PSYC 360 FINAL
alcohol withdrawal delirium
formerly known as delirium tremens (the DTs); acute state of confusion following cessation of alcohol use; characterized by intense anxiety, tremors (shaking), hallucinations, fever, sweater
psychosexual stages of development
four distinct stages of the development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud; personality quirks are a result of being fixated, or stuck, at any stage
Generalized anxiety disorder is a feeling of _____ _______ anxiety
free floating
What is panic disorder?
frequent experience of panic attacks accompanied by anxiety about the panic
Edwin Shneidman says that suicide results from what? Describe it
from a situation in which an individual lacks resources to cope with a situation and is vulnerable to the impact of stress
EDs: hypothalamus or frontal/temporal lobe
frontal / temporal lobe; the defect is in a person's cognition not in their physiology (hormones); for example, people with anorexia are still hungry but their reasoning is keeping them from acting upon it
PET scan (positron emission tomography)
functional; examines neural function by tracing the path of radioactive glucose through the brain while a person performs a particular task
Functional MRI (fMRI)
functional; technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level while performing a particular task
1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance results in _________ ____________ in central domains of living
functioning difficulties
associated w/ psychopathic traits
impaired fear conditioning / low response to punishment (less amygdala activity and physiological arousal in response to fearful/sad faces)
experimental research
gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses
Cure for Huntington's Disease
gene editing treatment
effects of marijuana
generally increased sense of pleasure and short-term memory deficits
... primarily explain why one person (and not others) can become obese
genes
genotype-environment correlation (rGE)
genes shape environment; Tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.
diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia
genetic factors + prenatal/perinatal events —> brain vulnerability — (stress + developmental maturation) > psychosis
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
parkinson's: .... factors play an important role in earlier-onset cases while .... factors seem to be more important in later onset cases
genetic; environmental
What does rumination mean
getting stuck on particular thoughts
interpersonal dimension psychopathy (ASPECT 1 OF PSYCHOPATHY)
glibness/superficial charm; manipulativeness; narcissism; pathological lying
recent research suggests that ... .... (in addition to dopamine hyperactivity) may also underlie schizo
glutamate hypoactivity
Once alcohol reaches the brain, it reduces the functioning of _________ and increases the functioning of _________
glutamate, GABA
Suicide is actually not irrational, it is ________ oriented
goal
primary process thinking
gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands
cannabis use may speed up the loss of .... matter that accompanies schizophrenia
gray
Nancy School
group of physicians in nineteenth-century Europe who accepted the view that hysteria could be induced/cured via hypnosis
criterion group
group of subjects who exhibit the disorder/illnesses under investigation
treatment for general paresis
1. vaccinating w/ syphilis biomaterial (no development of secondary symptoms) 2. infect w/ blood of a malaria patient improved symptoms (malarial-grade fevers can kill syphilitic bacteria)
kinds of brain damage (2)
1.. diffuse 2. focal
developmental disorder characterized by (1) deficits in social interaction, (2) rigidly fixed interests and patterns of restrictive, stereotypic behavior and (3) deficits in communication
autism spectrum disorder
extreme social inhibition and introversion, hypersensitivity to criticism and rejection, limited social relationships (but not by willful choice), low self-esteem
avoidant personality disorder
more severe version of social phobia
avoidant personality disorder
Cluster C disorders
avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Describe stimulus/anxiety and operant learning?
avoiding the stimulus is negatively reinforced through reduction of the anxiety
Aristotle
believed that conscious thought could help eliminate pain and achieve pleasure, but believed that mental illnesses were caused by humoral disturbances; "it's all in your head"
Once someone is too lethargic to take part in therapy, what do you do?
bring in anti-depressants to subdue symptoms so you can intervene
prognosis of EDs
bulimia + binge >> anorexia
regular bouts of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g. vomiting, laxative use, fasting, excessive exercise) to prevent weight gain
bulimia nervosa
attempting to remove mass amounts of food that has already been consumed (underweight)
burge/pinge type anorexia
CD age of onset
by age 12
OCC age of onset
by age 8
Cognitive behavioral therapy involves the therapist and the patient working together through this:
collaborative empiricism
Give an example of the learning perspective of alcoholism?
college students who drink in the social culture, and they don't drink unless the drinking culture is there and maintained
genetically predisp. children are at higher risk of schizo when placed into adoptive fams that score high in ... but do very well when placed in low ... families
communication deviance
Emil Kraeplin
developed early classification system for mental disorders that is the basis for today's system; grouped illnesses by common symptoms; demonstrated illnesses tend to show specific patterns in terms of course and outcome
psychological assessment
developing a SUMMARY of a client's symptoms and problems using psychological tests, observations, and interviews (PROCESS)
universal interventions (psychosocial)
developings skills for: problem-solving expressing emotions engaging in satifyinging relationships accurate sense of sense coping with challenges
What is withdrawal?
development of specific syndrome of negative symptoms related to cessation of the use of substance
Aaron beck came up with the idea that cognitive biases and perceptual distortions lead to what?
development of the negative triad
field at intersection of developmental and clinical psychology
developments psychopathology
requisite for diagnosis w/ antisocial personality disorder
diagnosis w/ conduct disorder before age of 15
Treating Borderline Personality Disorder
dialectic behavioral training (DBT) - encourage patients to accept neg affect w/o resorting to self-destructive behavior - teach interpersonal effectiveness, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance skills - includes group + indiv therapy, as well as phone coaching
nearly all instances of eating disorders begin with a ...
diet; positively reinforced/encouraged to continue, into a drastic extent "diet that didn't stop"
... primarily determined why people today tend to be more obese than fifty years ago
diff. environments
The PBD notion suggests that bipolar depression has different/similar symptoms for children and adults
different
Why is PTSD now not an anxiety disorder?
different etiology
Is it hard to easy to treat OCD?
difficult
Is panic easy or difficult to treat
difficult
What is persistent depressive disorder also known as
dysthymia
Anxiety disorders are all comorbid with what 2 things?
each other and other mood disorders
Typical onset of bipolar is earlier or later than major depression?
earlier
The locus ceruleus emerged early or late in evolution
early
inc risk of depression (childhood)
early traumatic events
anxious children progression
easily conditioned to aversive stimuli in a way that makes it harder to cope with future benign stimuli
AN: skin
easy bruising, dry skin, fine hair coat, yellow skin, brittle nails
OCPD is highly comorbid with
eating disorders
Interpersonal therapy uses ___________ focused ___________ therapy in order to improve people's _________ skills
ego, psychodynamic, social
16th century BCE
egyptian papyri describe brain as site of mental functions
neural impulse (action potential)
electrical signal traveling down the axon
medications that can block the desire to drink (causes sickness)
emetic medications
brain, schizophrenia: limbic system
emotion; disturbances contribute to agitation
neural bases of addiction: endorphins
endogenous opiate (naturally found in the brain) that is a pain & stress killer that causes feelings of wellness & happiness
Depressed individuals lack _______ and _______, complaining about a feeling of tiredness
energy, motivation
What is sub-intentional suicide?
engaging in behavior that will result in death over time, they do things that they know will kill them but they do it anyway even if they don't actually want to die
direct sadism
enjoying acting cruel
vicarious sadism
enjoying watching cruelty
... factors influence who ends up with ASPD/substance use disorders
environmental
What does the learning perspective say alcohol use is maintained by?
environmental contingencies
When alcohol enters the system, it is metabolized by ________ in the ________
enzymes, liver
MDD is a ________ disease that has spontaneous __________ states
episodic, remission
Freudian slips
errors in speech that unwittingly reveal our true motives
Edwin Shneidman said that suicide is an attempt to do what?
escape from an inescapable situation
hormone explored as schizo treatment
estrogen
protective factor against schizophrenia (hormone)
estrogen
Before puberty, how is the gender distribution of depressed children
even
Why are dimensions and categories important to consider in anxiety disorders?
everyone is anxious to a certain extent, to so when does that person have a problem?
Anxiety is an _________ adaption
evolutionary
According to the functionalist perspective, emotions are selected by what?
evolutionary pressures
Acute symptoms
evolve over minutes to hours and are life threatening
Phobias are ________ of evolutionary fears that were built into you
exaggerations
neurotransmitter(s): schizo
excess dopamine + deficient glutamate
bulimic (compensatory) behaviors
excessive exercise, laxatives, purging, fasting
substance abuse
excessive use of a substance resulting in a hazardous behavior and/or significant adverse consequences; use impairs everyday life (do job, scholarly responsibilities, etc.) -mild-to-moderate term to substance dependence
flashbacks
experiencing the effects of a hallucinogenic drug (most often LSD), long after discontinuing use of the drug.
In cognitive behavioral therapy, they help the client design _______________ that test what?
experiments, faulty assumptions about the world
In rational emotive therapy, the therapist assumes they are the ____________ and they attempt to ________ the patient out of bad thoughts
expert, talk
In comparison to pediatric bipolar disorder, in what main way is adulthood how is bipolar disorder different?
explosive irritability is not common
flooding
exposes a person to their fear in its worst possible manifestation ALL AT ONCEE
Western media + EDs
exposure to western media linked to body dissatisfaction esp. in women
strong predictor of relapse
expressed emotion (EE)
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
external validity
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
The cure for phobias is _________
extinction
... intervention: aimed at specif. groups of high-risk individs who show minimal but detectable signs of illness (e.g. people experiencing immediate shock after traumatic event, people who have careers w/ high burnout/suicide rates)
indicated
closed brain injuries cause ... damage as a result of...
indirect, diffuse damage as a result of the brain coming into sharp contact with the skull
What is a a hypomanic episode?
individual starts out feeling really up and into things, tons of energy, elevated self esteem, easily angered and irritable
What is learned helplessness?
individuals learn that their behavior is ineffective, and stop behaving accordingly
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
rise of biological perspective: general paresis
inflammation of the brain that occurs in the later stages of syphilis; causes paralysis, progressive dementia, and (generally) death within 2-5 years
What are some of the symptoms of mania? Name 5
inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, increased activity
dynamic formulation
info about client's personality + social context formed by clinician -describe client's current situation -include hypotheses about: (1) why behind the maladaptive behavior (2) client's future behavior, esp. regarding treatment efficacy
Inhibited vs. Uninhibited Temperament
inhibited: timid, easily distressed, fearful of new people/situations uninhibited: bold, sociable, outgoing ,open to taking risks
The _________ effects of alcohol wear off quickly which is why alcoholics don't sleep much
inhibitory
Alcohol is both ________ and _________
inhibitory, stimulant
What is more common for MDD? Insomnia and loss for appetite or excessive sleeping/eating
insomnia and loss of appetite
withdrawal symptoms from opiates
insomnia, excessive sweating, diminished appetite, tremors, delirium
Philippe Pinel (Humanitarian Reform in Europe)
instituted more humane treatment while in charge of a Paris mental hospital -- led to improved health (removed chains, moved patients to rooms w/ windows, allowed them to exercise on hospital grounds)
implicated in nicotine addiction
insula
significant impairment in general intelligence and adaptive functioning that appears before the age of 18
intellectual disability
What are specific phobias
intense and persistent fears that apply to one very specific sort of object or situation
A panic attack involves a sudden onset of________
intense fear
What is agoraphobia?
intense fears about experiencing the symptoms of anxiety in public
In the DSM IV, all disorders that involved __________ state of ___________ were in the same category called _________ disorders
intense, sadness, mood
Interpersonal therapy is surrounded around the fact that depression is due to?
interpersonal issues
Freudians developed this type of therapy:
interpersonal therapy
This type of therapy is the less popular way to treat depression:
interpersonal therapy
structured assessment interview
interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout; - takes longer - may include some irrelevant questions - tends to yield more reliable results
Quakers (Early 19th century)
introducing more humane practices in England; training for nurses, mandatory asylum inspections, etc; similar practices adopted by oolonies
________ thoughts are a common complaint for PTSD
intrusive
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
neurocognitive disorders
involves a rel. loss in cog. function due to brain disease or damage
Describe what systematic desensitization is?
involves exposing the person to the phobia in different ways while teaching the person progressive relaxation
prospective research
involves looking forward in time; focuses on individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed
Ellis started the idea that many problems in life are due to ____________ beliefs
irrational
Obsessions can be quite _______
irrational
Rational emotive therapy helps the client identify what?
irrational beliefs about the world
Contrary to Western thought, emotions are not ________ but rather represent what?
irrational, a highly adaptive system
abnormality: "is the behavior expected and/or controllable?"
irrationality/unpredictability
For children, ___________ is much more important part of the problem for bipolar disorder
irritability
childhood depression: same diagnostic criteria BUT
irritability instead of "depressed" mood
The issue with hypomania is the elevated moods are backed by a deep sense of _______ and _______
irritability, anger
People with MDD may also exhibit these 3 characteristics:
irritability, guilt, hostility
What are some symptoms of GAD?
irritability, tension, fatigue, minor aches and pains
What is the locus of causality?
