress killer that causes feelings of wellness & happiness

Depressed individuals lack _______ and _______, complaining about a feeling of tiredness

energy, motivation

What is sub-intentional suicide?

engaging in behavior that will result in death over time, they do things that they know will kill them but they do it anyway even if they don't actually want to die

direct sadism

enjoying acting cruel

vicarious sadism

enjoying watching cruelty

... factors influence who ends up with ASPD/substance use disorders

environmental

What does the learning perspective say alcohol use is maintained by?

environmental contingencies

When alcohol enters the system, it is metabolized by ________ in the ________

enzymes, liver

MDD is a ________ disease that has spontaneous __________ states

episodic, remission

Freudian slips

errors in speech that unwittingly reveal our true motives

Edwin Shneidman said that suicide is an attempt to do what?

escape from an inescapable situation

hormone explored as schizo treatment

estrogen

protective factor against schizophrenia (hormone)

estrogen

Before puberty, how is the gender distribution of depressed children

even

Why are dimensions and categories important to consider in anxiety disorders?

everyone is anxious to a certain extent, to so when does that person have a problem?

Anxiety is an _________ adaption

evolutionary

According to the functionalist perspective, emotions are selected by what?

evolutionary pressures

Acute symptoms

evolve over minutes to hours and are life threatening

Phobias are ________ of evolutionary fears that were built into you

exaggerations

neurotransmitter(s): schizo

excess dopamine + deficient glutamate

bulimic (compensatory) behaviors

excessive exercise, laxatives, purging, fasting

substance abuse

excessive use of a substance resulting in a hazardous behavior and/or significant adverse consequences; use impairs everyday life (do job, scholarly responsibilities, etc.) -mild-to-moderate term to substance dependence

flashbacks

experiencing the effects of a hallucinogenic drug (most often LSD), long after discontinuing use of the drug.

In cognitive behavioral therapy, they help the client design _______________ that test what?

experiments, faulty assumptions about the world

In rational emotive therapy, the therapist assumes they are the ____________ and they attempt to ________ the patient out of bad thoughts

expert, talk

In comparison to pediatric bipolar disorder, in what main way is adulthood how is bipolar disorder different?

explosive irritability is not common

flooding

exposes a person to their fear in its worst possible manifestation ALL AT ONCEE

Western media + EDs

exposure to western media linked to body dissatisfaction esp. in women

strong predictor of relapse

expressed emotion (EE)

internal validity

extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

external validity

extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

The cure for phobias is _________

extinction

... intervention: aimed at specif. groups of high-risk individs who show minimal but detectable signs of illness (e.g. people experiencing immediate shock after traumatic event, people who have careers w/ high burnout/suicide rates)

indicated

closed brain injuries cause ... damage as a result of...

indirect, diffuse damage as a result of the brain coming into sharp contact with the skull

What is a a hypomanic episode?

individual starts out feeling really up and into things, tons of energy, elevated self esteem, easily angered and irritable

What is learned helplessness?

individuals learn that their behavior is ineffective, and stop behaving accordingly

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

rise of biological perspective: general paresis

inflammation of the brain that occurs in the later stages of syphilis; causes paralysis, progressive dementia, and (generally) death within 2-5 years

What are some of the symptoms of mania? Name 5

inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, increased activity

dynamic formulation

info about client's personality + social context formed by clinician -describe client's current situation -include hypotheses about: (1) why behind the maladaptive behavior (2) client's future behavior, esp. regarding treatment efficacy

Inhibited vs. Uninhibited Temperament

inhibited: timid, easily distressed, fearful of new people/situations uninhibited: bold, sociable, outgoing ,open to taking risks

The _________ effects of alcohol wear off quickly which is why alcoholics don't sleep much

inhibitory

Alcohol is both ________ and _________

inhibitory, stimulant

What is more common for MDD? Insomnia and loss for appetite or excessive sleeping/eating

insomnia and loss of appetite

withdrawal symptoms from opiates

insomnia, excessive sweating, diminished appetite, tremors, delirium

Philippe Pinel (Humanitarian Reform in Europe)

instituted more humane treatment while in charge of a Paris mental hospital -- led to improved health (removed chains, moved patients to rooms w/ windows, allowed them to exercise on hospital grounds)

implicated in nicotine addiction

insula

significant impairment in general intelligence and adaptive functioning that appears before the age of 18

intellectual disability

What are specific phobias

intense and persistent fears that apply to one very specific sort of object or situation

A panic attack involves a sudden onset of________

intense fear

What is agoraphobia?

intense fears about experiencing the symptoms of anxiety in public

In the DSM IV, all disorders that involved __________ state of ___________ were in the same category called _________ disorders

intense, sadness, mood

Interpersonal therapy is surrounded around the fact that depression is due to?

interpersonal issues

Freudians developed this type of therapy:

interpersonal therapy

This type of therapy is the less popular way to treat depression:

interpersonal therapy

structured assessment interview

interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout; - takes longer - may include some irrelevant questions - tends to yield more reliable results

Quakers (Early 19th century)

introducing more humane practices in England; training for nurses, mandatory asylum inspections, etc; similar practices adopted by oolonies

________ thoughts are a common complaint for PTSD

intrusive

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

neurocognitive disorders

involves a rel. loss in cog. function due to brain disease or damage

Describe what systematic desensitization is?

involves exposing the person to the phobia in different ways while teaching the person progressive relaxation

prospective research

involves looking forward in time; focuses on individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed

Ellis started the idea that many problems in life are due to ____________ beliefs

irrational

Obsessions can be quite _______

irrational

Rational emotive therapy helps the client identify what?

irrational beliefs about the world

Contrary to Western thought, emotions are not ________ but rather represent what?

irrational, a highly adaptive system

abnormality: "is the behavior expected and/or controllable?"

irrationality/unpredictability

For children, ___________ is much more important part of the problem for bipolar disorder

irritability

childhood depression: same diagnostic criteria BUT

irritability instead of "depressed" mood

The issue with hypomania is the elevated moods are backed by a deep sense of _______ and _______

irritability, anger

People with MDD may also exhibit these 3 characteristics:

irritability, guilt, hostility

What are some symptoms of GAD?

irritability, tension, fatigue, minor aches and pains

What is the locus of causality?

is this bad stuff my fault

caused by artery clot in brain

ischemic stroke

Suicide risks are highest in places where people are more _______

isolated

Suicides in middle and later adulthood involve what 2 things?

isolation and hopelessness

Why should people not stay in their manic stages?

it devolves into making impulsive, bad decisions

Why don't people just let people with MDD heal on their own? Can they heal on their own?

it has spontaneous remission states, but it is a very unpleasant experience with high risks of suicide

In the DSM5, why do they consider agoraphobia a panic AND anxiety disorder?

it is the recognition that patients are staying home not because of panic but because of anxiety

What is the danger of a controlled drinking attempt?

it is very easy to fall off the wagon and begin drinking heavily

What is the issue with lithium carbonate?

it is very toxic in high levels

Why is flooding not a good form of treatment?

it is very unpleasant

What is the idea of the disease model?

it may work well for specific groups of people but it looks different for many people

PTSD was once unique in DSM4. Why?

it was one of the only ones that had an implied etiology

What is the issue with AA?

it works for people who actually go, but most people who go never come back

What are the 3 depressive disorders in DSM5?

major depression, persistent depression disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Elevated levels of cortisol have been related to _________

major depressive disorder

OCD has high comorbidity with _________ because both result in __________

major depressive disorder, ruminating

What are the 2 mood disorders in DSMIV in regards to depression?

major depressive disorders, dysthymia

neurocog disorders classified as ... or ....

major or mild based on severity

people w/ BPD may be genetically more sensitive to ..., altering ..., which may compromise the neural circuits involved in ...

negative life experiences; HPA axis function; emotion regulation

By doing response blocking, this stops the _________ _________ of the compulsion relieving ________ that comes with obsession

negative reinforcement, anxiety

Aaron Beck's cognitive triad

negative thoughts about: 1. self 2. situation 3. future

Avoidance behavior is positively or negatively reinforced

negatively

normally acts as phys. support for the inside of neurons; in Alzheimer's, neurons collapse when these become twisted

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted, web-like nerve filaments made up of tau protein

neurofibrillary tangles

earliest/most severely affected neurons by alzheimer's

neurons that produce acetylcholine (Ach)

What did Freud used to call PTSD?

neuroses

What are a few popular addictions?

nicotine, caffeine

Researchers have suggested that _______ and _____________ in adulthood are related to the same underlying problems

pediatric bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder

Ataque de nervios

people become hysterical, exhibiting violence and sometimes not even remembering the event

Aaron Beck

people make maladaptive cognitive errors because they possess relatively stable cognitive schemata that contain dysfunctional beliefs; when these schemata get activated. they affect how people interpret themselves, the world, and/or their future

Personality trait that is highly predictive of eating disorders

perfectionism

tendency to pursue unattainably high standards combined with an intolerance of mistakes

perfectionism

community psychologists

perform research on how social environments can foster psychological health and engage in grassroots social action to create those environments

Parents make few demands of their children and often indulge their every wish and allow every behavior

permissive

In the DSM5, instead of dysthymia it is called?

persistent depressive disorder

What is a more chronic condition of MDD?

persistent depressive disorder

What is hoarding disorder?

persistent difficulty parting with possessions

The main feature of OCD is _________ ________ that provoke anxiety and ________ _________ that relieve the anxiety

persistent obsessions, compulsive behaviors

What are social phobias

persistent unrealistic fears and avoidance of social situations

Anhedonia usually means what?

person is deep into a depressive episode

cycle of expressed emotion

personal criticism —> stress response —> cortisol —> dopamine/glutamate dysfunction

There is a debate about whether or not persistent depressive disorder is a _________ problem

personality

inflexible and distorted patterns of traits and behaviors that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world

personality disorder

pre-8th century BCE

personality/behavior probs (that seem to resemble antisocial personality disorder) described on Mesopotamian tablets

ex. of GxE

phenylketonuria (PKU)

intellectual disability caused by significant consumption of phenylalanine when unable to metabolize

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Describe what the preparedness notion is:

phobias are exaggerations of fears that were built into you through evolution, they are not random

Alcoholism is a problem that must be treated with a team that includes a _________

physician

What gland secretes cortisol?

pineal gland

What gland is most important in depression? What does it secrete?

pineal gland, cortisol

'mainstreaming'

placing children w/ intellectual disabilities in on-level classrooms for part or most of the day

in the DSM, most compulsive behavior produces ________ but this is not the case for this specific disorder:

pleasure, obsessive compulsive disorder

schizo is ....genic

polygenic

"lie detectors"

polygraphs; measure physiological arousal (heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, blood pressure)

Personality traits/mental illnesses: genetics

polymorphisms/abnormalities in certain genes -- almost always polygenetic (influenced by multiple); controls how our brains function (neurotransmitter/hormone regulation,etc)

What are some symptoms of persistent depressive disorder?

poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low self esteem

AN: brain + nerves

poor memory, fogged thought, irritable, sad, moody, anxious about weight, fainting, changes in brain chem

T/F: Healthy controls imagining someone speaking to them had activation in Broca's area as well (as those w/ auditory hallucinations)

true

T/F: Twin studies suggest that genes play a role in thinness, obesity, and the tendency to binge eat

true

T/F: changes to the brain can still occur from impacts that aren't strong enough to cause a full-blown concussion

true

T/F: people w/ pers disorders tend to enter therapy at someone else's insistence and often do not believe they need to change

true

T/F: prenatal nutritional deficiency can inc. likelihood of schizophrenia

true

T/F: subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, catatonic, etc..) no longer recognized in the DSM-5

true

T/f: Marital discord/propensity for divorce can be transmitted intergenerationally

true

T/f: Negative correlation between low SES and incidence of mental illness, but the strength of the relationship differs by illness

true

t/f temperament is determined largely by genetics

true

t/f: Although most students report negative attitudes towards bullying, most do not intervene in the face of bullying and up to 20-30% actually encourage the bully

true

The DSM5 replaced pediatric bipolar disorder with depressive mood dysregulation disorder in order to do what?

protect kids from being prescribed antipsychotics

The G protein is what?

protein on the membrane of a nerve cell that regulates the flow of electricity in and out of the cell

psychiatric nurse

provides daily support for those in inpatient care

What is a drug that helps OCD?

prozac

Depressed people feel like they're in a fog called __________

pseudo-dementia

4 yr med school + residency; can prescribe

psychiatrists

Because of the influence of ______________ paradigm, depression during childhood was ignored for a while

psychodynamic

5-8 yr grad school + dissertation + clinical internship; can't prescribe

psychologists

antisocial + interpersonal / affective deficits

psychopathy

symptoms of antisocial personality disorder +++++ interpersonal and affective deficits

psychopathy

psychosis vs. dissociative states

psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, unreal thoughts; no break in identity/perception/memory; still integrated as a whole

externalizing disorders

psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency

Anti-psychotics are used for when a patient becomes _______________

psychotic

2 types of bulimia

purge vs nonpurge (laxatives, overexercise, etc.)

What does flooding mean?

put someone in all of the fears they can possibly feel at once and eventually it will experience extinction

Early-onset cases of Alzheimer's Disease (40-50 y/o) appear to be caused by ....

rare genetic mutations including one on chromosome 21 (down's chromo)

In this type of therapy, the therapist is talking you out of irrational beliefs

rational emotive therapy

What did Albert Ellis develop?

rational emotive therapy

a habitual drinker says she drinks "just to be social"

rationalization

The core features of PTSD include a cycling between these three things:

re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of the trauma, arousal

The _______________ alternates with __________ when recovering from trauma

re-experiencing, avoidance

When it is said that the trauma victim is caught between a rock and a hard place, this is referring to cycling between what?

re-experiencing, avoidance

The real good thing about controlled drinking is that people can use it as a tool to do what?

reach abstinence

in an attempt to repress angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness

reaction formation

What is PTSD?

reaction to extreme stress and trauma exposure, disorder that has been around for centuries

secondary process thinking

reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands

Are tricyclic antidepressants effective in the short term?

reasonably yes

Dendrites

receive messages from other cells

What are the three main features of substance abuse? Describe them

results in functioning difficulties in central domains of living, use of substance in hazardous situations, use of substance although leads to interpersonal difficulties

defense mechanism: regression

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

SSRI's work by interfering with what? What does this result in?

reuptake of serotonin so there is more serotonin in the body

What is intoxication

reversible substance specific syndrome that is maladaptive and leads to some form of impairment

In recovering from trauma, people do ________ ___________ to help you re-establish the self as worthy again

social comparison

What is this an example of? Single woman saying this sucks but at least I'm not married, married woman saying this sucks but at least I'm not single

social comparison

Adolescents who show greater ... activity in response to food commercials are more likely to overeat/become overweight

striatum

Gestalt therapy

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self; unconscious thoughts + emotions + bodily responses = meaningful whole

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

What makes GAD so difficult to treat?

there isn't a specific thing that makes their anxiety go away, they are anxious about everything

Why should social problems be added to the DSM criteria for MDD?

they are crucial in identifying the disorder

What is one theory why men have less prevalence of MDD?

they are more likely to self medicate

How would personality issues with someone with MDD be a bad cycle?

they are unpleasant so they experience rejection, and rejection exacerbates their low self esteem

What did the DSM5 do with the issue of pediatric bipolar diagnosis?

they didn't include a separate diagnosis, the adult criteria is applied to children

What is good about SSRI's?

they don't have too bad of side effects

Why are men able to drink more usually?

they have more efficient livers

Why do people think that they are having a heart attack when they are having a panic attack?

they have similar physiological effects

clinicians can violate confidentiality if ....

they learn that a client is planning to harm another person

E. Morton Jellinek emphasized the idea that eventually what happens to alcoholics?

they lose total control over their drinking, one drink invariably leads to blackout

Because people who are depressed can be unpleasant in social situations, what may happen?

they may experience rejection

Why would men be more likely to become alcoholics?

they suppress their depression through substance abuse

What makes people want to go back to the dangerous substances?

they want to avoid withdrawal

Perfectionistic people are more likely to internalize the ... ideal

thin

AN: hair

thin + brittle

Why would the locus ceruleus be sensitive to CO2?

this indicates that someone is suffocating

medication that alleviates schizo symptoms

thorazine (blocks dopamine receptors)

diathesis-stress: Interactive Model

those w/ stronger dispositions are more strongly affected by stress vis-a-vis the outcome

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

The individual must adjust their assumptive worlds to include trauma. How is this done?

through re-experiencing the event through nightmares/flashbacks

persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm usually localized to one muscle group

tic

brief psychotic disorder

time/symptom-limited schizo; less than a month

synaptic cleft (synapse)

tiny gap that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from the dendrite terminal of the next neuron

correlate

to correspond; to be mutually related; CO-OCCUR

Why was agoraphobia changed in the DSM5?

to match the ICD10 more

Some relevant behaviors of dependence include what? (3)

tolerance, very large amounts of substance, extreme efforts to obtain substance

dopamine dysregulation largely caused by

too much dopamine being created and released into synapse

extreme tic disorder involving multiple uncontrollable motor and vocal patterns

tourette's syndrome

cognitive remediation training

training efforts to help improve patients' overall functioning by first improving their neurocog skills (memory, attention, etc.)

Polygenic

trait controlled by two or more genes

When there is ____________, it shatters the __________ we have that everything in the world is great and the world is inherently good

trauma, illusions

exposure therapy

treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

structural family therapy

treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

Psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

These types of drugs came before SSRI's:

tricyclic antidepressants

What was the second generation of medications for major depression?

tricyclic antidepressants

AN: hormones

trouble w/ menstruation, pregnancy, labido, growing, depression, bone loss

amphetamines

"wonder pills" that could help people stay alert/awake and lose weight

withdrawal symptoms for opiates can onset within ... hours of the last dose

8 hrs

anal psychosexual stage

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

phallic psychosexual stage

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

dimensional approach to classification

(ab)normality occurs on a spectrum, and disorders can have different levels of severity

milieu

(n.) the setting, surroundings, environment

Libido (Freud)

(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire

genital psychosexual stage

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

At the age of _______, men's risk of suicide goes up a lot

80

guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)

***Places defendant in treatment facility rather than a prison; A verdict, equivalent to a finding of "guilty," that establishes that the defendant, although mentally ill, was in sufficient possession of his or her faculties to be morally blameworthy for his or her acts.

criteria for alcoholism

*problems associated with a preoccupation with drinking (symptomatic drinking, loss of control over drinking) *emotional problems (depression) *vocational, social, and family problems *physical problems (organ damage)

hormone production

brain - pituitary gland - other glands - hormones - body and brain

root cause of amnestic disorder

brain damage; not necessarily permanent

Steps of civil commitment

1. concerned party files petition for commitment hearing 2. judge appoints 2 examiners for mental state eval 3. hearing is held within 14 days of filing date 4. hospital must inform court if the person needs to be kept longer than 60 days

synthetic cathinones

"bath salts"; mimic the effects of amphetamines and produce increased motor activity, agitation, violence, and psychosis

insanity defense

"not guilty by reason of insanity" (NGRI)

meta-analysis

"study of studies"; a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies on a certain topic

disadvantage of using objective measures to quantify success in clinical populations

"average" doesn't mean healthy

Signs

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Cognitive behavioral therapy experiments are called what?

collaborative empiricism

Physicians + Overweight/Obese

- Decrease satisfaction w/ job - Less patience - More annoyed

Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)

1. delusions 2. hallucinations, 3. disorganized speech/behavior

observational approaches to research

1. direct (naturalistic) observation 2. biomarkers

Bandura: Observational Learning and Bobo Doll Experiment

- Preschool-aged children witness an experimenter acting very violent toward an inflatable doll -The child is then taken to another room filled with appealing toys, but told they can't play with them - The now-frustrated child is taken to another room with a few toys, including a Bobo doll - Frustrated children exposed to an adult modeling aggressive behavior were more likely to aggress against the doll

Organic Intellectual Disabilities

1. down syndrome 2. phenylketonuria (PKU) 3. macrocephaly 4. microcephaly 5. hydrocephaly

borderline personality disorder comorbidity

85% have at least one additional diagnosis (most diverse)

ADHD occurs in approx ... % of children

9%

Tarasoff vs. Regents of the University of California (1976)

- clinicians have a legal "duty to protect" but have latitude in discharging in favor of warning someone in danger - duty fulfilled if make "reasonable efforts" to inform potential victims - warning of threat doesn't have to come from patient, can come from family member - patient killed ex-girlfriend after declaring intent in therapy

APA's guidelines for when to seek help

- disruptive fears - compulsive rituals - sudden mood shifts - seeing or hearing things - self-destructive behavior - feelings of hopelessness - deep and lasting depression - thoughts of suicide or self-hard

On Being Sane in Insane Places (Rosenhan)

- simulated auditory hallucinations in order to gain admission into psyc hospitals - acted normal once admitted - forced to admit mental illnesses and take antipsychotic medications as conditions of release

...% of BPD patients report experiencing childhood abuse/neglect

90%

social risk factors for mental illness

-Early deprivation or trauma -Problems in parenting style -Marital discord or divorce -Low socioeconomic status or unemployment -Maladaptive peer relationships -Prejudice and discrimination

antisocial behavior

actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

left vs right hemisphere

-Left hemisphere is good at making quick, exact interpretations of language -Right hemisphere excels in making inferences, modulating speech, and facilitating self-awareness

antianxiety drugs

A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

2 key disagreements between psychodynamic and psychoanalytic (Freud) theorists

1. emphasized loftier motives as opposed to sex and aggression 2. more emphasis on the conscious mind (i.e., the ego and superego) in interpreting experience

adoption method of behavior genetics

-biological parent of individuals who have given disorder (and were adopted away shortly after birth) are compared w/biological parents of individuals without disorder (who were also adopted away shortly after birth) -if there is a genetic influence, there should be higher rates of disorder in biological relatives of those with disorder than in those without the disorder

single-case research design

an experimental research design (e.g. an ABAB design) that involves only one subject

presenting problem

A client's major symptoms and behavior; Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Prevention vs. treatment vs. maintenance

-prevention: directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur -treatment: corrective actions that will permit successful adaptations by eliminating or reducing the impact of an undesired problem or outcome that has already occurred -maintenance: efforts to increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse or re occurrence in the problem

Prevalence rate of Anorexia

.9% for women, .3% for men

because schizo is so symptomatically diverse, geneticists focus on studying ...

.endophenotypes

oral psychosexual stage

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia

0.7%

Prevalence rate of bulimia

1%

evaluating success in psychotherapy

1. clients' ratings of own symptoms 2. clinicians' ratings of their clients' symptoms 3. third-party ratings of the clients' symptoms 4. clients' performance on objective measures 5. observing clients' overt behaviors

personality disorder prevalence

1-3%

neurodevelopmental disorders

1. ADHD 2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 3. Tic/Tourette's Disorders

Medication for Treating Anorexia

1. Antidepressants: only weakly effective 2. Antipsychotic: help with distorted thinking (body dysmorphia); may induce weight gain

Freud's 3 levels of awareness

1. Conscious - ego 2. Preconscious - superego 3. Unconscious - id

systems of classification for diagnosis (2)

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA) 2. International Classification of Diseases (WHO)

2 ways of measuring brain's electrical currents

1. EEG (electroencephalogram) 2. MEG (magnetoencephalogram)

2 kinds of strokes

1. Ischemic 2. Hemorrhagic

2 forms of anatomical/structural brain imaging methods

1. MRI scan 2. CAT scan

CBT + Anorexia

1. Modify distorted beliefs about food, weight, and body image

2 forms of functional brain imaging methods

1. PET scan 2. fMRI scan

Individual risk factors for eating disorders

1. Perfectionism 2. Diets

why might people seek therapy?

1. SEEK HELP for mental illnesses or stressful life circumstances 2. to achieve PERSONAL GROWTH 3. after being referred by a general physician who couldn't find an explanation for their physical symptoms (psychosomatic) 4. because their PARTNER/PARENTS are using it as a THREAT 5. been COURT-ORDERED

Psychology is WEIRD

1. Western 2. Educated 3. Industrialized 4. Rich 5. Democratic

2 components of NGRI

1. admits to committing guilty acts (actus rea) 2. not blameworthy because they lacked full mental faculties at the time of the crime and "did not know what they were doing" (mens rea)

key elements of a productive therapy relationship

1. agreement on the goals and tasks of therapy 2. an emotional bond between client and therapist 3. a sense of working together collaboratively on the problem

Neuropathlogy of Alzheimer's disease

1. amyloid plaques 2. neurofibrillary tangles

most common pediatric mental illnesses

1. anxiety disorders (1 in 3) 2. behavior disorders 3. mood disorders

prenatal schizo risk factors

1. being born to a mother who was preg. during a viral epidemic or very stressful life event (antibodies transmitted to offspring) 2. rhesus incompatibility 3. hypoxia 4. prenatal nutrititonal deficiency

Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)

1. blunted affect 2. alogia 3. avolition/anhedonia

different theoretical models of classification

1. categorical 2. dimensional 3. prototypical

therapy specialists

1. clinical psychologists (Ph.D) 2. psychiatrists (M.D) 3. social workers (MSW)

weakness of diagnosing personality disordered

1. commonly misdiagnosed due to the fact that the criteria is subjective and rely on inferred traits (wrongly inferred regularity) 2. difficult to identify causal factors due to high comorbidity

contingency management

An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

neural bases of addiction for opiates

1. endorphins: endogenous opiate (naturally found in the brain) that is a pain & stress killer that causes feelings of wellness & happiness 2. dopamine theory of addiction: suggests that addiction (to any substance) leads to dysfunction in the brain's reward pathways 3. reward deficiency syndrome: addiction is more likely to occur in people who are less responsive to natural rewards

Schizo structural brain abnormalities

1. enlarged ventricles (not every patient) -- fluid filled cavities in brain

first-responders for therapy

1. general physicians 2. emergency room staff 3. members of the clergy 4. educators

subtypes of NPD

1. grandiose 2. vulnerable

Health risks: obesity

1. high cholesterol 2. hypertension 3. heart disease 4. reduced life expectancy (5-20 yr)

criteria for substance use disorder

1. impaired control (uses more/for longer than intended; tries unsuccessfully to regulate use; craves substance; spends much time gaining/using/recovering from use) 2. social impairment (fails to fulfill social obligations; continues to use despite problems; leads person to participate less in social behavior) 3. risky use (continued use regardless of acknowledged hazards/damages) 4. drug action / pharmacological criteria (tolerance/withdrawal)

risk facts: schizoid personality disorder

1. impairments to neural networks that promote social affiliation -- oxytocin 2. maladaptive cognitive schemata (e.g. "i am/will always be alone," "relationships are worthless," etc.) -- dark triad

neurotransmitter imbalances

1. inappropriate amount produced/released 2. reuptake process doesn't occur normally 3. receptors might not function properly

e.g. of selective interventions

1. intercepting and/or reducing the supply of drugs 2. education about dangers of substance abuse and avoidance strategies (DARE)

important things to keep in mind when assessing/diagnosing children (3)

1. less complex/realistic view of themselves and the world than they will later develop 2. often have more trouble coping than adults (and less resources available) 3. more dependent on other people

risk factors for conduct disorder

1. low SES 2. poor neighborhood 3. parental stress 4. depression

disorganized behavior may include...