is this bad stuff my fault
caused by artery clot in brain
ischemic stroke
Suicide risks are highest in places where people are more _______
isolated
Suicides in middle and later adulthood involve what 2 things?
isolation and hopelessness
Why should people not stay in their manic stages?
it devolves into making impulsive, bad decisions
Why don't people just let people with MDD heal on their own? Can they heal on their own?
it has spontaneous remission states, but it is a very unpleasant experience with high risks of suicide
In the DSM5, why do they consider agoraphobia a panic AND anxiety disorder?
it is the recognition that patients are staying home not because of panic but because of anxiety
What is the danger of a controlled drinking attempt?
it is very easy to fall off the wagon and begin drinking heavily
What is the issue with lithium carbonate?
it is very toxic in high levels
Why is flooding not a good form of treatment?
it is very unpleasant
What is the idea of the disease model?
it may work well for specific groups of people but it looks different for many people
PTSD was once unique in DSM4. Why?
it was one of the only ones that had an implied etiology
What is the issue with AA?
it works for people who actually go, but most people who go never come back
What are the 3 depressive disorders in DSM5?
major depression, persistent depression disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Elevated levels of cortisol have been related to _________
major depressive disorder
OCD has high comorbidity with _________ because both result in __________
major depressive disorder, ruminating
What are the 2 mood disorders in DSMIV in regards to depression?
major depressive disorders, dysthymia
neurocog disorders classified as ... or ....
major or mild based on severity
people w/ BPD may be genetically more sensitive to ..., altering ..., which may compromise the neural circuits involved in ...
negative life experiences; HPA axis function; emotion regulation
By doing response blocking, this stops the _________ _________ of the compulsion relieving ________ that comes with obsession
negative reinforcement, anxiety
Aaron Beck's cognitive triad
negative thoughts about: 1. self 2. situation 3. future
Avoidance behavior is positively or negatively reinforced
negatively
normally acts as phys. support for the inside of neurons; in Alzheimer's, neurons collapse when these become twisted
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted, web-like nerve filaments made up of tau protein
neurofibrillary tangles
earliest/most severely affected neurons by alzheimer's
neurons that produce acetylcholine (Ach)
What did Freud used to call PTSD?
neuroses
What are a few popular addictions?
nicotine, caffeine
Researchers have suggested that _______ and _____________ in adulthood are related to the same underlying problems
pediatric bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder
Ataque de nervios
people become hysterical, exhibiting violence and sometimes not even remembering the event
Aaron Beck
people make maladaptive cognitive errors because they possess relatively stable cognitive schemata that contain dysfunctional beliefs; when these schemata get activated. they affect how people interpret themselves, the world, and/or their future
Personality trait that is highly predictive of eating disorders
perfectionism
tendency to pursue unattainably high standards combined with an intolerance of mistakes
perfectionism
community psychologists
perform research on how social environments can foster psychological health and engage in grassroots social action to create those environments
Parents make few demands of their children and often indulge their every wish and allow every behavior
permissive
In the DSM5, instead of dysthymia it is called?
persistent depressive disorder
What is a more chronic condition of MDD?
persistent depressive disorder
What is hoarding disorder?
persistent difficulty parting with possessions
The main feature of OCD is _________ ________ that provoke anxiety and ________ _________ that relieve the anxiety
persistent obsessions, compulsive behaviors
What are social phobias
persistent unrealistic fears and avoidance of social situations
Anhedonia usually means what?
person is deep into a depressive episode
cycle of expressed emotion
personal criticism —> stress response —> cortisol —> dopamine/glutamate dysfunction
There is a debate about whether or not persistent depressive disorder is a _________ problem
personality
inflexible and distorted patterns of traits and behaviors that result in persistently maladaptive ways of perceiving, thinking about, and relating to the world
personality disorder
pre-8th century BCE
personality/behavior probs (that seem to resemble antisocial personality disorder) described on Mesopotamian tablets
ex. of GxE
phenylketonuria (PKU)
intellectual disability caused by significant consumption of phenylalanine when unable to metabolize
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Describe what the preparedness notion is:
phobias are exaggerations of fears that were built into you through evolution, they are not random
Alcoholism is a problem that must be treated with a team that includes a _________
physician
What gland secretes cortisol?
pineal gland
What gland is most important in depression? What does it secrete?
pineal gland, cortisol
'mainstreaming'
placing children w/ intellectual disabilities in on-level classrooms for part or most of the day
in the DSM, most compulsive behavior produces ________ but this is not the case for this specific disorder:
pleasure, obsessive compulsive disorder
schizo is ....genic
polygenic
"lie detectors"
polygraphs; measure physiological arousal (heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, blood pressure)
Personality traits/mental illnesses: genetics
polymorphisms/abnormalities in certain genes -- almost always polygenetic (influenced by multiple); controls how our brains function (neurotransmitter/hormone regulation,etc)
What are some symptoms of persistent depressive disorder?
poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low self esteem
AN: brain + nerves
poor memory, fogged thought, irritable, sad, moody, anxious about weight, fainting, changes in brain chem
T/F: Healthy controls imagining someone speaking to them had activation in Broca's area as well (as those w/ auditory hallucinations)
true
T/F: Twin studies suggest that genes play a role in thinness, obesity, and the tendency to binge eat
true
T/F: changes to the brain can still occur from impacts that aren't strong enough to cause a full-blown concussion
true
T/F: people w/ pers disorders tend to enter therapy at someone else's insistence and often do not believe they need to change
true
T/F: prenatal nutritional deficiency can inc. likelihood of schizophrenia
true
T/F: subtypes of schizophrenia (paranoid, catatonic, etc..) no longer recognized in the DSM-5
true
T/f: Marital discord/propensity for divorce can be transmitted intergenerationally
true
T/f: Negative correlation between low SES and incidence of mental illness, but the strength of the relationship differs by illness
true
t/f temperament is determined largely by genetics
true
t/f: Although most students report negative attitudes towards bullying, most do not intervene in the face of bullying and up to 20-30% actually encourage the bully
true
The DSM5 replaced pediatric bipolar disorder with depressive mood dysregulation disorder in order to do what?
protect kids from being prescribed antipsychotics
The G protein is what?
protein on the membrane of a nerve cell that regulates the flow of electricity in and out of the cell
psychiatric nurse
provides daily support for those in inpatient care
What is a drug that helps OCD?
prozac
Depressed people feel like they're in a fog called __________
pseudo-dementia
4 yr med school + residency; can prescribe
psychiatrists
Because of the influence of ______________ paradigm, depression during childhood was ignored for a while
psychodynamic
5-8 yr grad school + dissertation + clinical internship; can't prescribe
psychologists
antisocial + interpersonal / affective deficits
psychopathy
symptoms of antisocial personality disorder +++++ interpersonal and affective deficits
psychopathy
psychosis vs. dissociative states
psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, unreal thoughts; no break in identity/perception/memory; still integrated as a whole
externalizing disorders
psychosocial problems that are manifested in a turning of the symptoms outward, as in aggression or delinquency
Anti-psychotics are used for when a patient becomes _______________
psychotic
2 types of bulimia
purge vs nonpurge (laxatives, overexercise, etc.)
What does flooding mean?
put someone in all of the fears they can possibly feel at once and eventually it will experience extinction
Early-onset cases of Alzheimer's Disease (40-50 y/o) appear to be caused by ....
rare genetic mutations including one on chromosome 21 (down's chromo)
In this type of therapy, the therapist is talking you out of irrational beliefs
rational emotive therapy
What did Albert Ellis develop?
rational emotive therapy
a habitual drinker says she drinks "just to be social"
rationalization
The core features of PTSD include a cycling between these three things:
re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of the trauma, arousal
The _______________ alternates with __________ when recovering from trauma
re-experiencing, avoidance
When it is said that the trauma victim is caught between a rock and a hard place, this is referring to cycling between what?
re-experiencing, avoidance
The real good thing about controlled drinking is that people can use it as a tool to do what?
reach abstinence
in an attempt to repress angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness
reaction formation
What is PTSD?
reaction to extreme stress and trauma exposure, disorder that has been around for centuries
secondary process thinking
reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands
Are tricyclic antidepressants effective in the short term?
reasonably yes
Dendrites
receive messages from other cells
What are the three main features of substance abuse? Describe them
results in functioning difficulties in central domains of living, use of substance in hazardous situations, use of substance although leads to interpersonal difficulties
defense mechanism: regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
SSRI's work by interfering with what? What does this result in?
reuptake of serotonin so there is more serotonin in the body
What is intoxication
reversible substance specific syndrome that is maladaptive and leads to some form of impairment
In recovering from trauma, people do ________ ___________ to help you re-establish the self as worthy again
social comparison
What is this an example of? Single woman saying this sucks but at least I'm not married, married woman saying this sucks but at least I'm not single
social comparison
Adolescents who show greater ... activity in response to food commercials are more likely to overeat/become overweight
striatum
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self; unconscious thoughts + emotions + bodily responses = meaningful whole
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
What makes GAD so difficult to treat?
there isn't a specific thing that makes their anxiety go away, they are anxious about everything
Why should social problems be added to the DSM criteria for MDD?
they are crucial in identifying the disorder
What is one theory why men have less prevalence of MDD?
they are more likely to self medicate
How would personality issues with someone with MDD be a bad cycle?
they are unpleasant so they experience rejection, and rejection exacerbates their low self esteem
What did the DSM5 do with the issue of pediatric bipolar diagnosis?
they didn't include a separate diagnosis, the adult criteria is applied to children
What is good about SSRI's?
they don't have too bad of side effects
Why are men able to drink more usually?
they have more efficient livers
Why do people think that they are having a heart attack when they are having a panic attack?
they have similar physiological effects
clinicians can violate confidentiality if ....
they learn that a client is planning to harm another person
E. Morton Jellinek emphasized the idea that eventually what happens to alcoholics?
they lose total control over their drinking, one drink invariably leads to blackout
Because people who are depressed can be unpleasant in social situations, what may happen?
they may experience rejection
Why would men be more likely to become alcoholics?
they suppress their depression through substance abuse
What makes people want to go back to the dangerous substances?
they want to avoid withdrawal
Perfectionistic people are more likely to internalize the ... ideal
thin
AN: hair
thin + brittle
Why would the locus ceruleus be sensitive to CO2?
this indicates that someone is suffocating
medication that alleviates schizo symptoms
thorazine (blocks dopamine receptors)
diathesis-stress: Interactive Model
those w/ stronger dispositions are more strongly affected by stress vis-a-vis the outcome
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
The individual must adjust their assumptive worlds to include trauma. How is this done?
through re-experiencing the event through nightmares/flashbacks
persistent, intermittent muscle twitch or spasm usually localized to one muscle group
tic
brief psychotic disorder
time/symptom-limited schizo; less than a month
synaptic cleft (synapse)
tiny gap that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from the dendrite terminal of the next neuron
correlate
to correspond; to be mutually related; CO-OCCUR
Why was agoraphobia changed in the DSM5?
to match the ICD10 more
Some relevant behaviors of dependence include what? (3)
tolerance, very large amounts of substance, extreme efforts to obtain substance
dopamine dysregulation largely caused by
too much dopamine being created and released into synapse
extreme tic disorder involving multiple uncontrollable motor and vocal patterns
tourette's syndrome
cognitive remediation training
training efforts to help improve patients' overall functioning by first improving their neurocog skills (memory, attention, etc.)