1. markedly impaired self-care 2. silly/unusual conduct 3. catatonia

anorexia causes of death

1. medical complications 2. suicide

3 categories of mental illnesses (Hippocrates)

1. melancholia (sadness) 2. mania (crazed/high energy) 3. phrenitis (delusion)

Interpreting Results with Caution

1. methodologically sound (internally valid/free of confounding variables+alt explanations?) ? 2. representative sample? (external validity; generalizable to population) 3. reliability

kinds of twins

1. monozygotic/identical -share 100% genes 2. dizygotic/fraternal -share ~50% genes

early onset cases of ODD/CD tend to have...

1. neuropsychological deficits 2. lower verbal intelligence 3. attention deficits 4. impulse control issues 5. callous-unemotional (CU) traits

risk factors for schizophrenia

1. older fathers (>50 yrs.. at time of birth) 2. 1st/2nd-gen immigrants (esp. from Africa or the Caribbean living in majority-white communities) 3. Parent who works as a dry cleaner

childhood externalizing (disruptive behavioral) disorders

1. oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 2. conduct disorder (CD)

risk facts: paranoid personality disorder

1. parental abuse/neglect (avoidant-anxious) 2. traumatic brain injury 3. alcohol/cocaine abuse

ex. of neurocog disorders

1. parkinson's 2. huntington's 3. alzheimer's 4. HIV infection 5. vascular probs 6. head injuries

abandonment of moral management

1. prejudice against immigrants 2. overburdened hospital facilities/staff 3. rise of mental hygiene movement (comfort > treatment) 4. advances in biomedical sciences supported fatalistic perceptions

Effects of Marijuana depend on:

1. quality 2. dose 3. mood/personality of user 4. social setting 5. user's expectations

Scientific Method Steps

1. question 2. background research 3. hypothesis (and operationally define your variables) 4. test hypothesis by collecting data 5. analyze data and draw conclusions 6. report findings

projective personality tests (3)

1. rorschach inkblot test 2. thematic apperception test (TAT) 3. sentence completion test

cognitive errors

1. selectively perceiving world as harmful 2. overgeneralizing on basis of limited examples 3. magnifying significance of undesirable events 4. engaging in absolutist (all-or-none) thinking

binge eating (and later, obesity) can arise through

1. social pressure to conform to the thin ideal (body dissatisfaction —> dieting —>> failure —> binging) 2. depression + low self esteem (neg emotions —>> binging)

How can we define abnormality? (6)

1. subjective distress 2. maladaptiveness 3. statistical deviancy 4. violation of social standards + social discomfort 5. irrationality and unpredictability 6. dangerousness

Cases of mass madness (14th/15th centuries)

1. tarantism 2. lycanthropy

signs of concussion

1. temp loss of consciousness 2. amnesia for period surrounding 3. confusion or general sense of fogginess 4. trouble remembering new info 5. prog. worsening headache that won't go away 6. nausea or vomiting 7. excessive drowsiness 8.. slurred or incoherent speech 9. dizziness and/or balance probs

nearly .... of people with severe alcohol problems have at least one alcoholic parents

1/3

heritability of anorexia / anorexic tendencies

11x more likely than those w/o

people with alcohol dependence die, on average, ... yrs earlier

12 years

... % of children meet criteria for major depression

12%

epidemiology of alcohol-related issues (lifetime prevalence of Americans)

13% for alcohol abuse 5% for alcohol depedence

recovery rate: schizo

14-38% after 15-25 yrs w/ diagnosis (LOW recovery)

Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of?

15-20%

Asylums in Europe

16th century; resembled storage facilities/jails; some placed patients on public exhibit for fee;

intellectual disability: before age of...

18

diagnostic onset for ASPD (age requirement)

18 y/o

A typical bipolar will have an episode around _____

18-29

suicide risk of anorexia

18x more likely than those w/o

1st gen vs 2nd gen antipsychotics

1st gen: best for positive symptoms but can lead to EPS 2nd: fewer EPs

Thorazine, Haldol (antipsychotic) can lead:

1st generation antipsychotics; EPS (extrapyramidal side effects)

Cyclothymia is a chronic disorder that lasts at least _______ years

2

Prevalence rate of BED

2%

In order to have dysthymia, an individual must have symptoms for longer than _____ years without _________

2, remission

substance use disorder severity: mild

2-3 symptoms

autistic spectrum disorder tends to be diagnosed before age

2.5 yrs

Danish children who spent the first 15 yrs of their lives in urban environments were ... likely to develop schizo than those from more rural areas

2.75x more

OCD + OCPD comorbidty

20%

Chromosome of down syndrome

21

Risperdal Seroquel

2nd gen antipsychotics

Humoral Theory

A concept of health proposed by Hippocrates that considered wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humors. Sickness was believed to be the result of disturbances in the balance of humors.

Criteria for Conduct Disorder

3 out of 15 symptoms - aggression to people and animals - destruction of property - deceitfulness or theft - serious violation of rules impairment in social, academic, and occupational functioning

... % of children meet criteria for bipolar disorder

3%

Disorders related to alcohol are _____x more common in men/women then for men/women

3, men, women

Obesity BMI

30+

What are the spontaneous remission rates?

30-40%

moderate intellectual disability

35-40 to 50-55 can achieve partial independence in familial/sheltered environments

over ...% of people who abuse alcohol have at least one comorbid mental illness

37% (most often depression, eating disorders, personality disorders, suicide)

huntington's: caused by single dom. gene on chromosome ___

4

substance use disorder severity: moderate

4-5 symptoms

Somatic cells have how many chromosomes?

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (1 pair is sex chromos -- XX female, XY male)

heritability of bulimia/bulimic tendencies

4x more likely than those w/o

Prevalence rate for alcohol is around _________% in the US and rates of abuse are around ______%

5, 8

close to .. of kids will face any class of mental disorder

50%

only ...% of people w/ the riskiest pattern develop Alzheimer's by age 80

55%

Anorexia victims mortality rate is ... compared to general population

5x

substance use disorder severity: severe

6+ symptoms

latency psychosexual stage

6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings

In what ways could Prozac be misleading with its success rate?

60% of people would've gotten better on their own anyway

Between ....% of psyc inpatients with one PD diagnosis qualify for at least one more

60-85%

Recurrent episodes is in about _______% of cases of MDD

75

hikikomori

A Japanese word literally meaning "pull away," it is the name of an anxiety disorder common among young adults in Japan. Sufferers isolate themselves from the outside world by staying inside their homes for months or even years at a time.

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

behavior therapy

A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

competent to stand trial

A finding by a court that the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his or her attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and that the defendant has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him or her; IF JUDGED INCOMPETENT, CAN BE HOSPITALIZED UNTIL MENTAL STATE IMPROVEES

Brain atrophy

A general loss or deterioration of neurons in the cerebral cortex and limbic system.

methamphetamine

A highly addictive drug in the amphetamine family (cooked in makeshift labs)

Correlation

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

parkinson's disease

A motor disorder characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, tremors, slowness of movement, and rigidity; can involve anxiety, depression, apathy, and cog probs; caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra

bias

A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.

third variable problem

A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.

randomized clinical trial (RCT)

A procedure for evaluating the outcome of therapy, usually involving random assignment of participants to one or more treatment groups or a no-treatment control group.

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia.

dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

Huntington's disease

A rare and fatal human genetic disease caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms; loss of brain tissue evident in MRI scans year prior to formal diagnosis

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War ++ established 32 new (decent) mental hospitals

analogue studies

A research procedure in which the investigator studies behaviors that resemble mental disorders or isolated features of mental disorders. Usually employed in situations in which the investigator hopes to gain greater experimental control over the independent variable.

variable risk factor

A risk factor that can change within a person (e.g., level of depression can vary within a person).

fixed marker

A risk factor that cannot be changed within a person (e.g., race cannot vary within a person, and white race is a marker of increased risk of suicide death).

substantial capacity test

A test for the insanity defense that states that a person is not responsible for criminal behavior when he or she "lacks substantial capacity" to understand that the behavior is wrong or to know how to behave properly.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

Maudsley model of family therapy

A therapeutic approach to eating disorders, generally used with adolescents, in which parents have a central role in treatment. Family structure and adolescent issues related to eating and weight gain are the focus of different phases of treatment.

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

variable marker

A variable risk factor that, when changed, doesn't change the health outcome (i.e., it can vary, but it is still a marker of increased risk for the outcome of interest)

latent content of dreams

According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects; actually wishes/desires

For children, bipolar disorder symptoms are similar to ________ with _________ ____________ and mixed _______ ________ states

ADHD, explosive irritability, depressive manic

ED: no perceived lack of control

AN-R (restrictive)

all EDs involve binging except

AN-R (restrictive)

ED "switching"

AN-R <-> AN-BP AN-BP <-> BN BN <-> BED BUT AN-R < X > BED

different alleles of the ... gene predict risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer's

APOE (helps carry cholesterol through the bloodstream)

Who developed cognitive behavioral therapy?

Aaron Beck

Describe how there is a contradiction between Aaron Beck and the Woman's theory about PTSD?

Aaron Beck says that people who are mentally ill have mental distortions and the woman thinks people who are healthy have mental distortions

Some of the most powerful therapies of cognitive behavioral therapy come from who and what?

Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression

dysrhythmia/arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Mania is usually followed by what?

major depression episode

Who started the idea of rational emotive therapy?

Albert Ellis

prog. and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by deterioration in mem, cognition, and basic self-care skills; slow + no particular onset that makes it difficult to diagnose before it's too late

Alzheimer's disease

Korsakoff's syndrome

Amnestic Disorder

"neurocognitive disorder characterized by profound memory impairment"

Amnestic disorder

Profound inability to recall events that have occurred in the previous few minutes

Amnestic disorder

Behavioral Perspective

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

Phenylketonuria

An autosomal recessive genetic condition which leaves the body unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine (PHE) • Can lead to severe developmental disabilities • If children who test positive for PKU are put on PHE-free diets, they remain unaffected • Genetically-based health outcome depends on the environment: Genotype must be detected and diet must be controlled

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo; ensures the research participants and staff are both unaware which group receives the treatment

ABAB design

An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).

Age of highest risk: 16-20 y/o

Anorexia

Medication for Body Dysmorphia

Antipsychotics (help w/ distorted thinking)

personality disorder: cluster c

Anxious fearful (worried) avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Which culture has more cases of social anxiety disorder?

Asian culture

This race is usually the worst at processing alcohol:

Asians

Aaron beck came up with a _______ theory that states that what?

cognitive, negative schemata develop during childhood

ED: no compensatory behavior

BED

lack of self

BPD

personality disorder: "all-or-none thinking"; swing from one extreme to another in responses

BPD

criteria for involuntary commitment

Dangerous to self or others Believed to be in serious need of treatment No reasonable alternatives

alcohol physiological effects

At higher levels alcohol depresses brain functioning (frontal cortex) At lower levels it stimulates the brain

Irresistible Impulse Rule (1887)

At the time of the crime, the individual was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act

Diatheses for eating disorders

Attuned to perception by others, fixation around perfection, etc

Plato

Believed criminals w/ mental disturbances SHOULD NOT be held entirely responsible for their actions and advocated for COMMUNITY CARE and treatment

Durham Rule

Defendant's conduct was a product of mental illness.

auditory hallucinations: activation in .... area

Broca's (misperceived internal voice as external)

Age of highest risk: 30-50 y/o

Binge-eating disorder

What are the 3 bipolar disorders in DSM5?

Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymia

What are the 3 mood disorders in the DSM IV in regards to bipolar?

Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymia

Most powerful predictor of disordered eating, but not culturally universal

Body dissatisfaction (often involving intrusive thoughts and perceptual biases)

Epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Age of highest risk: 21-24 y/o

Bulimia

Leading treatment for bulimia

CBT

teenage version of ODD

CD

The locus ceruleus is sensitive to what?

CO2 in the blood

likely candidate gene for schizo

COMT (involved in dopamine metabolism)

mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)

Center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain. This area is involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs.

Countertransference

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

CBT + Bulimia

Cognitive: Confronting all-or-none thinking ("good" vs. "bad" food) Behavioral: Normalizing eating patterns

association studies

Compare the likelihood of certain genetic markers occurring in people with and without a certain illness

The behavioral model of anxiety is called the _______ process

dual

Causal risk factor for body dissatisfaction

negative affect

problems with word recognition, spelling, reading comprehension, and memory for written material

dyslexia

client-centered therapy

NON-directive/evaluaive; a humanistic-experiential therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (rather than cure illness); Also called person-centered therapy. -ACTIVE listening -UNCONDITIONAL positive regard

aberrant salience

pay too much attention to stimuli that are not actually important.

Presence of mental disease or defect rule

Durham Rule

Who was the first one to describe alcohol as an illness?

E. Morton Jellinek

precursor for today's DSM developed by

Emil Kraeplin

Adolescents vs. Adults: Anorexia

Onset in adolescence, so adults are more likely to be resistant to treatment

Depressed individuals may seem _________, _______, or easily _______

forgetful, disoriented, confused

Rates for suicide is particularly high for these 2 groups:

European American, Native American

Alcohol abuse is less common amongst these 2 groups and particularly common for this group:

Europeans, Asians, Native Americans

Most effective therapy for Anorexia

Family therapy

Benjamin Rush

Father of American Psychiatry; encouraged more humane treatment, given what he believed caused mental illness

The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on how the way we think can inform how we feel and behave

Imaginal Exposure

Form of exposure therapy that does not involve a real stimulus. Instead, the patient is asked to imagine the feared stimulus or situation.

rating scales

Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity

mesmerism -- psychological perspectives

Franz Mesmer's theory that health and disease were caused by the body's magnetic fluids (controlled by planets); mental illnesses could be cured if people used their magnetic forces to influence the distribution of fluids in people who were sick; traveled offering treatments (group hypnosis)

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Aaron beck was trained as what

Freudian psychodynamic therapist

Most depressants work by activating ________

GABA

_________ is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the body

GABA

neurotransmitter: reduces physiological arousal (including anxiety)

GABA

A lot of patients who have _______ come in with physiological complaints

GAD

theoretically would prevent people from pleading NGRI and serving only minimal time in a treatment facility before being judged "rational" and discharged

GMBI

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

an imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration

comparison or control group

Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied.

gene-environment interaction shorthand

GxE

heritability/causal factors: antisocial and crim. behavior

GxE interactions involving marital conflict/divorce, parental mental illness, and childhood maltreatment

Heritability of eating disorders

HIGHLY (60-80%)

Hallucination vs delusion

Hallucination: things that person sees, feels, hears that others can't Delusion: false beliefs

psychosomatic

Having an effect on the body, but mental or emotional in origin

What is a suicidal gesture?

an individual who acts out in a suicidal way for attention seeking purposes

Humoral Theory founders

Hippocrates + Galen

histrionic vs narcissistic personality disorder

Histrionic personality disorder is characterised by emotionality, attention-seeking and self-centredness. ... Narcissistic personality disorder is characterised by grandiosity, arrogance, lack of empathy and need for admiration.

What is helplessness?

I am unable to avoid bad things

What is hopelessness?

I am unable to avoid bad things and they're coming

Insanity Defense Reform Act

IDRA; 1984; federal legislation that set the standard for any insanity plea entered in a federal jurisdiction - able to appreciate what they were doing was wrong? ('irresistible impulse' no longer applies) - specified that the mental disorder must be severe - shifted burden of proof from prosecution to defense

severe intellectual disability

IQ 20-25 to 35-40; often have speech, motor, and sensory deficits; dependent on others for care

mild intellectual disability

IQ 50-55 to 70; can master basic academic and occupational skills w/ support

profound intellectual disability

IQ below 20-25; must remain in custodial care for their entire lives

What is one way to treat OCD using medicine? Why would you use this?

SSRI's because they prevent impulsive behavior

castration anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

intrapsychic conflicts

In psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego.

milieu therapy

a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity

Parents make reasonable demands of their children and consistently enforce them with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child

authoritative

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

Inherited from the father; over-production of ghrelin; implicated w/ obesity

Saint Vitus's Dance (aka tarantism or rave)

Instance of mass hysteria in which groups of people experienced a simultaneous compulsion to dance and shout in the streets.

Will to choose between right and wrong

Irresistible Impulse Rule

Why is it important to intervene with depression early?

It gets dangerous once the person has no energy to participate in therapy

Taijin Kyofusho

Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others

This person said that criteria for kids with ADHD actually have pediatric bipolar disorder?

Joseph Biederman

Awareness of actions and awareness of right vs. wrong rule

M'Naughton Rule

Partite is an example of what?

MAO inhibitor

What was the first generation of medications for major depression?

MAO inhibitors

If an individual has dysthymia and has had it for years and then develops MDD, after they are treated what stays? What goes away?

MDD goes away, they return back to a dysthymia state

most commonly used illicit drug in the United States

Marijuana

Best studied approach for AnorexiaTherapy

Maudsley model

seeming aloof and distant from other people *even as a baby

autism

actuarial procedures

Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments.

mental hygiene movement

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment; provide patients w/ comfort rather than treatment

Dark Tetrad

Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy Sadism (Direct and Vicarious)

have trouble finishing tasks or delegating tasks to others

OCPD

OCPD vs OCD

OCPD not characterized by true obsessions/compulsions OCPD - preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, control OCD - true obsessions and compulsions

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking).

self-monitoring

Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings.

catatonic behavior (schizophrenia)

Odd motor behavior

psychotic symptoms are one side effect of drugs used to treat ... disease and other ... disorders that increase ... availability

Parkinson's; movement; dopamine

Humor: Black Bile Organ: Temperament: Qualities

Organ: Gallbladder Temperament: melancholic Qualities: despondent, irritable, sleepless

Humor: Blood Organ: Temperament: Qualities

Organ: Liver Temperament: Sanguine Qualities: courageous, hopefully

Humor: Phlegm Organ: Temperament: Qualities

Organ: Lungs Temperament: Phlegmatic Qualities: Calm, Unemotional

Humor: Yellow Bile Organ: Temperament: Qualities

Organ: Spleen Temperament: Choleric Qualities: Easily angered, bad tempered

According to Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, are our schemas easily changeable? What must happen to change them?

Our schemas are really resistant to change, don't change easily, need something really powerful to make it change

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

PKU -- body unable to metabolize phenylalanine consumed

Prior to the DSM5, ________ was the only disorder that implied cause

PTSD

Why are phobias persistent?

because people learn to avoid things that stare them

terminal branches of axon

form junctions with other cells

Schizoid vs. Schizotypal

Schizoid: loner, unemotional (intense social withdrawal) Schizotypal: Eccentric with odd thoughts/behavior

universal interventions (biological)

promoting healthier diets exercise regimens etc

Exorcisms

Prayerful rites in preparation for Baptism that invoke God's help in overcoming the power of Satan and the spirit of evil.

placebo treatment

a treatment that resembles the other treatments in an experiment in all apparent ways but that has no active ingredients

Pros and Cons of Labeling

Pros: - help identify research and treatment strategies - provide sense of relief and sense of community for those suffering Cons: - stigmatizing/otherizing

treating traumatic brain injuries: first priority

Provide immediate medical care to reduce intracranial pressure caused by swelling

________ is known as commercial drug

Prozac

ego psychology

Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

personality tests

Psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.

cocaine dependence treatment

Psychological treatment (CBT and contingency management)

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response

Ego (Freud)

Rational thought (conscious); controls & channels the id; reality principle; makes peace between id+superego

Superego (Freud)

Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior

Medication for treating Bulimia

Respond well to antidepressants (dec. binges and preoccupation w/ shape and weight)

_________ is less dangerous than tricyclics and MAO inhibitors

SRRI's

What is prozac, paxil, and zoloft an example of

SSRI's

diathesis-stress: Additive Model

Stress similarly impacts those with different levels of diathesis vis-a-vis the outcome

Neurocog: area responsive to reward (food)

Striatum

Ability to understand the act's unlawfulness or abide by the law rule

Substantial Capacity Test

Medieval Europe or Middle Ages explanations for mental illness

Supernatural explanations for mental illness became more pop. than scientific inquiry and humane treatment;

Phineas Gage Case Study

Studied how brain damage can affect behavior. In 1848, --- was in a serious accident in which a metal piece of iron entered his left cheek, pierced the base of his skull, went through the front of his brain. It was noted that the balance between his intellectual abilities and his emotional control had been destroyed. He had become highly agitated, irreverent, impatient, and indulgent compared to before the accident.The longitudinal study of the damage to his frontal love provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviors. This study showed that the frontal lobe has a specific function and that many behaviors are localized to this area.

IDRA shifted burden of proof from ... to .....

prosecution to defense

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Briefly describe Ronnie Janoff Bulman's argument?

Western models of mental health is all about being touch with reality, but reality sucks and if we were to constantly be aware we would be miserable, so people actually rely on illusions to protect themselves from the world

two kinds of popular children

prosocial and antisocial

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Sigmund Freud

The father of psychoanalysis; believed that personality is entirely determined by unconscious forces outside of one's awareness or control; free association + dream analysis

Describe what the dual process is. Use key words such as classically conditioned and negatively reinforced and operant learning

The fear is paired with a stimuli in someone's mind through classical conditioning and then avoidance of the stimuli is negatively reinforced through operant learning

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Incidence

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

lifetime prevalence

The percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives (including those who are currently recovered)

point prevalence

The percentage of people in a given population who have a given disorder at any particular point in time.

concordance rate

The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder.

M'Naghten Rule (1843)

The person did not know the nature and quality of the criminal act in which he or she engaged, or, if the person did know it, the person did not know what he or she was doing was wrong.

T/F Ages of highest risk tend to differ by disorder

True

unstructured assessment interviews

Typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow-up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer (based on client's previous responses)

linkage analysis

Use existing knowledge of the genetic basis of a certain trait to infer the chromosomal location of new traits by studying extended family members

neuropsychological assessment

Use of psychological tests (either standardized battery or individualized array by clinician's discretion) that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage.

What are some key events that made people start talking about PTSD?

Vietnam War, Holocaust, rise of feminism

National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)

Volunteer organization; train those w/o clinical training to get involved in mental health education and advocacy

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Tarantism

a form of mass hysteria prevalent during the Middle Ages, characterized by wild raving, jumping, dancing, and convulsing

Edwin Shneidman described suicide as what?

a goal driven behavior

cultural variations of EDs

White + Western most at risk

What are three drugs that are benzodiazepines that can help panic and anxiety?

Xanax, valium, ativan

Binge eating - genetic?

Yes, to some extent

in vivo exposure

a behavioral therapy method that consists of direct exposure to a feared or avoided situation or stimulus

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

neurosurgery

a biomedical therapy that involves the destruction of some portion of the brain or connections between different areas of the brain

necessary cause

a causal risk factor that everyone with a certain illness MUST SHARE; i.e. everyone with PTSD must have experienced a traumatic event

What are phobias

a class of disorders that include unrealistic fears of stimuli such as heights, closed spaces, certain animals

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; can change via assimilation or accommodation

Lycanthropy

a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior

contributory cause

a condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

thought withdrawal

a delusional belief that others are taking the client's thoughts away and the client is powerless to stop it

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability/predisposition is coupled with one or more stressors in the environment

modeling therapy

a type of therapy characterized by watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors

causal risk factor

a variable risk factor that, when changed, changes the health outcome

operant/instrumental conditioning

a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future

Insanity

a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind

Fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

a major neuroendocrine pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex; activates by stress and produces cortisol

stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Biomarkers

a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure.

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Deinstitutionalization

a movement aimed at moving people with psychological/developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings; motivated by noble goals (large asylums weren't entirely humane/cost-effective) but had harmful consequences;

In the new DSM5, what is agoraphobia?

a panic and anxiety disorder

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

opium

a powerful mixture of 18 chemical substances (alkaloids) that often leads to physiological dependence

ghost sickness

a preoccupation with death and the deceased frequently observed in Native Americans

sentence completion test

a projective technique where subjects are given a set of incomplete sentences and asked to complete them in their own words

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Catharsis

a release of emotional tension

Crash diets are ineffective because our bodies seek to maintain...

a set-point weight (stasis)

sufficient cause

a single causal risk factor that will lead everyone who experiences it to develop a certain illness; i.e. mutation on chromosome 21 is sufficient for Down syndrome

T score distribution

a standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values

correlation coefficient (r)

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1); describes the tendency of two variables to vary together

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance; influenced by the strength of the relationship between variables AND sample size

couple therapy (marital therapy)

a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship

schizophreniform disorder

a time-limited version of schizo; more than one month, less than six

Marijuana

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

dopamine dysregulation may lead to psychosis via ..

aberrant salience

screening test for delirium

ability to recite the months of the year backwards

Prior to puberty, what is the distribution of depression in genders?

about balanced

Controlled drinking is a good path to ___________

abstinence

The only treatment for alcoholism is ____________, meaning what?

abstinence, you can never touch alcohol again

What are the 3 categories of DSM5 substance abuse disorders?

abuse, intoxication, withdrawal

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (rival) -occurs during phallic stage -lead to castration anxiety -resolve feelings by repressing/identifying with the rival parent

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

manifest content of dreams

according to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams; "directly" experience

.... and ... can increase risk for alzheimer's, while ... serves as a protective factor

brain injury; depression; cognitive reserve

developmental systems approach

acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional

case study

an observation technique in which ONE person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles; valuable as an "EXISTENCE PROOF" that might INSPIRE future research, but also carries major limitation; subject to bias and NOT very generalizable

Sadness is actually quite an __________ personality trait

adaptive

neural bases of addiction: reward deficiency syndrome

addiction is more likely to occur in people who are less responsive to natural rewards

Symptoms for schizo appear between ... and ...

adolescence and adulthood (18-30 y/o); more severe in men

In rational emotive therapy, the therapist convinces the client to do what?

adopt more rational beliefs

... can foster antisocial behavior

affiliation w/ deviant peers

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

In the 50's and 60's, people who had _____________ were mislabeled as schizophrenics and were given tricyclic antidepressants

agoraphobia

The locus ceruleus is known as the primitive ___________

alarm center

"the rational-emotive therapist is an exposing and non-sense annihilating scientist"

albert ellis

___________ abuse has the greatest life risking withdrawals

alcohol

Korsakoff's syndrome

alcohol amnestic disorder

What would make people engage in violent behavior when they're drunk but not on any other depressant?

alcohol has a paradoxical pattern of being a stimulant and inhibitory

... issues commonly co-occur with psychopathy

alcohol/substance abuse

Strong social structure that reduces _______ might also reduce suicidal behavior

alienation

What is the cognitive treatment of phobias?

alter schemas

Benjamin Franklin

among the earliest advocates of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy

abuse of ..... can produce psychotic symptoms

amphetamines (dopamine overactivity)

abnormal deposits of beta amyloid protein that are believed to lead to neuron death; beta amyloid secreted quicker than it can be broken down/cleared away

amyloid plaques

DSM5 assumes that a child with bipolar depression should have similar symptoms to what?

an adult with the same diagnosis

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats; INSTITUTIONAL

persistent difficulties that interfere with task-orienting behavior (impulsivity, excessive motor activity, difficulty sustaining attention)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Women who abuse alcohol are more likely to be drinking because of these 2 reasons:

anxiety, depression

Processing and re-experiencing trauma produces intense ________, so what do people do?

anxiety, numb out and ignore it

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

anatomical / structural; constructs a 3D representation of the brain as a result of magnetic pulses; brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)

anatomical/structural; constructs composite image of the brain by taking several x-rays from different angles