Polygenic
trait controlled by two or more genes
When there is ____________, it shatters the __________ we have that everything in the world is great and the world is inherently good
trauma, illusions
exposure therapy
treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
structural family therapy
treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
Psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
These types of drugs came before SSRI's:
tricyclic antidepressants
What was the second generation of medications for major depression?
tricyclic antidepressants
AN: hormones
trouble w/ menstruation, pregnancy, labido, growing, depression, bone loss
amphetamines
"wonder pills" that could help people stay alert/awake and lose weight
withdrawal symptoms for opiates can onset within ... hours of the last dose
8 hrs
anal psychosexual stage
(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
phallic psychosexual stage
(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
dimensional approach to classification
(ab)normality occurs on a spectrum, and disorders can have different levels of severity
milieu
(n.) the setting, surroundings, environment
Libido (Freud)
(psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
genital psychosexual stage
(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests
At the age of _______, men's risk of suicide goes up a lot
80
guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)
***Places defendant in treatment facility rather than a prison; A verdict, equivalent to a finding of "guilty," that establishes that the defendant, although mentally ill, was in sufficient possession of his or her faculties to be morally blameworthy for his or her acts.
criteria for alcoholism
*problems associated with a preoccupation with drinking (symptomatic drinking, loss of control over drinking) *emotional problems (depression) *vocational, social, and family problems *physical problems (organ damage)
hormone production
brain - pituitary gland - other glands - hormones - body and brain
root cause of amnestic disorder
brain damage; not necessarily permanent
Steps of civil commitment
1. concerned party files petition for commitment hearing 2. judge appoints 2 examiners for mental state eval 3. hearing is held within 14 days of filing date 4. hospital must inform court if the person needs to be kept longer than 60 days
synthetic cathinones
"bath salts"; mimic the effects of amphetamines and produce increased motor activity, agitation, violence, and psychosis
insanity defense
"not guilty by reason of insanity" (NGRI)
meta-analysis
"study of studies"; a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies on a certain topic
disadvantage of using objective measures to quantify success in clinical populations
"average" doesn't mean healthy
Signs
changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Cognitive behavioral therapy experiments are called what?
collaborative empiricism
Physicians + Overweight/Obese
- Decrease satisfaction w/ job - Less patience - More annoyed
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
1. delusions 2. hallucinations, 3. disorganized speech/behavior
observational approaches to research
1. direct (naturalistic) observation 2. biomarkers
Bandura: Observational Learning and Bobo Doll Experiment
- Preschool-aged children witness an experimenter acting very violent toward an inflatable doll -The child is then taken to another room filled with appealing toys, but told they can't play with them - The now-frustrated child is taken to another room with a few toys, including a Bobo doll - Frustrated children exposed to an adult modeling aggressive behavior were more likely to aggress against the doll
Organic Intellectual Disabilities
1. down syndrome 2. phenylketonuria (PKU) 3. macrocephaly 4. microcephaly 5. hydrocephaly
borderline personality disorder comorbidity
85% have at least one additional diagnosis (most diverse)
ADHD occurs in approx ... % of children
9%
Tarasoff vs. Regents of the University of California (1976)
- clinicians have a legal "duty to protect" but have latitude in discharging in favor of warning someone in danger - duty fulfilled if make "reasonable efforts" to inform potential victims - warning of threat doesn't have to come from patient, can come from family member - patient killed ex-girlfriend after declaring intent in therapy
APA's guidelines for when to seek help
- disruptive fears - compulsive rituals - sudden mood shifts - seeing or hearing things - self-destructive behavior - feelings of hopelessness - deep and lasting depression - thoughts of suicide or self-hard
On Being Sane in Insane Places (Rosenhan)
- simulated auditory hallucinations in order to gain admission into psyc hospitals - acted normal once admitted - forced to admit mental illnesses and take antipsychotic medications as conditions of release
...% of BPD patients report experiencing childhood abuse/neglect
90%
social risk factors for mental illness
-Early deprivation or trauma -Problems in parenting style -Marital discord or divorce -Low socioeconomic status or unemployment -Maladaptive peer relationships -Prejudice and discrimination
antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
left vs right hemisphere
-Left hemisphere is good at making quick, exact interpretations of language -Right hemisphere excels in making inferences, modulating speech, and facilitating self-awareness
antianxiety drugs
A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.
2 key disagreements between psychodynamic and psychoanalytic (Freud) theorists
1. emphasized loftier motives as opposed to sex and aggression 2. more emphasis on the conscious mind (i.e., the ego and superego) in interpreting experience
adoption method of behavior genetics
-biological parent of individuals who have given disorder (and were adopted away shortly after birth) are compared w/biological parents of individuals without disorder (who were also adopted away shortly after birth) -if there is a genetic influence, there should be higher rates of disorder in biological relatives of those with disorder than in those without the disorder
single-case research design
an experimental research design (e.g. an ABAB design) that involves only one subject
presenting problem
A client's major symptoms and behavior; Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.
Prevention vs. treatment vs. maintenance
-prevention: directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur -treatment: corrective actions that will permit successful adaptations by eliminating or reducing the impact of an undesired problem or outcome that has already occurred -maintenance: efforts to increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse or re occurrence in the problem
Prevalence rate of Anorexia
.9% for women, .3% for men
because schizo is so symptomatically diverse, geneticists focus on studying ...
.endophenotypes
oral psychosexual stage
0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing
Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia
0.7%
Prevalence rate of bulimia
1%
evaluating success in psychotherapy
1. clients' ratings of own symptoms 2. clinicians' ratings of their clients' symptoms 3. third-party ratings of the clients' symptoms 4. clients' performance on objective measures 5. observing clients' overt behaviors
personality disorder prevalence
1-3%
neurodevelopmental disorders
1. ADHD 2. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 3. Tic/Tourette's Disorders
Medication for Treating Anorexia
1. Antidepressants: only weakly effective 2. Antipsychotic: help with distorted thinking (body dysmorphia); may induce weight gain
Freud's 3 levels of awareness
1. Conscious - ego 2. Preconscious - superego 3. Unconscious - id
systems of classification for diagnosis (2)
1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (APA) 2. International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
2 ways of measuring brain's electrical currents
1. EEG (electroencephalogram) 2. MEG (magnetoencephalogram)
2 kinds of strokes
1. Ischemic 2. Hemorrhagic
2 forms of anatomical/structural brain imaging methods
1. MRI scan 2. CAT scan
CBT + Anorexia
1. Modify distorted beliefs about food, weight, and body image
2 forms of functional brain imaging methods
1. PET scan 2. fMRI scan
Individual risk factors for eating disorders
1. Perfectionism 2. Diets
why might people seek therapy?
1. SEEK HELP for mental illnesses or stressful life circumstances 2. to achieve PERSONAL GROWTH 3. after being referred by a general physician who couldn't find an explanation for their physical symptoms (psychosomatic) 4. because their PARTNER/PARENTS are using it as a THREAT 5. been COURT-ORDERED
Psychology is WEIRD
1. Western 2. Educated 3. Industrialized 4. Rich 5. Democratic
2 components of NGRI
1. admits to committing guilty acts (actus rea) 2. not blameworthy because they lacked full mental faculties at the time of the crime and "did not know what they were doing" (mens rea)
key elements of a productive therapy relationship
1. agreement on the goals and tasks of therapy 2. an emotional bond between client and therapist 3. a sense of working together collaboratively on the problem
Neuropathlogy of Alzheimer's disease
1. amyloid plaques 2. neurofibrillary tangles
most common pediatric mental illnesses
1. anxiety disorders (1 in 3) 2. behavior disorders 3. mood disorders
prenatal schizo risk factors
1. being born to a mother who was preg. during a viral epidemic or very stressful life event (antibodies transmitted to offspring) 2. rhesus incompatibility 3. hypoxia 4. prenatal nutrititonal deficiency
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
1. blunted affect 2. alogia 3. avolition/anhedonia
different theoretical models of classification
1. categorical 2. dimensional 3. prototypical
therapy specialists
1. clinical psychologists (Ph.D) 2. psychiatrists (M.D) 3. social workers (MSW)
weakness of diagnosing personality disordered
1. commonly misdiagnosed due to the fact that the criteria is subjective and rely on inferred traits (wrongly inferred regularity) 2. difficult to identify causal factors due to high comorbidity
contingency management
An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
neural bases of addiction for opiates
1. endorphins: endogenous opiate (naturally found in the brain) that is a pain & stress killer that causes feelings of wellness & happiness 2. dopamine theory of addiction: suggests that addiction (to any substance) leads to dysfunction in the brain's reward pathways 3. reward deficiency syndrome: addiction is more likely to occur in people who are less responsive to natural rewards
Schizo structural brain abnormalities
1. enlarged ventricles (not every patient) -- fluid filled cavities in brain
first-responders for therapy
1. general physicians 2. emergency room staff 3. members of the clergy 4. educators
subtypes of NPD
1. grandiose 2. vulnerable
Health risks: obesity
1. high cholesterol 2. hypertension 3. heart disease 4. reduced life expectancy (5-20 yr)
criteria for substance use disorder
1. impaired control (uses more/for longer than intended; tries unsuccessfully to regulate use; craves substance; spends much time gaining/using/recovering from use) 2. social impairment (fails to fulfill social obligations; continues to use despite problems; leads person to participate less in social behavior) 3. risky use (continued use regardless of acknowledged hazards/damages) 4. drug action / pharmacological criteria (tolerance/withdrawal)
risk facts: schizoid personality disorder
1. impairments to neural networks that promote social affiliation -- oxytocin 2. maladaptive cognitive schemata (e.g. "i am/will always be alone," "relationships are worthless," etc.) -- dark triad
neurotransmitter imbalances
1. inappropriate amount produced/released 2. reuptake process doesn't occur normally 3. receptors might not function properly
e.g. of selective interventions
1. intercepting and/or reducing the supply of drugs 2. education about dangers of substance abuse and avoidance strategies (DARE)
important things to keep in mind when assessing/diagnosing children (3)
1. less complex/realistic view of themselves and the world than they will later develop 2. often have more trouble coping than adults (and less resources available) 3. more dependent on other people
risk factors for conduct disorder
1. low SES 2. poor neighborhood 3. parental stress 4. depression
disorganized behavior may include...
1. markedly impaired self-care 2. silly/unusual conduct 3. catatonia
anorexia causes of death
1. medical complications 2. suicide
3 categories of mental illnesses (Hippocrates)
1. melancholia (sadness) 2. mania (crazed/high energy) 3. phrenitis (delusion)
Interpreting Results with Caution
1. methodologically sound (internally valid/free of confounding variables+alt explanations?) ? 2. representative sample? (external validity; generalizable to population) 3. reliability
kinds of twins
1. monozygotic/identical -share 100% genes 2. dizygotic/fraternal -share ~50% genes
early onset cases of ODD/CD tend to have...
1. neuropsychological deficits 2. lower verbal intelligence 3. attention deficits 4. impulse control issues 5. callous-unemotional (CU) traits
risk factors for schizophrenia
1. older fathers (>50 yrs.. at time of birth) 2. 1st/2nd-gen immigrants (esp. from Africa or the Caribbean living in majority-white communities) 3. Parent who works as a dry cleaner
childhood externalizing (disruptive behavioral) disorders
1. oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 2. conduct disorder (CD)
risk facts: paranoid personality disorder
1. parental abuse/neglect (avoidant-anxious) 2. traumatic brain injury 3. alcohol/cocaine abuse
ex. of neurocog disorders
1. parkinson's 2. huntington's 3. alzheimer's 4. HIV infection 5. vascular probs 6. head injuries
abandonment of moral management
1. prejudice against immigrants 2. overburdened hospital facilities/staff 3. rise of mental hygiene movement (comfort > treatment) 4. advances in biomedical sciences supported fatalistic perceptions
Effects of Marijuana depend on:
1. quality 2. dose 3. mood/personality of user 4. social setting 5. user's expectations
Scientific Method Steps
1. question 2. background research 3. hypothesis (and operationally define your variables) 4. test hypothesis by collecting data 5. analyze data and draw conclusions 6. report findings
projective personality tests (3)
1. rorschach inkblot test 2. thematic apperception test (TAT) 3. sentence completion test
cognitive errors
1. selectively perceiving world as harmful 2. overgeneralizing on basis of limited examples 3. magnifying significance of undesirable events 4. engaging in absolutist (all-or-none) thinking
binge eating (and later, obesity) can arise through
1. social pressure to conform to the thin ideal (body dissatisfaction —> dieting —>> failure —> binging) 2. depression + low self esteem (neg emotions —>> binging)
How can we define abnormality? (6)
1. subjective distress 2. maladaptiveness 3. statistical deviancy 4. violation of social standards + social discomfort 5. irrationality and unpredictability 6. dangerousness
Cases of mass madness (14th/15th centuries)
1. tarantism 2. lycanthropy
signs of concussion
1. temp loss of consciousness 2. amnesia for period surrounding 3. confusion or general sense of fogginess 4. trouble remembering new info 5. prog. worsening headache that won't go away 6. nausea or vomiting 7. excessive drowsiness 8.. slurred or incoherent speech 9. dizziness and/or balance probs
nearly .... of people with severe alcohol problems have at least one alcoholic parents
1/3
heritability of anorexia / anorexic tendencies
11x more likely than those w/o
people with alcohol dependence die, on average, ... yrs earlier
12 years
... % of children meet criteria for major depression
12%
epidemiology of alcohol-related issues (lifetime prevalence of Americans)
13% for alcohol abuse 5% for alcohol depedence
recovery rate: schizo
14-38% after 15-25 yrs w/ diagnosis (LOW recovery)
Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of?
15-20%
Asylums in Europe
16th century; resembled storage facilities/jails; some placed patients on public exhibit for fee;
intellectual disability: before age of...
18
diagnostic onset for ASPD (age requirement)
18 y/o
A typical bipolar will have an episode around _____
18-29
suicide risk of anorexia
18x more likely than those w/o
1st gen vs 2nd gen antipsychotics
1st gen: best for positive symptoms but can lead to EPS 2nd: fewer EPs
Thorazine, Haldol (antipsychotic) can lead:
1st generation antipsychotics; EPS (extrapyramidal side effects)
Cyclothymia is a chronic disorder that lasts at least _______ years
2
Prevalence rate of BED
2%
In order to have dysthymia, an individual must have symptoms for longer than _____ years without _________
2, remission
substance use disorder severity: mild
2-3 symptoms
autistic spectrum disorder tends to be diagnosed before age
2.5 yrs
Danish children who spent the first 15 yrs of their lives in urban environments were ... likely to develop schizo than those from more rural areas
2.75x more
OCD + OCPD comorbidty
20%
Chromosome of down syndrome
21
Risperdal Seroquel
2nd gen antipsychotics
Humoral Theory
A concept of health proposed by Hippocrates that considered wellness a state of perfect equilibrium among four basic body fluids, called humors. Sickness was believed to be the result of disturbances in the balance of humors.