AN: blood

anemic

weight distributions (anorexia, bulimia, binge)

anor: underweight bulimia: normal-to-over binge: over-to-obese

fear of weight gain, becoming fat

anorexia + bulimia NOT binge-eating disorder (though possible guilt after binge)

failure to maintain normal weight (15% underweight for one's age+height), distorted w/ distorted body image and fear of becoming overweight

anorexia nervosa

medication + EDs

anorexia: antipsychotics (help w/ distorted thinking & induce weight gain) bulimia: antidepressants (minimize anxiety)

bulimia vs. anorexia (binge/purge)

anorexia: underweight / malnourished bulimia: normal / overweight

For people who cycle between manic and depressive episodes quickly, what medication should they take?

anti-convulsant medications

Tegretol is a common example of?

anti-convulsants

____________ is less effective than Lithium

anti-convulsants

This class of drugs is extremely dangerous and long term use can result in serious movement disorders:

anti-psychotic medications

_____________ are known as major tranquilizers

anti-psychotics

DSM5 called pediatric bipolar disorder a depressive disorder to protect kids from _____________ medication

antipsychotic

hospital admissions rates dropped naturally due to developed of ..... drugs but may increase again due to lack of adequate ...

antipsychotic; community care

When manic episodes for bipolar depression gets out of control, people are put on _________

antipsychotics

Only on occasion will bipolar disorder be treated with __________. Why would they need to use this?

antipsychotics, when they cannot get their symptoms under control

Men who are abusing alcohol are more likely to be drinking because of _____________ attributes

antisocial

evidence that histrionic PD has a genetic link with

antisocial PD

pervasive violation and disregard of the rights of others through deceitful or aggressive behavior, often without remorse

antisocial personality disorder

3% prevalence of pers. disorders (most common)

antisocial personality disorder (most common in men -- serial killers)

children who show externalizing tendencies are at a greater risk of developing...

antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy

Cluster B disorders

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

Antisocial vs. Psychopathy

antisocial: focuses more on observable behaviors (crimes) psychopathy: focuses more on personality characteristic and emotional deficits

Panic attacks occur with elevated frequency in what disorders

anxiety

There is a difference between fear and _______

anxiety

_______ is the core feature of OCD even though it is in a different category with the DSM5 now

anxiety

________ is one possible outcome linked to trauma

anxiety

Describe anxiety and classical conditioning:

anxiety becomes classically conditioned to a stimulus

PTSD was a _______ disorder in earlier DSMs

anxiety disorder

In the DSM5, obsessive compulsive disorders are no longer considered as ________ disorder. Why?

anxiety, because they have a different etiology

OCD behaviors often focus on alleviating the ________ associated with an __________

anxiety, obsession

anxious children often have ... parents

anxious/overprotective; they model their behavior

behavioral therapy

apply basic principles of learning to help eliminate unwanted behaviors or promote desired behaviors

more common kinds of hallucinations

auditory and visual

brain, schizophrenia: auditory system

auditory hallucinations caused by dysconnectivity between speech production (Broca's area) and comprehension (Wernicke's area) -- misperception that internal voice are real coming from the outside/others

Parents make many demands of their children and many rules for them to follow, offering few explanations and limited sensitivity to the child's perspective

authoritarian

majority of people w mental illness are/are not dangerous

are not dangerous or violent and never will be

clinical diagnosis

arriving at a general "SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION" of a client's symptoms by following a clearly defined system; OUTCOME

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

labeling technique

assigning a label to an individual and then requesting a favor that is consistent with the label

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

antipsychotic drugs risks

assist dopamine reception but after long-term use, risk causing onset of parkinson-like symptoms

vulnerable subtype (NPD)

associated intrusive/controlling/cold parenting or childhood abuse; hypersensitive to criticism; may retaliate if undermined/don't receive the attention they feel entitled to/deserving of

grandiose subtype (NPD)

associated with parental overvaluation; overestimate abilities/accomplishments; likely to believe they are the best

issue w/ lie detectors

assume that people will become physiologically aroused if and only if they are lying

For someone to be okay after the trauma, they must rebuild their __________

assumptions

Trauma shatters our ____________ of a _________ world

assumptions positive

According to Ronnie, recovery from trauma means altering your ________ __________ to include __________

assumptive world, trauma

What are illusionary beliefs called?

assumptive worlds

What is this an example of? Horrible thing but in the end it made me stronger, blessing in disguise

attempts to find meaning

DPD parenting styles

authoritarian / overprotective (minimal autonomy/individuation)

Diagnosis of __________ has increased dramatically in children

pediatric bipolar disorder

family history method

behavior genetic research strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determine whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of the hereditary relationship

What is the main issue with tricyclic antidepressants?

bad side effects, lethal when taken in overdose

During mania, what happens to the person?

barely functioning, energy level is so great that they have issues functioning

Most effective long-term treatment for people who are morbidly obese

bariatric surgery (gastric bypass)

excessive blockade of dopamine receptors in ... by antipsychotics leads to motor side effects

basal ganglia

antisocial personality disorder requisite

be diagnosed w/ conduct disorder by age 15

Why would patients with panic disorder look really disheveled ?

because constant arousal and panic is hard on the body physiologically speaking

Why would people want to think of alcoholism as a disease model?

because once it is a medical problem, it is destigmatized

antisocial dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT OF ANTISOCIAL ALREADY)

behavior problems; delinquency; criminality

What is more successful in curing phobias, cognitive or behavioral treatments?

behavioral treatments

only way to make psychology an objective science is solely studying observable behaviors

behaviorism

delusions of reference

belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

thought broadcasting

belief that one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's head to the external world

thought insertion

belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head

self-schema

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information; views on who we are, what we might become, and what's important to us (traits, roles, etc)

persecutory delusions

beliefs of being targeted by others

Hippocrates

believed mental illnesses had NATURAL origins (not otherworldly)

This person compulsively checks mirrors seeking reassurance about body. What do they have

body dysmorphic disorder

In the short term, _____________ are very effective at treating panic and anxiety

benzodiazepines

This class of drugs has side effects of sluggishness, addiction, and is used to treat panic and anxiety

benzodiazepines

medications that reduce the insomnia, headaches, tremors, and other symptoms associated with withdrawal

benzodiazepines

used to treat anxiety as well as withdrawal

benzodiazepines

drugs used to treat anxiety in adults and children

benzodiazepines (immediate) and SSRIs (long-term)

neurons of Alzheimer's patients believed to secrete ... quicker than it can be broken down and cleared away

beta amyloid

BMI is likely polygenic, but a specific genetic mutation underlying ... has been identified

binge eating

important predictor of later obesity

binge eating

regular bouts of binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but w/o compensatory behaviors (overweight-obese)

binge-eating disorder (BED)

Diathesis

biological predisposition

tics appear to have a strong ... basis, but also stem from ... causes

biological; psychological

Until very recently, ____________ was thought to be nonexistent in children

bipolar depression

What is the G-proteins theory for bipolar disorder?

bipolar reflects irregularities in proteins that regulates low of electricity into neurons

1st gen antipsychotics reduce effects of dopamine by ...

blocking a specific D2 receptor

Alcohol that doesn't get metabolized is absorbed into the _______________ and eventually makes its way to the ________

blood stream, brain

Benjamin Rush's primary treatments

bloodletting, purgatives, spinning board, tranquilizer (4 humors)

light sensitivity + concussion

blue-blocking glasses

Bandura experiment

bobo doll

BMI

body mass index (estimation of body fat based on height and weight)

instability in one's self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships, often arising from a severe fear of abandonment

borderline personality disorder

What does it mean to have double depression

both dysthymia and major depressive disorder

ADHD: more common in

boys

Bipolar disorder is very much a _______ disorder

brain

intellectual disabilities: basic self-care and occupational skills are generally taught by ...

breaking them into simpler components (that can be reinforced) before moving on to more advanced behaviors

risk factors

characteristics or behaviors that reliably precede/increase the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease;

CU traits

callous-unemotional

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

can only be diagnosed via autopsy after patient's death; no biologic markers exist; diagnosis depends on exclusion of other causes of dementia

What were some issues with tricyclic antidepressants?

cardiovascular problems, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, dry mouth, weight gain

help patients transition from life in hospital to real world (help reintegrate with family, help find housing, help find employment.)

case managers

Phineas Gage

case that played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function; railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior (extremely aggressive)

What is one of the greatest reasons why people still want to be tested for chemical imbalances?

catecholamine theory

What is the primitive model of chemical imbalance model for bipolar?

catecholamine theory

Etiology

cause of disease

Emetic medications

cause one to vomit/emit

expressed emotion (EE)

characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement

Alcohol amnestic disorder (Korsakoff's syndrome/psychosis)

characterized by persistent memory deficits (especially for recent events) caused by malnutrition (because alcohol serves as an appetite suppressant w/o offering any nutritional value & impairs body's ability to utilize nutrients) - can be treated with IV infusion of B vitamins

delusional disorder

characterized only by unreal thoughts; usually functional

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

The onset of bipolar in ________ is very controversial

childhood

genetic factors schizo

children born to schizo moms more likely even when placed w/ adoptive parents hours after birth

GAD works well with _____ therapies but not with ______ therapies

cognitive, behavior

Long term effects of chronic alcohol abuse involve _________ difficulties and significant damage to the ___________

cognitive, brain

MDD can interfere with basic _________ processes such as what?

cognitive, memory, reasoning, attention

If you can blame trauma on ___________ rather than __________, this can help rebuild your schemas

circumstances, yourself

process by which someone can be hospitalized either voluntarily or against their will

civil commitment

Pavlov

classical conditioning

The anxiety and avoidance cycle in phobias involve what 2 things

classical conditioning, operant learning

What are the 2 things involved in the dual process of perpetuating anxiety?

classical conditioning, operant learning

Aversion therapy

classically condition association of unpleasant state with unwanted behavior

nosology

classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena

Medieval Europe: care and treatment of the mentally ill was left largely to the ...

clergy

therapy involves both ... and ... judgements

clinical and value

stimulants

cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine

The most effective therapies for depression come from the ________ paradigm

cognitive

approaches for pers disorder therapy

cognitive approaches (CBT)

What has the highest success rates for helping alcoholics?

cognitive behavioral therapy relapse prevention

What are the 2 cognitive therapies used to treat depression typically?

cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy

How is compulsion a negative reinforcement?

compulsion makes the negative stimulus go away which is the obsession

In what ways are BDD similar to OCD? Describe.

compulsions of checking the mirror/getting surgery relieves the anxiety of being preoccupied with imagined defects

protective factors

conditions that shield individuals from the negative consequences of exposure to risk

persistent and repetitive violation of rules and disregard for the rights of others

conduct disorder (CD)

National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)

conducts+funds research; supports clinical training + community initiatives; provides info to scientists + public

World Federation for Mental Health

congress of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) focused on mental healthcare

psychopaths: low/underdeveloped .... high ....

consciences intelligence levels

Describe the individual with panic disorder:

constant anxious state, always fearful of the next panic attack

Individuals with GAD have ________ worries that occur in ___________ domains

constant, multiple

AN: intestines

constipation, bloating

red flag for disordered eating (vs. diet)

consumption of "good" vs. "bad" food as indicative of a person's worth

There tends to be a ___________ effect for suicidal behavior amongst adolescents

contagion

Id

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

What are some common obsessions?

contamination, disgust of body waste/secretions, concern that particular tasks haven't been done correctly, violent/sexual behavior

This is an alternative to abstinence for drinking:

controlled drinking

serotonin pathways

cortical

Elevated levels of this hormone have bene implicated in MDD:

cortisol

Electra complex

counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females

myelin sheath

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

brain, schizophrenia: frontal lobe

critical to problem solving/high-level thought; disruptions lead to difficulty planning/organizing thought

A person with _________ has chronically cycled between subclinical depression and hypomania

cyclothymia

What is the bipolar equivalent of dysthymia

cyclothymia

People who have experienced trauma are more ________

cynical

In response to pediatric bipolar disorder, the DSM5 created a new ________ __________ for children who have explosive irritability and mood issues

depressive disorder

The DSM5 didn't put in pediatric bipolar disorder, they replaced it with this:

depressive mood dysregulation disorder

Going on a diet predicted future binge eating disorders, especially in those with more ... symptoms or low ...

depressive; self-esteem explanation: if they fail a diet, they alleviate their guilt by "eating their feelings" (counterintuitive)

abnormality: "does the behavior lead to harm towards self or others?"

dangerousness

self-report data

data collected directly from MULTIPLE participants about themselves/their symptoms/etc, typically by means of: 1. in-person clinical interviews or 2. questionnaires/surveys

defense mechanism: sublimation

dealing with unacceptable feelings or impulses by unconsciously substituting acceptable forms of expression

Antidepressants + Bulimia

dec. frequency of binges and preoccupation with shape and weight

Extinction (operant conditioning)

decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

This is the core symptom of MDD:

deeply depressed mood

most effective method of stigma reduction

deliberate stigma reduction education/advocacy in courses

Rapid-onset state of mental confusion, disturbed concentration, and cognitive dysfunction

delirium

the DTs

delirium tremens (alcohol withdrawal delirium)

false belief about reality maintained in spite of strong evidence of the contrary

delusion

thought control

delusions that a person's thoughts are being controlled by other people or forces

Depression is sometimes misdiagnosed as _________ especially with elderly populations

dementia

Depression when its really running its course looks a lot like __________

dementia

A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair

denial

DSMIV had a separate category for _________. These symptoms are now put into features of _______ in DSM5

dependence, abuse

associated with parenting styles that fail to promote autonomy and individuation (e.g., authoritarian or overprotective styles)

dependent personality disorder

extreme reliance on other people, which leads to clinging and submissive behavior

dependent personality disorder

Childhood depression is not characterized by __________, but rather it is characterized as what?

depressed mood, irritability, anger, aggression

Besides anxiety disorders, _________ also may put people at risk for panic attacks

depression

Martin Seligman said that learned helplessness is equivalent to __________

depression

There is a large amount of comorbidity between GAD and _________ because of the shared sense of ________

depression, helplessness

chronic symptoms

develop over months to years and may require long term care

Agonists

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter - inc release by making ingredient moree available - block reuptake - mimic them

antidepressant drugs

drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

widespread damage to brain

diffuse

damage caused by exposure to neurotoxic chemicals or a closed head injury

diffuse damage

sign of correlation coefficient

direction of relationship

Intoxication _______________ after the ___________ has been cleared from the body

discontinues, substance

endophenotype

discrete, measurable trait thought to be linked to certain genes (e.g. working memory deficits)

Current perspectives emphasize alcoholism as a ___________ like process

disease

Sadness can motivate __________ from a lost commitment

disengagement

Defense Mechanism: Projection

disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

What are obsessive compulsive disorders

disorders in which the patient has little control over a compulsive behavior

"word salad"

disorganized speech; language is being used properly but the content makes no sense

A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room

displacement

In the DSM5, there is no pediatric bipolar disorder. Instead it is called ______ _______ _______ ________

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A lot of patients who are having a panic attack report a _______ quality, feeling like they are above watching it all unfold

dissociative

Panic attacks are accompanied by what?

distressing physiological signs

medication overuse headache + concussion

do not rely too heavily on tylenol/advil for pain relief as it can lead to medication overuse headache; use hot/cold packs instead

The compulsion part of OCD does/does not produce pleasure? Why or why not?

does not, it just reduces anxiety momentarily

A change from earlier DSM's for OCD: the patient doesn't necessarily need to be aware about what?

doesn't necessarily need to be aware that obsessions and compulsions are not rational

neurotransmitter: pleasuree, cog. processing, implicated in schizophrenia

dopamine

2 key neurotransmitters for schizo

dopamine + glutamate

neurotransmitter: schizophrenia

dopamine/glutamate

moderate to severe intellectual disability associated w/ noticeable physical characteristics most often linked to a third copy of chromosome 21

down sydrome

personality disorder: cluster b

dramatic, emotional or erratic (wild) antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic

"gateway to the unconscious"

dreams

delirium: most commonly caused by

drug intoxication or withdrawal (especially in elderly people who have just had surgery)

_____________ are common for unsuccessful suicides

drug overdose

Depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

hallucinogens

drugs known to induce hallucinations (unreal, distorted sensory experiences; often referred to as psychedelics

psychoactive drugs

drugs that affect the central nervous system (from meth/heroine to caffeine)

Antagonists

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter -block release -destroy in synapse - prevent binding by blocking receptor

milieu therapy approach in inpatient mental healthcare

focuses on turning hospital environment into a therapeutic community; - clearly communicating staff expectations to patients - encourage patients to become involved in decision-making - creating smaller groups of patients that serve as a source of social support

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

forbids workplace/educational discrimination, and requires employers/schools to provide reasonable accomodations

What is response blocking?

forcing someone to not engage in the compulsion despite the obsession

Trauma and stressor related disorders are essentially what?

extreme reactions to stress or trauma exposure

reinforcing contributory cause

fa condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring

Asylums

facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century.

If you get a panic attack, you have a psychological problem. True or false? Explain

false, anyone can get a panic attack and this doesn't mean that they have a problem

T/F: self-report data isn't biased

false; 1. data only as valid as the questions that you ask 2. rely on people providing accurate/honest answers

T/f: clients must explicitly consent to information being shared with other third parties even in the case of court-ordered evaluations

false; court overrides

treating mild/moderate cases of ADHD

fam therapy + pos reinforcement of desired behavior

leptin: produced by ... to reduce appetite

fat cells

What is the difference between anxiety and fear

fear is an immediate response to threat in the environment, anxiety narrows focus

Systematic desensitization involves creating a ______ and ________ hierarchy and then doing what?

fear, anxiety, work through the hierarchy in a progressively relaxed state

In comparison to old DSM's, the DSM5 doesn't require that a person with OCD realizes that their ___________ is ________

fear, irrational

Childhood depression has high comorbidity with what other childhood problems such as what?

fighting with parents, friends, trouble in school

When you are in huge trouble, what does the locus ceruleus do?

fires in a very alarming way as a last ditch effort to survive and avoid death

localized damage to specific portion of brain

focal

sharply defined traumatic injury or an interruption of blood flow to a particular region

focal damage

Why did the feminist movement get people talking about PTSD?

focused on sexual violence, got people starting to talk about it out loud

object-relations theory

focuses on how children come to develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents; Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg

group/family or individual therapy for alcohol issues?

group/family therapy are more often used/effective (effective to hear the effects of one's behavior); environmental support (to help people return to their families/communities/lives) is KEY

The ______ ______ of different drugs and how they last in your __________ relate to how addictive they can be

half life, metabolism

sensory experience that occurs in the absence of any external stimuli

hallucination

Describe what cyclothymia is?

has same sort of cycling as bipolar, but mood states are less extreme, manic episodes not as disruptive

In cognitive behavioral therapy, instead of trying to change someone's beliefs, what does the therapist do?

have the patient challenge their beliefs in life that are negative

1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance in _____________ situations

hazardous

How did Aaron Beck discover the whole negative schemata idea?

he was doing dream interpretation and found that people who had negative dreams were way more negative and awful than normal

These 2 things have also been linked to OCD:

head injury, encephalitis

cannabis + schizo + adolescence

heavy use during adolescence AT LEAST doubles risk (even when accounting for subclinical psychotic symptoms during childhood)

overuse of amphetamines: side effects

heightened blood pressure, tremors, rapid speech, confusion, possibly brain damage and amphetamine psychosis

behavioral interventions + tics

help children become aware of their tics, train relaxation, and promote adjustment

cognitive/cognitive-behavioral therapy

help clients identify logical errors in underlying schemata and challenge the validity of the thoughts that arise from them

medication for alzheimer's

help improve cog. functioning and self-care skills

According to Ronnie, what do illusions help us do?

help us function in a scary unpredictable world

Joseph Biederman did what and wrote about what?

helped validate the concept of pediatric bipolar disorder

caused by a brain artery bursting

hemorrhagic stroke

The disease model sees alcoholism as a _______ ________, and people who have this disease are ______________ different from those who do not

heritable allergy, biologically

autism is ... and a significant portion of risk appears to arise from ... genetic mutations

heritable; de novo

a combination of morphine and acetic anhydride; originally developed as a safer, solely analgesic version of morphine, but actually more dangerous

heroin

more dangerous? morphine or heroin

heroin

What is a huge problem with MAO inhibitors?

high blood pressure

overeating in aversive emotional states -- what sort of food?

high fat / sugar (for reserves, fight-or-flight)

dropout rates for personality treatment

high; esp .for those comorbid w/ other conditions

after leaving the hospital, schizo patients who return home to parents/spouse were at ... risk of relapse than those who returned to siblings or lived alone

higher due to higher EE (expressed emotion)

immigrants and their children are at a ... risk for developing schizo, especially of .... skin

higher; darker feelings of discrim. precipitate symptoms (stress response)

psychopathy heritability (callous-unemotional traits)

highly heritable, even when measured in 7 y/o children; often receive high levels of neg. parenting (creating high fear/punishment tolerance)

heritability of schizo

highly heritable; inc.. w/ a more-closely related relative who is diagnosed

mass madness

historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria

Name 4 things that are risk factors of suicide?

history of violent victimization, mental illness, prior suicide attempts, stressful events (like a significant loss)

"dramatic"

histrionic

excessive attention-seeking, emotional instability, self-dramatization

histrionic personality disorder

genetic link with antisocial personality disorder

histrionic personality disorder

Vegetative symptoms are disruptions in basic ___________ processes

homeostatic

What is the goal of response blocking?

hoping eventually the compulsion will be broken and will go into extinction

In traumatic experiences, the individual experiences ________ and a sense of what?

horror, being out of control

In more extreme forms of bipolar disorder, what does the individual need?

hospitalization

American Psychology Association (APA) and its divisions, American Medical Association (AMA), etc..

host conferences and set professional/ethical standards for members, lobby governmental agencies for support, and provides information to scientists and the public

Psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Epigenetics

how can environmental factors change the molecular expression of a gene?

What is the issue with high comorbidity of some diseases?

how can you tell that diseases are not the same thing if they have similar symptoms?

The two biggest predictions of addiction are what?

how long intoxication lasts, how intense intoxication is

behavior (quantitative) genetics

how much of our traits and behaviors can be attributes to genetic vs. environmental factors? which environments might affect genetic risk? how?

cognitive-behavioral perspective

how thought informs behavior

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

humanistic-experiential; a directive, client-centered style that allows clients to explore their desires, reasons, ability, and need for change; used to help treat substance abuse

Whys social phobia in its own category?

humans are social and it is fundamental to existence, so it is not a biological fear

ghrelin

hunger hormone produced by stomach to stimulate appetite

a rare and fatal degenerative disease that involves jerking, twitching movements, and mental deterioration

huntington's disease

condition where excess amount of cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and damages brain tissue

hydrocephaly

Schizo: birth complications

hypoxia (Low oxygen saturation of the newborn body, not enough oxygen in the blood)

Body dysmorphic disorder in early DSM's was known as _________ but now it is known as a ___________ disorder

hysteria, obsessive

According to Ronnie Janoff Bulman, _________ are adaptive and crucial to mental health

illusions

Without __________ to protect us, after trauma, what happens to us?

illusions, we see the world as what it may really be which is dangerous, hostile

What is an example of a tricyclic antidepressant

imipramine

biological effects of opiates

immediate euphoric rush and subsequent high (4-6 hours) produced by morphine/heroin are followed by an increased desire for the drug

AN: low potassium

impair muscle (especially heart) function, causing muscle weakness and cramping, an irregular heartbeat, abdominal cramping or bloating, thirst and frequent urination.

AN: low sodium

impaired brain function, nausea and vomiting, confusion, headache, fatigue, irritability, muscle weakness or cramps and seizures

aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

In a hypomanic episode, after a while all of the goodness and upends translates into what?

impulsive and self destructive behavior

SSRI's can interfere with _________ human behavior like ___________ and the ability to have _______

impulsive, sexuality, sex

Younger suicide more often involves ___________ reactions to __________, such as?

impulsive, stressors, social rejection

lifestyle dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT OF ANTISOCIAL ALREADY)

impulsivity; stimulation-seeking; irresponsibility and lack of long-term goals; parasitic lifestyle

erogenous zones

in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development (Id's psychic energy becomes fixated)

amok

in a frenzied or uncontrolled state

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the therapist of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Describe the difference between agoraphobia in DSM4 and DSM5

in the DSM4, it was known as the fear of having panic attacks, in DSM5 it is known as being afraid of panic attacks and other anxiety symptoms from the world

What is anhedonia?

inability to experience pleasure

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure or joy

brain bleed + sleep (following concussion)

inability to wake themselves up; should have someone wake you up repeatedly during 1st few nights following concussion

community care for people w/ intellectual disabilities is ...

inadequate

medications for parkinson's

inc dopamine levels, symptoms return fairly quickly after effects wear off

cocaine

increases dopamine activity by blocking pre-synaptic dopamine transporter whose job it is to retrieve excess dopamine from the synapse; excess in synapse, therefore more likely to bind

people w/ schizo have an overall .. brain volume than healthy controls; particularly the ... and ... lobes affected

lower; frontal/temporal

clinical psychologist

licensed therapist w/ a doctoral degree (Ph.D or Psy.D.) in Psyc

clinical social worked

licensed therapist w/ a master's in social work

What are the issues with categorical models

life is dimensional, disease models are categorical

Traumatic events are _____________ ________ or at least associated with ________ _________

life threatening, serious harm

speech + autism

limited if not entirely absent

the ends always justify the means

machiavellianism

inc in brain size/weight associated with visual impairments and convulsions

macrocephaly

AN: kidneys

kidney stones/failuree

extended MDMA use

kills serotonin receptors; permanent depression / deficits to cognitive function

Avolition

lack of motivation

avolition

lack of motivation to pursue goal-directed behavior

avolition/anhedonia

lack of motivation/pleasure

Anhedonia

lack of pleasure

affective dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT 2 OF PSYCHOPATHY)

lack of remorse, guilt, or empathy; callousness; failure to accept responsibility for one's behavior

alogia

lack of speech

ego defense mechanisms

largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety

When is the onset of MDD?

late 20, early 30

Highest rates of successful suicide attempts are when?

late in life

For hoarders, discarding possessions does what?

leads to considerable anxiety

Martin Seligman first developed __________________ from animal models

learned helplessness

The alternative model to the disease model is the _________ perspective

learning

brain, schizophrenia: hippocampus

learning and memory impairments

observational learning

learning by observing others

delay in cognitive development with regards to language, speech, math, or motor skills

learning disorders

portions of the ... hemisphere underdeveloped in dyslexia

left

juvenile delinquency is a ... term

legal; not diagnostic

neurobio: psychopathy

less amygdala activity and physiological arousal in response to fearful/sad faces

Family structure characteristics that inc. risk of Anorexia

less cohesive families + hypercritical family environment

immigrants + obesity

less likely to be overweight than those born in US but BMIs climb after living here for 10 yrs

parents who abuse alcohol are .. likely to keep track of their children's activities

less; leads to affiliation w/ peers who abuse substances

patients who live in ... industrialized countries tend to have more favorable outcomes (schizo)

less; lower EE families

This drug is used as a treatment for bipolar depression:

lithium carbonate

For bipolar disorder, people are typically treated with these 2 medications:

lithium carbonate, anticonvulsants

The physiological model of anxiety attacks focuses on what?

locus ceruleus

This structure in the brain for panic disorder is known as the false alarm:

locus ceruleus

Rumination has thoughts of ______ and ______

loss, defeat

Prevalence in childhood depression are low/high compared to adults

low

AN: heart

low blood pressure, slow heart rate, palpitations, heart failure

AN: body fluids

low potassium, magnesium, sodium

children with ADHD tend to have ... brain volume and their brains mature approx ... than those without

lower; 3 years behind

GAD has high comorbidity with what?