Criteria for Conduct Disorder
3 out of 15 symptoms - aggression to people and animals - destruction of property - deceitfulness or theft - serious violation of rules impairment in social, academic, and occupational functioning
... % of children meet criteria for bipolar disorder
3%
Disorders related to alcohol are _____x more common in men/women then for men/women
3, men, women
Obesity BMI
30+
What are the spontaneous remission rates?
30-40%
moderate intellectual disability
35-40 to 50-55 can achieve partial independence in familial/sheltered environments
over ...% of people who abuse alcohol have at least one comorbid mental illness
37% (most often depression, eating disorders, personality disorders, suicide)
huntington's: caused by single dom. gene on chromosome ___
4
substance use disorder severity: moderate
4-5 symptoms
Somatic cells have how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (1 pair is sex chromos -- XX female, XY male)
heritability of bulimia/bulimic tendencies
4x more likely than those w/o
Prevalence rate for alcohol is around _________% in the US and rates of abuse are around ______%
5, 8
close to .. of kids will face any class of mental disorder
50%
only ...% of people w/ the riskiest pattern develop Alzheimer's by age 80
55%
Anorexia victims mortality rate is ... compared to general population
5x
substance use disorder severity: severe
6+ symptoms
latency psychosexual stage
6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings
In what ways could Prozac be misleading with its success rate?
60% of people would've gotten better on their own anyway
Between ....% of psyc inpatients with one PD diagnosis qualify for at least one more
60-85%
Recurrent episodes is in about _______% of cases of MDD
75
hikikomori
A Japanese word literally meaning "pull away," it is the name of an anxiety disorder common among young adults in Japan. Sufferers isolate themselves from the outside world by staying inside their homes for months or even years at a time.
positive correlation
A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.
behavior therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
competent to stand trial
A finding by a court that the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his or her attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and that the defendant has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him or her; IF JUDGED INCOMPETENT, CAN BE HOSPITALIZED UNTIL MENTAL STATE IMPROVEES
Brain atrophy
A general loss or deterioration of neurons in the cerebral cortex and limbic system.
methamphetamine
A highly addictive drug in the amphetamine family (cooked in makeshift labs)
Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
parkinson's disease
A motor disorder characterized by difficulty in initiating movements, tremors, slowness of movement, and rigidity; can involve anxiety, depression, apathy, and cog probs; caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra
bias
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.
third variable problem
A problem that occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.
randomized clinical trial (RCT)
A procedure for evaluating the outcome of therapy, usually involving random assignment of participants to one or more treatment groups or a no-treatment control group.
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
A progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia.
dream analysis
A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.
Huntington's disease
A rare and fatal human genetic disease caused by a dominant gene on chromosome 4; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms; loss of brain tissue evident in MRI scans year prior to formal diagnosis
Dorothea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War ++ established 32 new (decent) mental hospitals
analogue studies
A research procedure in which the investigator studies behaviors that resemble mental disorders or isolated features of mental disorders. Usually employed in situations in which the investigator hopes to gain greater experimental control over the independent variable.
variable risk factor
A risk factor that can change within a person (e.g., level of depression can vary within a person).
fixed marker
A risk factor that cannot be changed within a person (e.g., race cannot vary within a person, and white race is a marker of increased risk of suicide death).
substantial capacity test
A test for the insanity defense that states that a person is not responsible for criminal behavior when he or she "lacks substantial capacity" to understand that the behavior is wrong or to know how to behave properly.
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Maudsley model of family therapy
A therapeutic approach to eating disorders, generally used with adolescents, in which parents have a central role in treatment. Family structure and adolescent issues related to eating and weight gain are the focus of different phases of treatment.
systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
variable marker
A variable risk factor that, when changed, doesn't change the health outcome (i.e., it can vary, but it is still a marker of increased risk for the outcome of interest)
latent content of dreams
According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects; actually wishes/desires
For children, bipolar disorder symptoms are similar to ________ with _________ ____________ and mixed _______ ________ states
ADHD, explosive irritability, depressive manic
ED: no perceived lack of control
AN-R (restrictive)
all EDs involve binging except
AN-R (restrictive)
ED "switching"
AN-R <-> AN-BP AN-BP <-> BN BN <-> BED BUT AN-R < X > BED
different alleles of the ... gene predict risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer's
APOE (helps carry cholesterol through the bloodstream)
Who developed cognitive behavioral therapy?
Aaron Beck
Describe how there is a contradiction between Aaron Beck and the Woman's theory about PTSD?
Aaron Beck says that people who are mentally ill have mental distortions and the woman thinks people who are healthy have mental distortions
Some of the most powerful therapies of cognitive behavioral therapy come from who and what?
Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression
dysrhythmia/arrhythmia
Abnormal heart rhythm
Mania is usually followed by what?
major depression episode
Who started the idea of rational emotive therapy?
Albert Ellis
prog. and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by deterioration in mem, cognition, and basic self-care skills; slow + no particular onset that makes it difficult to diagnose before it's too late
Alzheimer's disease
Korsakoff's syndrome
Amnestic Disorder
"neurocognitive disorder characterized by profound memory impairment"
Amnestic disorder
Profound inability to recall events that have occurred in the previous few minutes
Amnestic disorder
Behavioral Perspective
An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.
Phenylketonuria
An autosomal recessive genetic condition which leaves the body unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine (PHE) • Can lead to severe developmental disabilities • If children who test positive for PKU are put on PHE-free diets, they remain unaffected • Genetically-based health outcome depends on the environment: Genotype must be detected and diet must be controlled
double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo; ensures the research participants and staff are both unaware which group receives the treatment
ABAB design
An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B).
Age of highest risk: 16-20 y/o
Anorexia
Medication for Body Dysmorphia
Antipsychotics (help w/ distorted thinking)
personality disorder: cluster c
Anxious fearful (worried) avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
Which culture has more cases of social anxiety disorder?
Asian culture
This race is usually the worst at processing alcohol:
Asians
Aaron beck came up with a _______ theory that states that what?
cognitive, negative schemata develop during childhood
ED: no compensatory behavior
BED
lack of self
BPD
personality disorder: "all-or-none thinking"; swing from one extreme to another in responses
BPD
criteria for involuntary commitment
Dangerous to self or others Believed to be in serious need of treatment No reasonable alternatives
alcohol physiological effects
At higher levels alcohol depresses brain functioning (frontal cortex) At lower levels it stimulates the brain
Irresistible Impulse Rule (1887)
At the time of the crime, the individual was driven by an irresistible impulse to perform the act or had a diminished capacity to resist performing the act
Diatheses for eating disorders
Attuned to perception by others, fixation around perfection, etc
Plato
Believed criminals w/ mental disturbances SHOULD NOT be held entirely responsible for their actions and advocated for COMMUNITY CARE and treatment
Durham Rule
Defendant's conduct was a product of mental illness.
auditory hallucinations: activation in .... area
Broca's (misperceived internal voice as external)
Age of highest risk: 30-50 y/o
Binge-eating disorder
What are the 3 bipolar disorders in DSM5?
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymia
What are the 3 mood disorders in the DSM IV in regards to bipolar?
Bipolar I, Bipolar II, cyclothymia
Most powerful predictor of disordered eating, but not culturally universal
Body dissatisfaction (often involving intrusive thoughts and perceptual biases)
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.
Age of highest risk: 21-24 y/o
Bulimia
Leading treatment for bulimia
CBT
teenage version of ODD
CD
The locus ceruleus is sensitive to what?
CO2 in the blood
likely candidate gene for schizo
COMT (involved in dopamine metabolism)
mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway (MCLP)
Center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain. This area is involved in the release of dopamine and in mediating the rewarding properties of drugs.
Countertransference
Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
CBT + Bulimia
Cognitive: Confronting all-or-none thinking ("good" vs. "bad" food) Behavioral: Normalizing eating patterns
association studies
Compare the likelihood of certain genetic markers occurring in people with and without a certain illness
The behavioral model of anxiety is called the _______ process
dual
Causal risk factor for body dissatisfaction
negative affect
problems with word recognition, spelling, reading comprehension, and memory for written material
dyslexia
client-centered therapy
NON-directive/evaluaive; a humanistic-experiential therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth (rather than cure illness); Also called person-centered therapy. -ACTIVE listening -UNCONDITIONAL positive regard
aberrant salience
pay too much attention to stimuli that are not actually important.
Presence of mental disease or defect rule
Durham Rule
Who was the first one to describe alcohol as an illness?
E. Morton Jellinek
precursor for today's DSM developed by
Emil Kraeplin
Adolescents vs. Adults: Anorexia
Onset in adolescence, so adults are more likely to be resistant to treatment
Depressed individuals may seem _________, _______, or easily _______
forgetful, disoriented, confused
Rates for suicide is particularly high for these 2 groups:
European American, Native American
Alcohol abuse is less common amongst these 2 groups and particularly common for this group:
Europeans, Asians, Native Americans
Most effective therapy for Anorexia
Family therapy
Benjamin Rush
Father of American Psychiatry; encouraged more humane treatment, given what he believed caused mental illness
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective
Focuses on how the way we think can inform how we feel and behave
Imaginal Exposure
Form of exposure therapy that does not involve a real stimulus. Instead, the patient is asked to imagine the feared stimulus or situation.
rating scales
Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity
mesmerism -- psychological perspectives
Franz Mesmer's theory that health and disease were caused by the body's magnetic fluids (controlled by planets); mental illnesses could be cured if people used their magnetic forces to influence the distribution of fluids in people who were sick; traveled offering treatments (group hypnosis)
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Aaron beck was trained as what
Freudian psychodynamic therapist
Most depressants work by activating ________
GABA
_________ is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the body
GABA
neurotransmitter: reduces physiological arousal (including anxiety)
GABA
A lot of patients who have _______ come in with physiological complaints
GAD
theoretically would prevent people from pleading NGRI and serving only minimal time in a treatment facility before being judged "rational" and discharged
GMBI
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
an imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries and brain deterioration
comparison or control group
Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied.
gene-environment interaction shorthand
GxE
heritability/causal factors: antisocial and crim. behavior
GxE interactions involving marital conflict/divorce, parental mental illness, and childhood maltreatment
Heritability of eating disorders
HIGHLY (60-80%)
Hallucination vs delusion
Hallucination: things that person sees, feels, hears that others can't Delusion: false beliefs
psychosomatic
Having an effect on the body, but mental or emotional in origin
What is a suicidal gesture?
an individual who acts out in a suicidal way for attention seeking purposes
Humoral Theory founders
Hippocrates + Galen
histrionic vs narcissistic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder is characterised by emotionality, attention-seeking and self-centredness. ... Narcissistic personality disorder is characterised by grandiosity, arrogance, lack of empathy and need for admiration.
What is helplessness?
I am unable to avoid bad things
What is hopelessness?
I am unable to avoid bad things and they're coming
Insanity Defense Reform Act
IDRA; 1984; federal legislation that set the standard for any insanity plea entered in a federal jurisdiction - able to appreciate what they were doing was wrong? ('irresistible impulse' no longer applies) - specified that the mental disorder must be severe - shifted burden of proof from prosecution to defense
severe intellectual disability
IQ 20-25 to 35-40; often have speech, motor, and sensory deficits; dependent on others for care
mild intellectual disability
IQ 50-55 to 70; can master basic academic and occupational skills w/ support
profound intellectual disability
IQ below 20-25; must remain in custodial care for their entire lives
What is one way to treat OCD using medicine? Why would you use this?
SSRI's because they prevent impulsive behavior
castration anxiety
In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.
intrapsychic conflicts
In psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego.
milieu therapy
a humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and meaningful activity
Parents make reasonable demands of their children and consistently enforce them with sensitivity to and acceptance of the child
authoritative
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
Inherited from the father; over-production of ghrelin; implicated w/ obesity
Saint Vitus's Dance (aka tarantism or rave)
Instance of mass hysteria in which groups of people experienced a simultaneous compulsion to dance and shout in the streets.
Will to choose between right and wrong
Irresistible Impulse Rule
Why is it important to intervene with depression early?
It gets dangerous once the person has no energy to participate in therapy
Taijin Kyofusho
Japanese fear of offending or embarrassing others
This person said that criteria for kids with ADHD actually have pediatric bipolar disorder?
Joseph Biederman
Awareness of actions and awareness of right vs. wrong rule
M'Naughton Rule
Partite is an example of what?
MAO inhibitor
What was the first generation of medications for major depression?
MAO inhibitors
If an individual has dysthymia and has had it for years and then develops MDD, after they are treated what stays? What goes away?