major depression

There is a particularly elevated risk for suicide for patients with these 2 things:

major depression, paranoid personality disorder

universal interventions (sociocultural)

making communities safe/meaningful to live

abnormality: "does it interfere with someone's ability to live their best life?"

maladaptiveness

antipsychotics ... symptoms more so than ...

manage; cure

Bipolar disorder cycles between these 2 things:

mania, depression

IF you give someone who is bipolar a tricyclic antidepressant, what can it trigger?

manic episode

What is the main downside of MAO inhibitors?

many bad side effects and interactions with particular foods and other medications

How did the rise of pediatric bipolar disorder begin?

many young kids who had ADHD actually met criteria for bipolar disorder, and doctors said they had been misdiagnosed

What does preparedness mean for phobia?

means you develop phobias that have an evolutionary basis

What does heritable allergy mean in the context of alcoholism?

means you were born into the world without the ability to process alcohol in a normal way

psychiatrist

med. doctor w/ power to prescribe

Usually by the time alcoholics get to you, they are _________ compromised, __________ addicted, and also have many _________ problems

medically, physiologically, psychological

Glutamate

memory and learning

schizo is more common/severe in ... than ...

men; women

high risk of schizophrenia in women during

menopause; lack of estrogen

phrenitis

mental confusion; "phrenic" -- delusioned

Controlled drinking, for it to work, should definitely be facilitated by who?

mental health practitioner

Which results in a greater dopamine spike. Meth or coke?

meth

severely limited brain growth during pregnancy and/or infancy

microcephaly

most at risk of barbiturate dependence

middle-aged to elderly people who rely on medication to sleep

benefit of measuring brain's electrical currents

might identify dysrythmias

diagnosis: necessary vs sufficient symptoms

necessary: symptom that all examples of a category MUST sharee sufficient: all that is needed to be considered part of category

auditory hallucinations seem to occur when patients...

misinterpret their own inner speech and coming from another source (miscommunication between Broca's + Wernicke's areas)

integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT)

modification of traditional behavioral couple therapy that has a focus on acceptance of the partner rather than being solely change oriented

In major depressive disorder, symptoms usually fall into one of the following 4 categories:

mood, cognition, motivation, vegetative

Alcoholism was once viewed as a form of ________ _________

moral degeneracy

Alcohol is more or less dangerous than marijuana

more

those higher at risk for alcohol abuse disorders are less/more likely to unintentionally underreport their consumption

more

diagnosis + gender: histrionic

more commonly diagnosed in women than men, at rates higher than would be predicted based on sex differences in the underlying traits

obesity may be "socially contagious"

more likely to become obese if they have family member, spouse, or close friend who becomes obese

substance dependence

more severe form of substance use involving PHYSIOLOGICAL RELIANCE on/compulsive use of the substance; leads to compulsory significant overuse

most common alkaloid present in opium; serves as a powerful sedative and pain relieve

morphine

Edwin Shneidman said that suicide is ambivalent. What does this mean?

most people who commit suicide also have the hope that they might be rescued

Long term use of anti-psychotics can result in ___________ disorders

movement

brain, schizophrenia: basal ganglia

movement + emotions + integrating sensory info; contributes to paranoia and hallucination

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

Electroencelphalogram (EEG)

multichannel recording of the continuous waves of electrical activity of the brain via scalp electrodes

BMI doesn't distinguish between pounds of ... and ...

muscle and fat

Diagnosing Schizophrenia

must have at least 2 of the following, including one of the top 3: 1. hallucinations 2. delusions 3. disorganized speech 4. negative symptoms 5.. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

nomenclature

naming system

exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for others' feelings or perspectives

narcissistic personality disorder

Compulsion is a positive/negative reinforcement loop with obsessions

negative

_________ is one of the most common symptoms of PTSD

nightmares

What are some things that are common with PTSD?

nightmares, intrusive thoughts

Are compulsions associated with pleasure in OCD?

no

Are stressful situations necessarily trauma?

no

Do compulsions and obsessions always connect to each other?

no

If you are aware about a horrible thing going on within your normal experience is it trauma?

no

Is pediatric bipolar disorder something that is widely accepted?

no

significant? small relationship, small sample

no

Are children going to have vegetative symptoms? Why or why not

no because they have really fast metabolisms

According to the disease model of alcoholism, is there a cure for alcoholism? If not, what is there

no cure, only remission

treatment for alzheimer's

no restorative treatment; symptom management -- provide reasonable quality of life for patients and reduce distress in caregivers

Do you experience trauma by watching bad things happen on TV? Why or why not

no you don't you must be there and be embedded in the situation to feel things you've never felt before

Does MDD have an equal gender distribution?

no, 2:1 female to male

Do most people go back to AA after they go for the first time?

no, 90% of people don't go back after the first or second time

What does anhedonia really mean? Does it mean that something isn't interesting?

no, but rather people are so unhappy they have lost capacity to feel pleasure

Just because something is in the realm of human experience, does this mean you cannot get trauma from it? Give an example?

no, if a car bomb were to go off this would still be a form of trauma

According to the preparedness notion, are phobias random? Why or why not

no, they are just exaggerations of fears that were built into you through evolution that helped ancestors survive

Do people with GAD usually have a specific thing they are worried about? How or how not

no, they mostly anticipate problems that could occur in the future

Is pediatric bipolar disorder in the DSM5? Why or why not

no, to protect children from medication

neurotransmitter: fight or flight response, basic motivations

norepinephrine (adrenalin)

The catecholamine theory states that low levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain leads to ________ and high levels lead to ________

norepinephrine, depression, mania

the DSM focuses on ... not ...

nosology (classification); etiology (cause)

efficacy of direct instruction in learning disabilities

not effecive

Ronnie Janoff-Bulman says that mental health is not necessarily this, but rather this:

not necessarily being in touch with reality, rather it involves illusions about the world being a better place than it really is

non-DSM eating disorder

obesity

Bandura

observational learning

direct/naturalistic observation

observing multiple people in a natural setting without trying to manipulate or intervene in the situation

vicarious reinforcement

observing someone else receive a reward or punishment

OCD is characterized by cycling between ______ and _______

obsessions, compulsions

extreme perfectionism and excessive concern with maintaining order, control, or adherence to rules

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

distal risk/causal factors

occur early in life but dont show their effects until many years later

proximal risk/causal factors

occur shortly before the onset of symptoms

ischemic stroke

occurs when a blood clot blocks and artery (brain cells shut down/swell and die due to lack of blood)

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks (blood irritates brain cells, causing swelling down into opening of skull)

personality disorder: cluster a

odd/eccentric (weird) paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

defense mechanism: rationalization

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

Why are more lethal methods of suicide rare?

often they don't actually want to die

What is a main reason to intervene with an episode of MDD?

once you intervene you can stop the possibility of future issues

treating traumatic brain injuries: long-term care (for those who don't recover within 7-10 days)

ongoing neurological care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive training, and/or skills training

issue with deinstitutionalization

patients who can't return to families often end up in emergency rooms, homeless shelters, or jails

CBT therapy for alcohol-related disorderss

only modestly effective; 1. providing info about alcohol's effects and modifying alcohol-related expectations 2. help develop effective coping skills for situations where one may feel compelled to drink

Skinner

operant conditioning

recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

details of therapy sessions should only be shared with...

others directly involved in case management

Writings from the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks attributed personality/behavior probs to

otherworldly possession

List the three characteristics of trauma that must be there:

outside range of normal human experience, are life threatening/seriously harmful, individual feels horror/loss of control

Trauma is _________ the range of the what?

outside, normal human experience

two kinds of persistently rejected children

overly aggressive and withdrawn

Re-experiencing alternating with avoidance helps protect the individual against what?

overwhelming anxiety associated with trauma

In the early DSM, agoraphobia was considered a ________ problem

panic

Panic disorder is basically a phobia of _______

panic

A patient walks in and they think they are having a heart attack. Likely they are suffering from what?

panic attack

What is a symptom of panic disorder

panic attack

How would the locus ceruleus result in panic problems?

panic disorder is when the locus ceruleus is going off when it shouldn't be, and it acts as a false alarm

pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others; ongoing/pervasive

paranoid personality disorder

Cluster A disorders

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

paranoid personality disorder vs psychotic

paranoid: no experience of delusions/voices but are at a greater risk for developing psyc disorders

children of parents w/ depression face worse outcomes esp when

parent's symptoms affect child through less-than-optimal interactions

loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra

parkinson's disease

extrapyramidal symptoms

parkinson's-like effects / tardive dyskinesia; side effects such as restlessness, involuntary movements, and muscular tension produced by antipsychotic medications

echolalia

parrot-like repetition of few words or phrases

World Health Organization (WHO)

part of UN; responsible for International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

There is good genetic evidence that bipolar depression is ___________

partially heritable

Axon

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

effective methods of reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms

patches, gum

If we all have anxiety to some extent, when do we want to call it _______

pathology

Why could intervention become difficult with depression?

patient may lack energy to take part in therapy

led to "unconscious" theory -- Freud

patient's symptoms would disappear once they revealed a personally traumatic event

Treatment methods: Asylums

patients needed to "choose" rationality over insanity

E. Morton Jellinek said that alcohol is a __________ illness, in which the individual moves steadily from ________ to__________

progressive, occasional drinking, chronic abuse

efficacy facilitated by

positive attitude/expectation

response shaping

positive reinforcement technique used in therapy to establish, by gradual approximation, a response not initially in a person's behavioral repertoire

At the end of recovering from trauma, the world is no longer an entirely _______ place. But the individual's _______ __________ are now more _________

positive, assumptive worlds, realistic

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

children/teens + antidepressants

possible inc in suicide risk

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

potentially disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotic drugs

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

preoccupation with imagined defects or in appearance, often of a delusional intensity

You are biologically _______ to experience fear in relation to specific stimuli

prepared

primary prevention

preventing health condition, social problems, etc. from arising by focusing on the root causes that bring them to bear in the first place

secondary prevention

preventing health conditions, social problems, etc. from getting worse; helping people cope with issues that alreeady exist

Bullies engage in both ... and ... aggression

proactive (unprovoked/goal-oriented); reactive (retaliatory)

Sampling

process by which participants are selected

Part of the way you rebuild schemas is by ________________ information

processing

brain, schizophrenia: occipital lobe

processing visual info; disturbances contribute to difficulties interpreting complex images, recognizing motion, reading facial emotion

"the thief thinks everyone else is a thief"

proection

The disease model views alcoholism as a ________ illness that ends in _______

progressive, death

because learning disorders ..., the most effective treatments are ...

vary widely; individually tailored

Magnotoencephalography (MEG)

records the magnetic fields produced by the brain's electric currents

Attempting to find meaning in a situation is a process in what?

recovering from trauma

1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance although it leads to what?

recurrent social/interpersonal difficulties

culture-bound syndromes

recurrent, locality specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a diagnostic category. limited to specific societies or cultured areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations

bariatric (gastric bypass) surgery

reduces storage capacity of the stomach and/or shortens the length of the intestines so less food can be absorbed

blunted/flat affect

reduction in/absence of emotional expression (but not experience)

forensic

referring to legal proceedings or formal debate or rhetoric

defense mechanism: denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school

regression

holistic approach for parkinson's

regular exercise improves motor function, cog abilities, general quality of life

The learning perspective says that people drink because of some _________ in the environment

reinforcer

The most successful way to treat alcoholism is this model:

relapse prevention

consistency and stability of a test measure

reliability

Compulsions are used to do what?

relieve anxiety that comes with the obsessions

What are compulsions

repetitive behaviors that temporarily relieve the anxiety associated with the obsession

retrospective research

research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life of a subject; e.g. asking adults with a certain disorder about their childhoods to identify potential risk factors

longitudinal study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period to track change/stability over development

The most successful way to treat OCD is?

response blocking

__________ is one of the only treatments that work for OCD

response blocking

Treatment: first priority is to...

restore weight to not life-threatening level; weight gain likely temporary without follow-up treatment

relentlessly limited one's food intake

restricting type anorexia

Alcohol influences other neurotransmitter systems in the brain's _________ centers

rewards

2 Rs

rigid ruler; authoritarian

people w/ autism tend to show a strong preference for ...

routine and repetitive body movements

Depression cognition is characterized by ____________

rumination

At the end of trauma, the individual becomes _______ but _________

sadder, wiser

In DSM5, disorders that involve _____________ and disorders that involve cycling between ________ and _____________ are in different categories

sadness, mania, depression

Bipolar occurs more in men or women or same?

same

leptin

satiation hormone; produced by fat cells to reduce appetite

inability/unwillingness to form social relationships and/or express feelings

schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid PD vs Avoidant PD

schizoid: see no interest in interpersonal relations avoidant: severe anxiety/phobia so avoid interpersonal relations

psychotic disorder: extreme oddities in perception, action, and thinking, as well as one's senses of self and social interactions (delusions + hallucinations)

schizophrenia

often occurs in first-degree relatives of people w/ schizophrenia

schizotypal

attenuated (less severe) form of schizophrenia

schizotypal disorder

excessive introversion, pervasive interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in communication and behavior

schizotypal personality disorder

Barbituates

sedative; synthetic drugs that depress the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) to produce calming and sleep-inducing effects, and impaired cognitive abilities

cardinal sign of autism

seeming aloof and distant from other people ; fostered by diminished ability to pick up on social cues

... interventions: aimed at specific groups of at-risk individuals

selective

What is the third generation of medications for major depression?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

What does the negative triad include?

self, world, future

psychological causes behind tics

self-consciousness, social stress, etc

Depressed individuals are excessively _______________ and are overly concerned with what?

self-focused, negative themes

Under extreme hunger, metabolism ... to account for the calorie deficit, making it ... to burn off what you do consume

slows; harder

Describe what cognitive behavioral therapy is?