MDD goes away, they return back to a dysthymia state
most commonly used illicit drug in the United States
Marijuana
Best studied approach for AnorexiaTherapy
Maudsley model
seeming aloof and distant from other people *even as a baby
autism
actuarial procedures
Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments.
mental hygiene movement
Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment; provide patients w/ comfort rather than treatment
Dark Tetrad
Narcissism Machiavellianism Psychopathy Sadism (Direct and Vicarious)
have trouble finishing tasks or delegating tasks to others
OCPD
OCPD vs OCD
OCPD not characterized by true obsessions/compulsions OCPD - preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, control OCD - true obsessions and compulsions
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking).
self-monitoring
Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings.
catatonic behavior (schizophrenia)
Odd motor behavior
psychotic symptoms are one side effect of drugs used to treat ... disease and other ... disorders that increase ... availability
Parkinson's; movement; dopamine
Humor: Black Bile Organ: Temperament: Qualities
Organ: Gallbladder Temperament: melancholic Qualities: despondent, irritable, sleepless
Humor: Blood Organ: Temperament: Qualities
Organ: Liver Temperament: Sanguine Qualities: courageous, hopefully
Humor: Phlegm Organ: Temperament: Qualities
Organ: Lungs Temperament: Phlegmatic Qualities: Calm, Unemotional
Humor: Yellow Bile Organ: Temperament: Qualities
Organ: Spleen Temperament: Choleric Qualities: Easily angered, bad tempered
According to Ronnie Janoff-Bulman, are our schemas easily changeable? What must happen to change them?
Our schemas are really resistant to change, don't change easily, need something really powerful to make it change
gene x environment (G x E) interaction
PKU -- body unable to metabolize phenylalanine consumed
Prior to the DSM5, ________ was the only disorder that implied cause
PTSD
Why are phobias persistent?
because people learn to avoid things that stare them
terminal branches of axon
form junctions with other cells
Schizoid vs. Schizotypal
Schizoid: loner, unemotional (intense social withdrawal) Schizotypal: Eccentric with odd thoughts/behavior
universal interventions (biological)
promoting healthier diets exercise regimens etc
Exorcisms
Prayerful rites in preparation for Baptism that invoke God's help in overcoming the power of Satan and the spirit of evil.
placebo treatment
a treatment that resembles the other treatments in an experiment in all apparent ways but that has no active ingredients
Pros and Cons of Labeling
Pros: - help identify research and treatment strategies - provide sense of relief and sense of community for those suffering Cons: - stigmatizing/otherizing
treating traumatic brain injuries: first priority
Provide immediate medical care to reduce intracranial pressure caused by swelling
________ is known as commercial drug
Prozac
ego psychology
Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.
personality tests
Psychological tests that measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes.
cocaine dependence treatment
Psychological treatment (CBT and contingency management)
classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)
a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
Ego (Freud)
Rational thought (conscious); controls & channels the id; reality principle; makes peace between id+superego
Superego (Freud)
Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior
Medication for treating Bulimia
Respond well to antidepressants (dec. binges and preoccupation w/ shape and weight)
_________ is less dangerous than tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
SRRI's
What is prozac, paxil, and zoloft an example of
SSRI's
diathesis-stress: Additive Model
Stress similarly impacts those with different levels of diathesis vis-a-vis the outcome
Neurocog: area responsive to reward (food)
Striatum
Ability to understand the act's unlawfulness or abide by the law rule
Substantial Capacity Test
Medieval Europe or Middle Ages explanations for mental illness
Supernatural explanations for mental illness became more pop. than scientific inquiry and humane treatment;
Phineas Gage Case Study
Studied how brain damage can affect behavior. In 1848, --- was in a serious accident in which a metal piece of iron entered his left cheek, pierced the base of his skull, went through the front of his brain. It was noted that the balance between his intellectual abilities and his emotional control had been destroyed. He had become highly agitated, irreverent, impatient, and indulgent compared to before the accident.The longitudinal study of the damage to his frontal love provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviors. This study showed that the frontal lobe has a specific function and that many behaviors are localized to this area.
IDRA shifted burden of proof from ... to .....
prosecution to defense
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Briefly describe Ronnie Janoff Bulman's argument?
Western models of mental health is all about being touch with reality, but reality sucks and if we were to constantly be aware we would be miserable, so people actually rely on illusions to protect themselves from the world
two kinds of popular children
prosocial and antisocial
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Sigmund Freud
The father of psychoanalysis; believed that personality is entirely determined by unconscious forces outside of one's awareness or control; free association + dream analysis
Describe what the dual process is. Use key words such as classically conditioned and negatively reinforced and operant learning
The fear is paired with a stimuli in someone's mind through classical conditioning and then avoidance of the stimuli is negatively reinforced through operant learning
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
Incidence
The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
lifetime prevalence
The percentage of people in a certain population who will have a given disorder at any point in their lives (including those who are currently recovered)
point prevalence
The percentage of people in a given population who have a given disorder at any particular point in time.
concordance rate
The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder.
M'Naghten Rule (1843)
The person did not know the nature and quality of the criminal act in which he or she engaged, or, if the person did know it, the person did not know what he or she was doing was wrong.
T/F Ages of highest risk tend to differ by disorder
True
unstructured assessment interviews
Typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow-up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer (based on client's previous responses)
linkage analysis
Use existing knowledge of the genetic basis of a certain trait to infer the chromosomal location of new traits by studying extended family members
neuropsychological assessment
Use of psychological tests (either standardized battery or individualized array by clinician's discretion) that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage.
What are some key events that made people start talking about PTSD?
Vietnam War, Holocaust, rise of feminism
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
Volunteer organization; train those w/o clinical training to get involved in mental health education and advocacy
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Tarantism
a form of mass hysteria prevalent during the Middle Ages, characterized by wild raving, jumping, dancing, and convulsing
Edwin Shneidman described suicide as what?
a goal driven behavior
cultural variations of EDs
White + Western most at risk
What are three drugs that are benzodiazepines that can help panic and anxiety?
Xanax, valium, ativan
Binge eating - genetic?
Yes, to some extent
in vivo exposure
a behavioral therapy method that consists of direct exposure to a feared or avoided situation or stimulus
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
neurosurgery
a biomedical therapy that involves the destruction of some portion of the brain or connections between different areas of the brain
necessary cause
a causal risk factor that everyone with a certain illness MUST SHARE; i.e. everyone with PTSD must have experienced a traumatic event
What are phobias
a class of disorders that include unrealistic fears of stimuli such as heights, closed spaces, certain animals
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; can change via assimilation or accommodation
Lycanthropy
a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior
contributory cause
a condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
thought withdrawal
a delusional belief that others are taking the client's thoughts away and the client is powerless to stop it
diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability/predisposition is coupled with one or more stressors in the environment
modeling therapy
a type of therapy characterized by watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors
causal risk factor
a variable risk factor that, when changed, changes the health outcome
operant/instrumental conditioning
a learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
Insanity
a legal term describing one's inability to be responsible for one's action due to the condition of the mind
Fixation
a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
a major neuroendocrine pathway relevant to the stress response involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex; activates by stress and produces cortisol
stigma
a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.
Biomarkers
a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure.
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Deinstitutionalization
a movement aimed at moving people with psychological/developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings; motivated by noble goals (large asylums weren't entirely humane/cost-effective) but had harmful consequences;
In the new DSM5, what is agoraphobia?
a panic and anxiety disorder
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
opium
a powerful mixture of 18 chemical substances (alkaloids) that often leads to physiological dependence
ghost sickness
a preoccupation with death and the deceased frequently observed in Native Americans
sentence completion test
a projective technique where subjects are given a set of incomplete sentences and asked to complete them in their own words
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Catharsis
a release of emotional tension
Crash diets are ineffective because our bodies seek to maintain...
a set-point weight (stasis)
sufficient cause
a single causal risk factor that will lead everyone who experiences it to develop a certain illness; i.e. mutation on chromosome 21 is sufficient for Down syndrome
T score distribution
a standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values
correlation coefficient (r)
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1); describes the tendency of two variables to vary together
statistical significance
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance; influenced by the strength of the relationship between variables AND sample size
couple therapy (marital therapy)
a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship
schizophreniform disorder
a time-limited version of schizo; more than one month, less than six
Marijuana
mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
dopamine dysregulation may lead to psychosis via ..
aberrant salience
screening test for delirium
ability to recite the months of the year backwards
Prior to puberty, what is the distribution of depression in genders?
about balanced
Controlled drinking is a good path to ___________
abstinence
The only treatment for alcoholism is ____________, meaning what?
abstinence, you can never touch alcohol again
What are the 3 categories of DSM5 substance abuse disorders?
abuse, intoxication, withdrawal
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (rival) -occurs during phallic stage -lead to castration anxiety -resolve feelings by repressing/identifying with the rival parent
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
manifest content of dreams
according to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams; "directly" experience
.... and ... can increase risk for alzheimer's, while ... serves as a protective factor
brain injury; depression; cognitive reserve
developmental systems approach
acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional
case study
an observation technique in which ONE person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles; valuable as an "EXISTENCE PROOF" that might INSPIRE future research, but also carries major limitation; subject to bias and NOT very generalizable
Sadness is actually quite an __________ personality trait
adaptive
neural bases of addiction: reward deficiency syndrome
addiction is more likely to occur in people who are less responsive to natural rewards
Symptoms for schizo appear between ... and ...
adolescence and adulthood (18-30 y/o); more severe in men
In rational emotive therapy, the therapist convinces the client to do what?
adopt more rational beliefs
... can foster antisocial behavior
affiliation w/ deviant peers
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
In the 50's and 60's, people who had _____________ were mislabeled as schizophrenics and were given tricyclic antidepressants
agoraphobia
The locus ceruleus is known as the primitive ___________
alarm center
"the rational-emotive therapist is an exposing and non-sense annihilating scientist"
albert ellis
___________ abuse has the greatest life risking withdrawals
alcohol
Korsakoff's syndrome
alcohol amnestic disorder
What would make people engage in violent behavior when they're drunk but not on any other depressant?
alcohol has a paradoxical pattern of being a stimulant and inhibitory
... issues commonly co-occur with psychopathy
alcohol/substance abuse
Strong social structure that reduces _______ might also reduce suicidal behavior
alienation
What is the cognitive treatment of phobias?
alter schemas
Benjamin Franklin
among the earliest advocates of electroconvulsive (shock) therapy
abuse of ..... can produce psychotic symptoms
amphetamines (dopamine overactivity)
abnormal deposits of beta amyloid protein that are believed to lead to neuron death; beta amyloid secreted quicker than it can be broken down/cleared away
amyloid plaques
DSM5 assumes that a child with bipolar depression should have similar symptoms to what?
an adult with the same diagnosis
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats; INSTITUTIONAL
persistent difficulties that interfere with task-orienting behavior (impulsivity, excessive motor activity, difficulty sustaining attention)
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Women who abuse alcohol are more likely to be drinking because of these 2 reasons:
anxiety, depression
Processing and re-experiencing trauma produces intense ________, so what do people do?
anxiety, numb out and ignore it
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
anatomical / structural; constructs a 3D representation of the brain as a result of magnetic pulses; brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)
anatomical/structural; constructs composite image of the brain by taking several x-rays from different angles
AN: blood
anemic
weight distributions (anorexia, bulimia, binge)
anor: underweight bulimia: normal-to-over binge: over-to-obese
fear of weight gain, becoming fat
anorexia + bulimia NOT binge-eating disorder (though possible guilt after binge)
failure to maintain normal weight (15% underweight for one's age+height), distorted w/ distorted body image and fear of becoming overweight
anorexia nervosa
medication + EDs
anorexia: antipsychotics (help w/ distorted thinking & induce weight gain) bulimia: antidepressants (minimize anxiety)
bulimia vs. anorexia (binge/purge)
anorexia: underweight / malnourished bulimia: normal / overweight
For people who cycle between manic and depressive episodes quickly, what medication should they take?
anti-convulsant medications
Tegretol is a common example of?
anti-convulsants
____________ is less effective than Lithium
anti-convulsants
This class of drugs is extremely dangerous and long term use can result in serious movement disorders:
anti-psychotic medications
_____________ are known as major tranquilizers
anti-psychotics
DSM5 called pediatric bipolar disorder a depressive disorder to protect kids from _____________ medication
antipsychotic
hospital admissions rates dropped naturally due to developed of ..... drugs but may increase again due to lack of adequate ...
antipsychotic; community care
When manic episodes for bipolar depression gets out of control, people are put on _________
antipsychotics
Only on occasion will bipolar disorder be treated with __________. Why would they need to use this?
antipsychotics, when they cannot get their symptoms under control
Men who are abusing alcohol are more likely to be drinking because of _____________ attributes
antisocial
evidence that histrionic PD has a genetic link with
antisocial PD
pervasive violation and disregard of the rights of others through deceitful or aggressive behavior, often without remorse
antisocial personality disorder
3% prevalence of pers. disorders (most common)
antisocial personality disorder (most common in men -- serial killers)
children who show externalizing tendencies are at a greater risk of developing...
antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy
Cluster B disorders
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Antisocial vs. Psychopathy
antisocial: focuses more on observable behaviors (crimes) psychopathy: focuses more on personality characteristic and emotional deficits
Panic attacks occur with elevated frequency in what disorders
anxiety
There is a difference between fear and _______
anxiety
_______ is the core feature of OCD even though it is in a different category with the DSM5 now
anxiety
________ is one possible outcome linked to trauma
anxiety
Describe anxiety and classical conditioning:
anxiety becomes classically conditioned to a stimulus
PTSD was a _______ disorder in earlier DSMs
anxiety disorder
In the DSM5, obsessive compulsive disorders are no longer considered as ________ disorder. Why?
anxiety, because they have a different etiology
OCD behaviors often focus on alleviating the ________ associated with an __________
anxiety, obsession
anxious children often have ... parents
anxious/overprotective; they model their behavior
behavioral therapy
apply basic principles of learning to help eliminate unwanted behaviors or promote desired behaviors
more common kinds of hallucinations
auditory and visual
brain, schizophrenia: auditory system
auditory hallucinations caused by dysconnectivity between speech production (Broca's area) and comprehension (Wernicke's area) -- misperception that internal voice are real coming from the outside/others
Parents make many demands of their children and many rules for them to follow, offering few explanations and limited sensitivity to the child's perspective
authoritarian
majority of people w mental illness are/are not dangerous
are not dangerous or violent and never will be
clinical diagnosis
arriving at a general "SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION" of a client's symptoms by following a clearly defined system; OUTCOME
negative correlation
as one variable increases, the other decreases
direct observation
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting
labeling technique
assigning a label to an individual and then requesting a favor that is consistent with the label
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
antipsychotic drugs risks
assist dopamine reception but after long-term use, risk causing onset of parkinson-like symptoms
vulnerable subtype (NPD)
associated intrusive/controlling/cold parenting or childhood abuse; hypersensitive to criticism; may retaliate if undermined/don't receive the attention they feel entitled to/deserving of
grandiose subtype (NPD)
associated with parental overvaluation; overestimate abilities/accomplishments; likely to believe they are the best
issue w/ lie detectors
assume that people will become physiologically aroused if and only if they are lying
For someone to be okay after the trauma, they must rebuild their __________
assumptions
Trauma shatters our ____________ of a _________ world
assumptions positive
According to Ronnie, recovery from trauma means altering your ________ __________ to include __________
assumptive world, trauma
What are illusionary beliefs called?
assumptive worlds
What is this an example of? Horrible thing but in the end it made me stronger, blessing in disguise
attempts to find meaning
DPD parenting styles
authoritarian / overprotective (minimal autonomy/individuation)
Diagnosis of __________ has increased dramatically in children
pediatric bipolar disorder
family history method
behavior genetic research strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determine whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of the hereditary relationship
What is the main issue with tricyclic antidepressants?
bad side effects, lethal when taken in overdose
During mania, what happens to the person?
barely functioning, energy level is so great that they have issues functioning
Most effective long-term treatment for people who are morbidly obese
bariatric surgery (gastric bypass)
excessive blockade of dopamine receptors in ... by antipsychotics leads to motor side effects
basal ganglia
antisocial personality disorder requisite
be diagnosed w/ conduct disorder by age 15
Why would patients with panic disorder look really disheveled ?
because constant arousal and panic is hard on the body physiologically speaking
Why would people want to think of alcoholism as a disease model?
because once it is a medical problem, it is destigmatized
antisocial dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT OF ANTISOCIAL ALREADY)
behavior problems; delinquency; criminality
What is more successful in curing phobias, cognitive or behavioral treatments?
behavioral treatments
only way to make psychology an objective science is solely studying observable behaviors
behaviorism
delusions of reference
belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual
thought broadcasting
belief that one's thoughts are broadcast directly from one's head to the external world
thought insertion
belief that thoughts are being placed in one's head
self-schema
beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information; views on who we are, what we might become, and what's important to us (traits, roles, etc)
persecutory delusions
beliefs of being targeted by others
Hippocrates
believed mental illnesses had NATURAL origins (not otherworldly)
This person compulsively checks mirrors seeking reassurance about body. What do they have
body dysmorphic disorder
In the short term, _____________ are very effective at treating panic and anxiety
benzodiazepines
This class of drugs has side effects of sluggishness, addiction, and is used to treat panic and anxiety
benzodiazepines
medications that reduce the insomnia, headaches, tremors, and other symptoms associated with withdrawal
benzodiazepines
used to treat anxiety as well as withdrawal
benzodiazepines
drugs used to treat anxiety in adults and children
benzodiazepines (immediate) and SSRIs (long-term)
neurons of Alzheimer's patients believed to secrete ... quicker than it can be broken down and cleared away
beta amyloid
BMI is likely polygenic, but a specific genetic mutation underlying ... has been identified
binge eating
important predictor of later obesity
binge eating
regular bouts of binge eating followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but w/o compensatory behaviors (overweight-obese)
binge-eating disorder (BED)
Diathesis
biological predisposition
tics appear to have a strong ... basis, but also stem from ... causes
biological; psychological
Until very recently, ____________ was thought to be nonexistent in children
bipolar depression
What is the G-proteins theory for bipolar disorder?
bipolar reflects irregularities in proteins that regulates low of electricity into neurons
1st gen antipsychotics reduce effects of dopamine by ...
blocking a specific D2 receptor
Alcohol that doesn't get metabolized is absorbed into the _______________ and eventually makes its way to the ________
blood stream, brain
Benjamin Rush's primary treatments
bloodletting, purgatives, spinning board, tranquilizer (4 humors)
light sensitivity + concussion
blue-blocking glasses
Bandura experiment
bobo doll
BMI
body mass index (estimation of body fat based on height and weight)
instability in one's self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships, often arising from a severe fear of abandonment
borderline personality disorder
What does it mean to have double depression
both dysthymia and major depressive disorder
ADHD: more common in
boys
Bipolar disorder is very much a _______ disorder
brain
intellectual disabilities: basic self-care and occupational skills are generally taught by ...
breaking them into simpler components (that can be reinforced) before moving on to more advanced behaviors
risk factors
characteristics or behaviors that reliably precede/increase the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease;
CU traits
callous-unemotional
Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
can only be diagnosed via autopsy after patient's death; no biologic markers exist; diagnosis depends on exclusion of other causes of dementia
What were some issues with tricyclic antidepressants?
cardiovascular problems, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, dry mouth, weight gain
help patients transition from life in hospital to real world (help reintegrate with family, help find housing, help find employment.)
case managers
Phineas Gage
case that played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function; railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior (extremely aggressive)
What is one of the greatest reasons why people still want to be tested for chemical imbalances?
catecholamine theory
What is the primitive model of chemical imbalance model for bipolar?
catecholamine theory
Etiology
cause of disease
Emetic medications
cause one to vomit/emit
expressed emotion (EE)
characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement
Alcohol amnestic disorder (Korsakoff's syndrome/psychosis)
characterized by persistent memory deficits (especially for recent events) caused by malnutrition (because alcohol serves as an appetite suppressant w/o offering any nutritional value & impairs body's ability to utilize nutrients) - can be treated with IV infusion of B vitamins
delusional disorder
characterized only by unreal thoughts; usually functional
Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
The onset of bipolar in ________ is very controversial
childhood
genetic factors schizo
children born to schizo moms more likely even when placed w/ adoptive parents hours after birth
GAD works well with _____ therapies but not with ______ therapies
cognitive, behavior
Long term effects of chronic alcohol abuse involve _________ difficulties and significant damage to the ___________
cognitive, brain
MDD can interfere with basic _________ processes such as what?
cognitive, memory, reasoning, attention
If you can blame trauma on ___________ rather than __________, this can help rebuild your schemas
circumstances, yourself
process by which someone can be hospitalized either voluntarily or against their will
civil commitment
Pavlov
classical conditioning
The anxiety and avoidance cycle in phobias involve what 2 things
classical conditioning, operant learning
What are the 2 things involved in the dual process of perpetuating anxiety?
classical conditioning, operant learning
Aversion therapy
classically condition association of unpleasant state with unwanted behavior
nosology
classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena
Medieval Europe: care and treatment of the mentally ill was left largely to the ...
clergy
therapy involves both ... and ... judgements
clinical and value
stimulants
cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine
The most effective therapies for depression come from the ________ paradigm
cognitive
approaches for pers disorder therapy
cognitive approaches (CBT)
What has the highest success rates for helping alcoholics?
cognitive behavioral therapy relapse prevention
What are the 2 cognitive therapies used to treat depression typically?
cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive therapy
How is compulsion a negative reinforcement?
compulsion makes the negative stimulus go away which is the obsession
In what ways are BDD similar to OCD? Describe.
compulsions of checking the mirror/getting surgery relieves the anxiety of being preoccupied with imagined defects
protective factors
conditions that shield individuals from the negative consequences of exposure to risk
persistent and repetitive violation of rules and disregard for the rights of others
conduct disorder (CD)
National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH)
conducts+funds research; supports clinical training + community initiatives; provides info to scientists + public
World Federation for Mental Health
congress of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) focused on mental healthcare
psychopaths: low/underdeveloped .... high ....
consciences intelligence levels
Describe the individual with panic disorder:
constant anxious state, always fearful of the next panic attack
Individuals with GAD have ________ worries that occur in ___________ domains
constant, multiple
AN: intestines
constipation, bloating
red flag for disordered eating (vs. diet)
consumption of "good" vs. "bad" food as indicative of a person's worth
There tends to be a ___________ effect for suicidal behavior amongst adolescents
contagion
Id
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
What are some common obsessions?
contamination, disgust of body waste/secretions, concern that particular tasks haven't been done correctly, violent/sexual behavior
This is an alternative to abstinence for drinking:
controlled drinking
serotonin pathways
cortical
Elevated levels of this hormone have bene implicated in MDD:
cortisol
Electra complex
counterpart to the Oedipus complex for females
myelin sheath
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
Stereotyping
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
brain, schizophrenia: frontal lobe
critical to problem solving/high-level thought; disruptions lead to difficulty planning/organizing thought
A person with _________ has chronically cycled between subclinical depression and hypomania
cyclothymia
What is the bipolar equivalent of dysthymia
cyclothymia
People who have experienced trauma are more ________
cynical
In response to pediatric bipolar disorder, the DSM5 created a new ________ __________ for children who have explosive irritability and mood issues
depressive disorder
The DSM5 didn't put in pediatric bipolar disorder, they replaced it with this:
depressive mood dysregulation disorder
Going on a diet predicted future binge eating disorders, especially in those with more ... symptoms or low ...
depressive; self-esteem explanation: if they fail a diet, they alleviate their guilt by "eating their feelings" (counterintuitive)
abnormality: "does the behavior lead to harm towards self or others?"
dangerousness
self-report data
data collected directly from MULTIPLE participants about themselves/their symptoms/etc, typically by means of: 1. in-person clinical interviews or 2. questionnaires/surveys
defense mechanism: sublimation
dealing with unacceptable feelings or impulses by unconsciously substituting acceptable forms of expression
Antidepressants + Bulimia
dec. frequency of binges and preoccupation with shape and weight
Extinction (operant conditioning)
decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
This is the core symptom of MDD:
deeply depressed mood
most effective method of stigma reduction
deliberate stigma reduction education/advocacy in courses
Rapid-onset state of mental confusion, disturbed concentration, and cognitive dysfunction
delirium
the DTs
delirium tremens (alcohol withdrawal delirium)
false belief about reality maintained in spite of strong evidence of the contrary
delusion
thought control
delusions that a person's thoughts are being controlled by other people or forces
Depression is sometimes misdiagnosed as _________ especially with elderly populations
dementia
Depression when its really running its course looks a lot like __________
dementia
A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair
denial
DSMIV had a separate category for _________. These symptoms are now put into features of _______ in DSM5
dependence, abuse
associated with parenting styles that fail to promote autonomy and individuation (e.g., authoritarian or overprotective styles)
dependent personality disorder
extreme reliance on other people, which leads to clinging and submissive behavior
dependent personality disorder
Childhood depression is not characterized by __________, but rather it is characterized as what?
depressed mood, irritability, anger, aggression
Besides anxiety disorders, _________ also may put people at risk for panic attacks
depression
Martin Seligman said that learned helplessness is equivalent to __________
depression
There is a large amount of comorbidity between GAD and _________ because of the shared sense of ________
depression, helplessness
chronic symptoms
develop over months to years and may require long term care
Agonists
drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter - inc release by making ingredient moree available - block reuptake - mimic them
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
widespread damage to brain
diffuse
damage caused by exposure to neurotoxic chemicals or a closed head injury
diffuse damage
sign of correlation coefficient
direction of relationship
Intoxication _______________ after the ___________ has been cleared from the body
discontinues, substance
endophenotype
discrete, measurable trait thought to be linked to certain genes (e.g. working memory deficits)
Current perspectives emphasize alcoholism as a ___________ like process
disease
Sadness can motivate __________ from a lost commitment
disengagement
Defense Mechanism: Projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
What are obsessive compulsive disorders
disorders in which the patient has little control over a compulsive behavior
"word salad"
disorganized speech; language is being used properly but the content makes no sense
A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room
displacement
In the DSM5, there is no pediatric bipolar disorder. Instead it is called ______ _______ _______ ________
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
A lot of patients who are having a panic attack report a _______ quality, feeling like they are above watching it all unfold
dissociative
Panic attacks are accompanied by what?
distressing physiological signs
medication overuse headache + concussion
do not rely too heavily on tylenol/advil for pain relief as it can lead to medication overuse headache; use hot/cold packs instead
The compulsion part of OCD does/does not produce pleasure? Why or why not?
does not, it just reduces anxiety momentarily
A change from earlier DSM's for OCD: the patient doesn't necessarily need to be aware about what?
doesn't necessarily need to be aware that obsessions and compulsions are not rational
neurotransmitter: pleasuree, cog. processing, implicated in schizophrenia
dopamine
2 key neurotransmitters for schizo
dopamine + glutamate
neurotransmitter: schizophrenia
dopamine/glutamate
moderate to severe intellectual disability associated w/ noticeable physical characteristics most often linked to a third copy of chromosome 21
down sydrome
personality disorder: cluster b
dramatic, emotional or erratic (wild) antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic
"gateway to the unconscious"
dreams
delirium: most commonly caused by
drug intoxication or withdrawal (especially in elderly people who have just had surgery)
_____________ are common for unsuccessful suicides
drug overdose
Depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
hallucinogens
drugs known to induce hallucinations (unreal, distorted sensory experiences; often referred to as psychedelics
psychoactive drugs
drugs that affect the central nervous system (from meth/heroine to caffeine)
Antagonists
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter -block release -destroy in synapse - prevent binding by blocking receptor
milieu therapy approach in inpatient mental healthcare
focuses on turning hospital environment into a therapeutic community; - clearly communicating staff expectations to patients - encourage patients to become involved in decision-making - creating smaller groups of patients that serve as a source of social support
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
forbids workplace/educational discrimination, and requires employers/schools to provide reasonable accomodations
What is response blocking?
forcing someone to not engage in the compulsion despite the obsession
Trauma and stressor related disorders are essentially what?
extreme reactions to stress or trauma exposure
reinforcing contributory cause
fa condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring
Asylums
facilities for treating the mentally ill in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century.
If you get a panic attack, you have a psychological problem. True or false? Explain
false, anyone can get a panic attack and this doesn't mean that they have a problem
T/F: self-report data isn't biased
false; 1. data only as valid as the questions that you ask 2. rely on people providing accurate/honest answers
T/f: clients must explicitly consent to information being shared with other third parties even in the case of court-ordered evaluations
false; court overrides
treating mild/moderate cases of ADHD
fam therapy + pos reinforcement of desired behavior
leptin: produced by ... to reduce appetite
fat cells
What is the difference between anxiety and fear
fear is an immediate response to threat in the environment, anxiety narrows focus
Systematic desensitization involves creating a ______ and ________ hierarchy and then doing what?
fear, anxiety, work through the hierarchy in a progressively relaxed state
In comparison to old DSM's, the DSM5 doesn't require that a person with OCD realizes that their ___________ is ________
fear, irrational
Childhood depression has high comorbidity with what other childhood problems such as what?
fighting with parents, friends, trouble in school
When you are in huge trouble, what does the locus ceruleus do?
fires in a very alarming way as a last ditch effort to survive and avoid death
localized damage to specific portion of brain
focal
sharply defined traumatic injury or an interruption of blood flow to a particular region
focal damage
Why did the feminist movement get people talking about PTSD?
focused on sexual violence, got people starting to talk about it out loud
object-relations theory
focuses on how children come to develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents; Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg
group/family or individual therapy for alcohol issues?
group/family therapy are more often used/effective (effective to hear the effects of one's behavior); environmental support (to help people return to their families/communities/lives) is KEY
The ______ ______ of different drugs and how they last in your __________ relate to how addictive they can be
half life, metabolism
sensory experience that occurs in the absence of any external stimuli
hallucination
Describe what cyclothymia is?
has same sort of cycling as bipolar, but mood states are less extreme, manic episodes not as disruptive
In cognitive behavioral therapy, instead of trying to change someone's beliefs, what does the therapist do?
have the patient challenge their beliefs in life that are negative
1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance in _____________ situations
hazardous
How did Aaron Beck discover the whole negative schemata idea?
he was doing dream interpretation and found that people who had negative dreams were way more negative and awful than normal
These 2 things have also been linked to OCD:
head injury, encephalitis
cannabis + schizo + adolescence
heavy use during adolescence AT LEAST doubles risk (even when accounting for subclinical psychotic symptoms during childhood)
overuse of amphetamines: side effects
heightened blood pressure, tremors, rapid speech, confusion, possibly brain damage and amphetamine psychosis
behavioral interventions + tics
help children become aware of their tics, train relaxation, and promote adjustment
cognitive/cognitive-behavioral therapy
help clients identify logical errors in underlying schemata and challenge the validity of the thoughts that arise from them
medication for alzheimer's
help improve cog. functioning and self-care skills
According to Ronnie, what do illusions help us do?
help us function in a scary unpredictable world
Joseph Biederman did what and wrote about what?
helped validate the concept of pediatric bipolar disorder
caused by a brain artery bursting
hemorrhagic stroke
The disease model sees alcoholism as a _______ ________, and people who have this disease are ______________ different from those who do not
heritable allergy, biologically
autism is ... and a significant portion of risk appears to arise from ... genetic mutations
heritable; de novo
a combination of morphine and acetic anhydride; originally developed as a safer, solely analgesic version of morphine, but actually more dangerous
heroin
more dangerous? morphine or heroin
heroin
What is a huge problem with MAO inhibitors?
high blood pressure
overeating in aversive emotional states -- what sort of food?
high fat / sugar (for reserves, fight-or-flight)
dropout rates for personality treatment
high; esp .for those comorbid w/ other conditions
after leaving the hospital, schizo patients who return home to parents/spouse were at ... risk of relapse than those who returned to siblings or lived alone
higher due to higher EE (expressed emotion)
immigrants and their children are at a ... risk for developing schizo, especially of .... skin
higher; darker feelings of discrim. precipitate symptoms (stress response)
psychopathy heritability (callous-unemotional traits)
highly heritable, even when measured in 7 y/o children; often receive high levels of neg. parenting (creating high fear/punishment tolerance)
heritability of schizo
highly heritable; inc.. w/ a more-closely related relative who is diagnosed
mass madness
historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria
Name 4 things that are risk factors of suicide?
history of violent victimization, mental illness, prior suicide attempts, stressful events (like a significant loss)
"dramatic"
histrionic
excessive attention-seeking, emotional instability, self-dramatization
histrionic personality disorder
genetic link with antisocial personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder
Vegetative symptoms are disruptions in basic ___________ processes
homeostatic
What is the goal of response blocking?
hoping eventually the compulsion will be broken and will go into extinction
In traumatic experiences, the individual experiences ________ and a sense of what?
horror, being out of control
In more extreme forms of bipolar disorder, what does the individual need?
hospitalization
American Psychology Association (APA) and its divisions, American Medical Association (AMA), etc..
host conferences and set professional/ethical standards for members, lobby governmental agencies for support, and provides information to scientists and the public
Psychodynamic
how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Epigenetics
how can environmental factors change the molecular expression of a gene?
What is the issue with high comorbidity of some diseases?
how can you tell that diseases are not the same thing if they have similar symptoms?
The two biggest predictions of addiction are what?
how long intoxication lasts, how intense intoxication is
behavior (quantitative) genetics
how much of our traits and behaviors can be attributes to genetic vs. environmental factors? which environments might affect genetic risk? how?
cognitive-behavioral perspective
how thought informs behavior
Motivational Interviewing (MI)
humanistic-experiential; a directive, client-centered style that allows clients to explore their desires, reasons, ability, and need for change; used to help treat substance abuse
Whys social phobia in its own category?
humans are social and it is fundamental to existence, so it is not a biological fear
ghrelin
hunger hormone produced by stomach to stimulate appetite
a rare and fatal degenerative disease that involves jerking, twitching movements, and mental deterioration
huntington's disease
condition where excess amount of cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull and damages brain tissue
hydrocephaly
Schizo: birth complications
hypoxia (Low oxygen saturation of the newborn body, not enough oxygen in the blood)
Body dysmorphic disorder in early DSM's was known as _________ but now it is known as a ___________ disorder
hysteria, obsessive
According to Ronnie Janoff Bulman, _________ are adaptive and crucial to mental health
illusions
Without __________ to protect us, after trauma, what happens to us?
illusions, we see the world as what it may really be which is dangerous, hostile
What is an example of a tricyclic antidepressant
imipramine
biological effects of opiates
immediate euphoric rush and subsequent high (4-6 hours) produced by morphine/heroin are followed by an increased desire for the drug
AN: low potassium
impair muscle (especially heart) function, causing muscle weakness and cramping, an irregular heartbeat, abdominal cramping or bloating, thirst and frequent urination.
AN: low sodium
impaired brain function, nausea and vomiting, confusion, headache, fatigue, irritability, muscle weakness or cramps and seizures
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
In a hypomanic episode, after a while all of the goodness and upends translates into what?
impulsive and self destructive behavior
SSRI's can interfere with _________ human behavior like ___________ and the ability to have _______
impulsive, sexuality, sex
Younger suicide more often involves ___________ reactions to __________, such as?
impulsive, stressors, social rejection
lifestyle dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT OF ANTISOCIAL ALREADY)
impulsivity; stimulation-seeking; irresponsibility and lack of long-term goals; parasitic lifestyle
erogenous zones
in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development (Id's psychic energy becomes fixated)
amok
in a frenzied or uncontrolled state
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the therapist of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Describe the difference between agoraphobia in DSM4 and DSM5
in the DSM4, it was known as the fear of having panic attacks, in DSM5 it is known as being afraid of panic attacks and other anxiety symptoms from the world
What is anhedonia?
inability to experience pleasure
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure or joy
brain bleed + sleep (following concussion)
inability to wake themselves up; should have someone wake you up repeatedly during 1st few nights following concussion
community care for people w/ intellectual disabilities is ...
inadequate
medications for parkinson's
inc dopamine levels, symptoms return fairly quickly after effects wear off
cocaine
increases dopamine activity by blocking pre-synaptic dopamine transporter whose job it is to retrieve excess dopamine from the synapse; excess in synapse, therefore more likely to bind
people w/ schizo have an overall .. brain volume than healthy controls; particularly the ... and ... lobes affected
lower; frontal/temporal
clinical psychologist
licensed therapist w/ a doctoral degree (Ph.D or Psy.D.) in Psyc
clinical social worked
licensed therapist w/ a master's in social work
What are the issues with categorical models
life is dimensional, disease models are categorical
Traumatic events are _____________ ________ or at least associated with ________ _________
life threatening, serious harm
speech + autism
limited if not entirely absent
the ends always justify the means
machiavellianism
inc in brain size/weight associated with visual impairments and convulsions
macrocephaly
AN: kidneys
kidney stones/failuree
extended MDMA use
kills serotonin receptors; permanent depression / deficits to cognitive function
Avolition
lack of motivation
avolition
lack of motivation to pursue goal-directed behavior
avolition/anhedonia
lack of motivation/pleasure
Anhedonia
lack of pleasure
affective dimension of psychopathy (ASPECT 2 OF PSYCHOPATHY)
lack of remorse, guilt, or empathy; callousness; failure to accept responsibility for one's behavior
alogia
lack of speech
ego defense mechanisms
largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
When is the onset of MDD?
late 20, early 30
Highest rates of successful suicide attempts are when?
late in life
For hoarders, discarding possessions does what?
leads to considerable anxiety
Martin Seligman first developed __________________ from animal models
learned helplessness
The alternative model to the disease model is the _________ perspective
learning
brain, schizophrenia: hippocampus
learning and memory impairments
observational learning
learning by observing others
delay in cognitive development with regards to language, speech, math, or motor skills
learning disorders
portions of the ... hemisphere underdeveloped in dyslexia
left
juvenile delinquency is a ... term
legal; not diagnostic
neurobio: psychopathy
less amygdala activity and physiological arousal in response to fearful/sad faces
Family structure characteristics that inc. risk of Anorexia
less cohesive families + hypercritical family environment
immigrants + obesity
less likely to be overweight than those born in US but BMIs climb after living here for 10 yrs
parents who abuse alcohol are .. likely to keep track of their children's activities
less; leads to affiliation w/ peers who abuse substances
patients who live in ... industrialized countries tend to have more favorable outcomes (schizo)
less; lower EE families
This drug is used as a treatment for bipolar depression:
lithium carbonate
For bipolar disorder, people are typically treated with these 2 medications:
lithium carbonate, anticonvulsants
The physiological model of anxiety attacks focuses on what?