sending you out into the world to do experiments that test your thoughts

unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety related to potential separation from a major attachment figure

separation anxiety disorder (ONLY IN CHILDREN)

Biological models of etiology for OCD focus on what system?

serotonin

Some gains from drugs that affect ________ system have been shown to work with OCD

serotonin

neurotransmitter: anxiety/depression

serotonin

neurotransmitter: cognition, moods; anxiety/depression

serotonin

hormones: anorexia

serotonin + dopamine

Ronnie Janoff Bulman came up with the theory of what?

shattered assumptions

Prior to realizing it was PTSD, what did people think it was?

shell shock, battle fatigue

Defense Mechanism: Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Interpersonal therapy is long or short term?

short term

tolerance

sign of substance DEPENDENCE; the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect; same amount no longer results in the same effect, therefore must take more

withdrawal

sign of substance DEPENDENCE; the physical discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

life expectancy w/ schizo

significantly shorter (~15 yrs less)

objective observations made by a clinician that suggest the presence of a disorder

signs

familial schizophrenia

similar expressions/symptomologies expressed

schizoaffective disorder

simultaneous blend of (full-blown) schizophrenia and a (full-blown) mood disorder

hallucinated voices often occur ..., utter .../..../... remarkers, and sounds like people unknown/known to the patient

simultaneously; rude/vulgar/critical; known

danger of media rep of mental illness

single story becomes generalized as only story

gene-environment interaction

situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

What are 2 major vegetative symptoms?

sleep difficulties, loss of appetite

What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?

sluggishness, addiction, withdrawal

E Morton Jellinek conducted surveys with who?

small group of men attending AA meetings

Interpersonal therapy focuses on helping the client improve ________________

social interactions

social phobia vs avoidant PD

social phobia = fear of embarrassment in a setting avoidant personality = fear of rejection

help improve schizo patients' functional outcomes

social skills training (interpersonal and self-care)

2 yr masters

social workers

Thinking of alcoholism as a disease model has _________ motivations

sociopolitical

Describe what the Minnesota model is?

someone checks themselves into a hospital for a 30 day detox, once the drug clears your system you are transferred to something like AA

categorical approach to clasification

someone either has a disorder or they don't, and there is a very clear boundary between normal and abnormal

prototypical approach to classification

someone has a disorder if they are generally similar enough to a prototypical example of another person known to have the disorder

Stage fright is an example of specific or generalized anxiety

specific

penetrating brain injuries generally, cause more ..... damage

specific, localized

neurocog disorder diagnosis format

specifier that addresses the presumed cause of the deficits ex. "Major neurocog disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease"

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

specifies the number and type of symptoms that are necessary to diagnose specific mental illnessees

Wernicke's area

speech processing/language comprehension

Broca's area

speech production (frontal lobe); Broca's aphasia -- broken/nonsensical speech

What are the 3 aspects of cognitive models of learned helplessness?

stability, globality, locus of causality

Learned helpless reflects the belief that negative events are _______, ______, and due to the ______

stable, global, self

manualized therapies

standardization of psychosocial treatments (as in development of a manual) to fit the randomized clinical paradigm

abnormality: "how rare is it?"

statistical deviancy

tau protein

sticks that support protein; physical support for inside of neurons

nicotine

stimulant; has anxiolytic properties (reduces anxiety); commonly used as self-treatment

ADHD treatment

stimulants (ritalin, adderall, etc); helps reduce distractibility and overactivity and increase alertness

ghrelin: produced by the ... that stimulates appetite

stomach

magnitude of correlation coefficient

strength of the relationship

Cortisol

stress hormone

how stroke occurs

stroke occurs when a blood vessels (artery) supplying the brain is altered by either a lack of flow or bleeding. Neurons in the brain can survive in few minutes and they are not regenerate therefore, if blood flow insufficient for more than a few minutes death of neurons occurs and they are permanent if blood flow is not corrected immediately. Death of neurons called cerebral infarction another name for Stroke or cerebrovascular accident.

genetic factors play a progressively ... role in more severe cases of intellectual disability

stronger

objective personality tests

structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment

early deprivation or trauma (romanian orphans)

stunted IQ/growth, double anxiety

dopamine pathways

subcortical

abnormality: "does it cause pain?"

subjective distress

a sadistic child obsessed with blood and gore becomes a surgeon as an adult

sublimation

ASPD and ... disorders share a common genetic predisposition

substance use

synthetic cannabinoids

substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active plant-derived substance in marijuana - much more likely than marijuana to lead to serious side effects (heart palpitations, seizures, psychosis, etc.)

parkinson's: caused by degen of dopamine neurons in

substantia nigra

learning disorders are believed to arise from

subtle impairments to expected brain development

neural bases of addiction: dopamine theory of addiction

suggests that addiction (to any substance) leads to dysfunction in the brain's reward pathways

Suicide is not that common. Instead, these 2 things are more common:

suicidal gestures, sub-intentional suicide

one action of dopamine receptors is to ...... glutamate release

suppress

defense mechanism: reaction formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

a patient's subjective descriptions of a disorder

symptoms

diagnoses based on both ... and ...

symptoms and signs

What are the 2 behavioral treatments for phobias?

systematic desensitization, flooding

Originally lithium carbonate was what?

table salt

similar sympt. to alzheimer's, but caused by a series of "small strokes" that destroy neurons and lead to brain atrophy

vascular diseasse

treatment/prevention for ODD/CD

teaching parents how to prompt/reinforce prosocial and ignore antisocial behavior teach children social problem-solving skills

projective personality tests

techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's inner unconscious desires may be examined

Viewing alcoholism as moral degeneracy led to what?

temperance movements, prohibition

2 Ts

tender teacher; authoritative

exposure to ... during pregnancy or ... during birth can cause ... that leads to intellectual disability

teratogens; physical trauma; brain damage

Sadness can motivate behaviors that signal to others what?

that we need resources

What made PTSD come about ?

the 50s and 60s because of the Vietnam war and Holocaust

cognitive reserve

the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them

cultural competence

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures or belief systems from one's own

efficacy

the ability to produce a desired or intended result

In what way would panic disorder be a cyclic disease?

the anxious state that results from fearing the next panic attack increases risk for future panic attacks

cell body (soma)

the cell's life support center

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Symptoms

the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong

Heritability

the extent to which a trait, behavior, or health outcome is genetically based; often expressed as a percentage

Generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

developmental psychopathology

the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders

Pleasure Principle (Id)

the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs

The sociological model focuses on what idea?

the idea of alienation and its impact on suicide

Interpersonal therapy is an approach based on what idea?

the idea that depression is rooted in social difficulties

What defines GAD?

the idea that doom is around the corner, makes people scared of everything

attachment theory

the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

According to the functionalist perspective, emotions represent that?

the internalization of a person-environment relationship

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

effect size

the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables, irrespective of the sample size

reality principle (function of ego)

the manner in which the ego delays gratification and otherwise deals with the environment in a planned rational fashion (in Freudian theory).

What is the issue with the catecholamine theory?

the model is too simplified, bipolar is much more complex than a simple chemical imbalance system

____________ symptoms are rare for childhood depression

vegetative

CBT + childhood anxiety

very effective esp when parents receive behavioral management training

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. - 500+ true/false questions - ten clinical scales were created by identifying the items that significantly differed between the normal/clinical samples tested in Minnesota original

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

one year prevalence

the number of people in the population with the disorder in a given year

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

genotype-environment interaction

the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

Standardization

the process by which a test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent manner

Stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Attribution

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

What was the issue with E Morton Jelinek's model?

the sample size was way too small, cannot be applied to the rest of the population

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

Why were SSRI's revolutionary?

the side effects are much more benign

psychopharmacology

the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

(quasi-experimental) correlational research

the study of the naturally occurring relationships/associations among variables

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Describe what rational emotive therapy is?

the therapist assumes that they are the expert and when the patient comes up with maladaptive thoughts the therapist tries to talk you out of things

What is the main issue with rational emotive therapy?

the therapist must presume that they are the expert

The most important factor that contributes to PTSD is what?

the thought and feeling that you were going to die

1-year prevalence

the total number of cases of a health-related state or condition in a population for a given year

twin method

the use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior - Are people different on this dimension because of genetics or not? How much so? - If not very much, what kind of environments might account for the observed differences?

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

Cognitive, negative biases change the way what?

the way you perceive and interpret things in the world

Before trauma, what do people think about the world?

the world is a great place, meaningful, things happen for a reason

Before trauma, what are the 3 set of illusionary beliefs?

the world is benevolent, the world is meaningful, the self is worthy

children with learning disorders are usually identified when

their academic performance lags behind their expected achievement

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces (Id, ego, superego) and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight/productive defense mechanisms

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

validity

T/F: Alcoholism is heritable

true; - biological children of alcoholics who are adopted by non-alcoholic families are at an increased risk for developing alcohol problems later in life - majority of children with alcoholic parents don't go on to develop substance use disorders

T/F: Children who watch cartoons w/ food advertisements eat more than those who watch w/o

true; even without being hungry

T/F: biological data is considered observational data

true; observational in nature as we are not in control (heart rate, stress hormones, brain imaging, etc.)

T/F all kinds of eating disorders tend to occur more often in women

true; underdiagnosis of men

Do people overestimate or underestimate danger?

underestimate

Parents make few demands of their children and are generally uninvolved in their lives and insensitive to their needs

uninvolved

In DSM5, disorder that only involve sadness are called

unipolar depression

... interventions: attempt to lessen risk factors and promote protective factors among the general population

universal

What is the definition of extinction

unlearning of a conditioned response

What are obsessions?

unwanted thoughts, feelings, images

The key part of obsessions is that they are _______ and _______

unwanted, uncontrollable

Men tend to do what when it comes to suicide?

use more lethal means

current use of amphetamines

used to aid clinically significant weight loss and treat narcolepsy and ADHD

What is the main controversy with bipolar disorder in children?

very powerful and dangerous medications are used with children

Tiny sacs in the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft

vesicles

people w/ mental illness are more likely to be the .... of violent crimes

victims

interpersonal perspective

views psychopathology as (largely) rooted in maladaptive tendencies that we develop over the course of relationships we have with other people; alfred adler, eerich fromm, karen horney, erik erikson

abnormality: "has it violated (spoken or unspoken) rules of conduct?" & "are other people bothered?"

violation of social standards

What is a good example of how to expose people to their fears?

virtual realities

macrocephaly associated with

visual impairments and convulsions

What is middle awakening?

waking up and losing hours of sleep in the night but falling back asleep

What is early awakening?

waking up hours before you have to

What are 3 common compulsions?

washing, checking, various mental activities

AN: muscle + joints

weak, swollen joints, fractures, osteoporosis

Childhood sexual abuse + later development of eating disorders

weakly associated; childhood sexual abuse generally increases all sorts of psychopathology

AN: low magnesium

weakness, constipation, seizures and arrhythmias

key factor for anorexia diagnosis

weight

BMI calculations

weight (kg) / height (m2)

the only commercial weight loss program that has yielded success after a randomized clinical trial

weight watchers

clusters mnemonic device

weird wild worried

molecular genetics

what are the specific genes that might (partially) influence our traits, behavior, and health?

role-playing

when a client is instructed to play a part so that the clinician can observe their behavior in an analogue situation

Schizo: Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility between mother and fetus

when a mother w/ a negative blood type and gives birth to positive offspring, may be exposed to blood and produce antibodies that affect FUTURe offspring

passive gene-environment correlation

when people are placed into certain environments based on their genetic makeup

evocative gene-environment correlation

when people can evoke certain environmental feedback based on their genetic makeup

Describe what controlled drinking is?

when people limit their drinks and teach themselves how to handle alcohol

active gene-environment correlation

when people seek out/build environments that are consistent with their genetic makeup

communication deviance (CD)

when speech patterns are vague, unclear, hard to follow

When are tricyclic antidepressants dangerous?

when they are taken in overdose

family aggregation

whether a disorder runs in families

Many people with GAD state that they feel like they've been anxious since birth. What question could this bring up?

whether or not it is a personality disorder instead

There is a huge rise in alcohol abuse amongst who?

white adolescent females

Describe what the sociological perspective is trying to understand for suicide?

why suicide is more common in some cultures than others

Moral Management

wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs; emphasized "rehabilitation of character" rather than physical remedies

traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT)

widely used form of therapy that uses behavioral approaches to bring about changes in the marital relationship; seeks to promote productive conflict resolution and caring relationship behaviors by training communication skills and adaptive problem solving

Phobias will or will not develop in response to stressors that are "new" in human history

will not

What is globally in the cognitive model of learned helplessness?

will this bad stuff affect a lot of different aspects of my life

What is stability in the cognitive model of learned helplessness?

will this bad stuff keep happening

GAD occurs more in women or men

women

After puberty, stress system disorders occur more for men or women? By how much?

women, 2x more

Gender distribution in anxiety disorders affect men/women more than men/women

women, men

Men/women attempt suicide more often, men/women succeed more

women, men

Describe what cognitive behavioral therapy is?

work with client on changing negative schemas about the world, sometimes using behavioral interventions

Can you get PTSD from not being the intended victim?

yes

Can you still get a panic attack if you don't have a DSM disorder?

yes

If you have prior suicide attempts, are you more likely to attempt again

yes

Is mania worse than hypomania?

yes

Is suicide rare or no

yes

With a person in a manic state, if you slow down how fast they talk does it make sense or no

yes

significant? strong relationship, small sample

yes

significant? weaker relationship, large sample

yes

Are phobias curable? What percent

yes, 80-90% success rate

Can you go through trauma without PTSD? How?

yes, some people maintain their schemas of a positive world no matter what

What is a flashback?

you are back in a situation, experiencing the sensations of a situation

There is a major change from earlier DSM's in regards to OCD. What is that change?

you don't have to know that your compulsions and fears aren't rational

After trauma, according to Ronnie, what occurs?

you let go of your belief systems since you were a child and shatter the old assumptions


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