locus ceruleus
This structure in the brain for panic disorder is known as the false alarm:
locus ceruleus
Rumination has thoughts of ______ and ______
loss, defeat
Prevalence in childhood depression are low/high compared to adults
low
AN: heart
low blood pressure, slow heart rate, palpitations, heart failure
AN: body fluids
low potassium, magnesium, sodium
children with ADHD tend to have ... brain volume and their brains mature approx ... than those without
lower; 3 years behind
GAD has high comorbidity with what?
major depression
There is a particularly elevated risk for suicide for patients with these 2 things:
major depression, paranoid personality disorder
universal interventions (sociocultural)
making communities safe/meaningful to live
abnormality: "does it interfere with someone's ability to live their best life?"
maladaptiveness
antipsychotics ... symptoms more so than ...
manage; cure
Bipolar disorder cycles between these 2 things:
mania, depression
IF you give someone who is bipolar a tricyclic antidepressant, what can it trigger?
manic episode
What is the main downside of MAO inhibitors?
many bad side effects and interactions with particular foods and other medications
How did the rise of pediatric bipolar disorder begin?
many young kids who had ADHD actually met criteria for bipolar disorder, and doctors said they had been misdiagnosed
What does preparedness mean for phobia?
means you develop phobias that have an evolutionary basis
What does heritable allergy mean in the context of alcoholism?
means you were born into the world without the ability to process alcohol in a normal way
psychiatrist
med. doctor w/ power to prescribe
Usually by the time alcoholics get to you, they are _________ compromised, __________ addicted, and also have many _________ problems
medically, physiologically, psychological
Glutamate
memory and learning
schizo is more common/severe in ... than ...
men; women
high risk of schizophrenia in women during
menopause; lack of estrogen
phrenitis
mental confusion; "phrenic" -- delusioned
Controlled drinking, for it to work, should definitely be facilitated by who?
mental health practitioner
Which results in a greater dopamine spike. Meth or coke?
meth
severely limited brain growth during pregnancy and/or infancy
microcephaly
most at risk of barbiturate dependence
middle-aged to elderly people who rely on medication to sleep
benefit of measuring brain's electrical currents
might identify dysrythmias
diagnosis: necessary vs sufficient symptoms
necessary: symptom that all examples of a category MUST sharee sufficient: all that is needed to be considered part of category
auditory hallucinations seem to occur when patients...
misinterpret their own inner speech and coming from another source (miscommunication between Broca's + Wernicke's areas)
integrative behavioral couple therapy (IBCT)
modification of traditional behavioral couple therapy that has a focus on acceptance of the partner rather than being solely change oriented
In major depressive disorder, symptoms usually fall into one of the following 4 categories:
mood, cognition, motivation, vegetative
Alcoholism was once viewed as a form of ________ _________
moral degeneracy
Alcohol is more or less dangerous than marijuana
more
those higher at risk for alcohol abuse disorders are less/more likely to unintentionally underreport their consumption
more
diagnosis + gender: histrionic
more commonly diagnosed in women than men, at rates higher than would be predicted based on sex differences in the underlying traits
obesity may be "socially contagious"
more likely to become obese if they have family member, spouse, or close friend who becomes obese
substance dependence
more severe form of substance use involving PHYSIOLOGICAL RELIANCE on/compulsive use of the substance; leads to compulsory significant overuse
most common alkaloid present in opium; serves as a powerful sedative and pain relieve
morphine
Edwin Shneidman said that suicide is ambivalent. What does this mean?
most people who commit suicide also have the hope that they might be rescued
Long term use of anti-psychotics can result in ___________ disorders
movement
brain, schizophrenia: basal ganglia
movement + emotions + integrating sensory info; contributes to paranoia and hallucination
Deinstitutionalization
moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings
Electroencelphalogram (EEG)
multichannel recording of the continuous waves of electrical activity of the brain via scalp electrodes
BMI doesn't distinguish between pounds of ... and ...
muscle and fat
Diagnosing Schizophrenia
must have at least 2 of the following, including one of the top 3: 1. hallucinations 2. delusions 3. disorganized speech 4. negative symptoms 5.. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
nomenclature
naming system
exaggerated sense of self-importance, preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for others' feelings or perspectives
narcissistic personality disorder
Compulsion is a positive/negative reinforcement loop with obsessions
negative
_________ is one of the most common symptoms of PTSD
nightmares
What are some things that are common with PTSD?
nightmares, intrusive thoughts
Are compulsions associated with pleasure in OCD?
no
Are stressful situations necessarily trauma?
no
Do compulsions and obsessions always connect to each other?
no
If you are aware about a horrible thing going on within your normal experience is it trauma?
no
Is pediatric bipolar disorder something that is widely accepted?
no
significant? small relationship, small sample
no
Are children going to have vegetative symptoms? Why or why not
no because they have really fast metabolisms
According to the disease model of alcoholism, is there a cure for alcoholism? If not, what is there
no cure, only remission
treatment for alzheimer's
no restorative treatment; symptom management -- provide reasonable quality of life for patients and reduce distress in caregivers
Do you experience trauma by watching bad things happen on TV? Why or why not
no you don't you must be there and be embedded in the situation to feel things you've never felt before
Does MDD have an equal gender distribution?
no, 2:1 female to male
Do most people go back to AA after they go for the first time?
no, 90% of people don't go back after the first or second time
What does anhedonia really mean? Does it mean that something isn't interesting?
no, but rather people are so unhappy they have lost capacity to feel pleasure
Just because something is in the realm of human experience, does this mean you cannot get trauma from it? Give an example?
no, if a car bomb were to go off this would still be a form of trauma
According to the preparedness notion, are phobias random? Why or why not
no, they are just exaggerations of fears that were built into you through evolution that helped ancestors survive
Do people with GAD usually have a specific thing they are worried about? How or how not
no, they mostly anticipate problems that could occur in the future
Is pediatric bipolar disorder in the DSM5? Why or why not
no, to protect children from medication
neurotransmitter: fight or flight response, basic motivations
norepinephrine (adrenalin)
The catecholamine theory states that low levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain leads to ________ and high levels lead to ________
norepinephrine, depression, mania
the DSM focuses on ... not ...
nosology (classification); etiology (cause)
efficacy of direct instruction in learning disabilities
not effecive
Ronnie Janoff-Bulman says that mental health is not necessarily this, but rather this:
not necessarily being in touch with reality, rather it involves illusions about the world being a better place than it really is
non-DSM eating disorder
obesity
Bandura
observational learning
direct/naturalistic observation
observing multiple people in a natural setting without trying to manipulate or intervene in the situation
vicarious reinforcement
observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
OCD is characterized by cycling between ______ and _______
obsessions, compulsions
extreme perfectionism and excessive concern with maintaining order, control, or adherence to rules
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
distal risk/causal factors
occur early in life but dont show their effects until many years later
proximal risk/causal factors
occur shortly before the onset of symptoms
ischemic stroke
occurs when a blood clot blocks and artery (brain cells shut down/swell and die due to lack of blood)
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks (blood irritates brain cells, causing swelling down into opening of skull)
personality disorder: cluster a
odd/eccentric (weird) paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
defense mechanism: rationalization
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
Why are more lethal methods of suicide rare?
often they don't actually want to die
What is a main reason to intervene with an episode of MDD?
once you intervene you can stop the possibility of future issues
treating traumatic brain injuries: long-term care (for those who don't recover within 7-10 days)
ongoing neurological care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, cognitive training, and/or skills training
issue with deinstitutionalization
patients who can't return to families often end up in emergency rooms, homeless shelters, or jails
CBT therapy for alcohol-related disorderss
only modestly effective; 1. providing info about alcohol's effects and modifying alcohol-related expectations 2. help develop effective coping skills for situations where one may feel compelled to drink
Skinner
operant conditioning
recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior towards authority figures
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
details of therapy sessions should only be shared with...
others directly involved in case management
Writings from the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks attributed personality/behavior probs to
otherworldly possession
List the three characteristics of trauma that must be there:
outside range of normal human experience, are life threatening/seriously harmful, individual feels horror/loss of control
Trauma is _________ the range of the what?
outside, normal human experience
two kinds of persistently rejected children
overly aggressive and withdrawn
Re-experiencing alternating with avoidance helps protect the individual against what?
overwhelming anxiety associated with trauma
In the early DSM, agoraphobia was considered a ________ problem
panic
Panic disorder is basically a phobia of _______
panic
A patient walks in and they think they are having a heart attack. Likely they are suffering from what?
panic attack
What is a symptom of panic disorder
panic attack
How would the locus ceruleus result in panic problems?
panic disorder is when the locus ceruleus is going off when it shouldn't be, and it acts as a false alarm
pervasive suspiciousness and distrust of others; ongoing/pervasive
paranoid personality disorder
Cluster A disorders
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
paranoid personality disorder vs psychotic
paranoid: no experience of delusions/voices but are at a greater risk for developing psyc disorders
children of parents w/ depression face worse outcomes esp when
parent's symptoms affect child through less-than-optimal interactions
loss of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra
parkinson's disease
extrapyramidal symptoms
parkinson's-like effects / tardive dyskinesia; side effects such as restlessness, involuntary movements, and muscular tension produced by antipsychotic medications
echolalia
parrot-like repetition of few words or phrases
World Health Organization (WHO)
part of UN; responsible for International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
There is good genetic evidence that bipolar depression is ___________
partially heritable
Axon
passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
effective methods of reducing nicotine withdrawal symptoms
patches, gum
If we all have anxiety to some extent, when do we want to call it _______
pathology
Why could intervention become difficult with depression?
patient may lack energy to take part in therapy
led to "unconscious" theory -- Freud
patient's symptoms would disappear once they revealed a personally traumatic event
Treatment methods: Asylums
patients needed to "choose" rationality over insanity
E. Morton Jellinek said that alcohol is a __________ illness, in which the individual moves steadily from ________ to__________
progressive, occasional drinking, chronic abuse
efficacy facilitated by
positive attitude/expectation
response shaping
positive reinforcement technique used in therapy to establish, by gradual approximation, a response not initially in a person's behavioral repertoire
At the end of recovering from trauma, the world is no longer an entirely _______ place. But the individual's _______ __________ are now more _________
positive, assumptive worlds, realistic
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
children/teens + antidepressants
possible inc in suicide risk
Tardive dyskinesia (TD)
potentially disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotic drugs
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
preoccupation with imagined defects or in appearance, often of a delusional intensity
You are biologically _______ to experience fear in relation to specific stimuli
prepared
primary prevention
preventing health condition, social problems, etc. from arising by focusing on the root causes that bring them to bear in the first place
secondary prevention
preventing health conditions, social problems, etc. from getting worse; helping people cope with issues that alreeady exist
Bullies engage in both ... and ... aggression
proactive (unprovoked/goal-oriented); reactive (retaliatory)
Sampling
process by which participants are selected
Part of the way you rebuild schemas is by ________________ information
processing
brain, schizophrenia: occipital lobe
processing visual info; disturbances contribute to difficulties interpreting complex images, recognizing motion, reading facial emotion
"the thief thinks everyone else is a thief"
proection
The disease model views alcoholism as a ________ illness that ends in _______
progressive, death
because learning disorders ..., the most effective treatments are ...
vary widely; individually tailored
Magnotoencephalography (MEG)
records the magnetic fields produced by the brain's electric currents
Attempting to find meaning in a situation is a process in what?
recovering from trauma
1 feature of substance abuse: use of substance although it leads to what?
recurrent social/interpersonal difficulties
culture-bound syndromes
recurrent, locality specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a diagnostic category. limited to specific societies or cultured areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations
bariatric (gastric bypass) surgery
reduces storage capacity of the stomach and/or shortens the length of the intestines so less food can be absorbed
blunted/flat affect
reduction in/absence of emotional expression (but not experience)
forensic
referring to legal proceedings or formal debate or rhetoric
defense mechanism: denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school
regression
holistic approach for parkinson's
regular exercise improves motor function, cog abilities, general quality of life
The learning perspective says that people drink because of some _________ in the environment
reinforcer
The most successful way to treat alcoholism is this model:
relapse prevention
consistency and stability of a test measure
reliability
Compulsions are used to do what?
relieve anxiety that comes with the obsessions
What are compulsions
repetitive behaviors that temporarily relieve the anxiety associated with the obsession
retrospective research
research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life of a subject; e.g. asking adults with a certain disorder about their childhoods to identify potential risk factors
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period to track change/stability over development
The most successful way to treat OCD is?
response blocking
__________ is one of the only treatments that work for OCD
response blocking
Treatment: first priority is to...
restore weight to not life-threatening level; weight gain likely temporary without follow-up treatment
relentlessly limited one's food intake
restricting type anorexia
Alcohol influences other neurotransmitter systems in the brain's _________ centers
rewards
2 Rs
rigid ruler; authoritarian
people w/ autism tend to show a strong preference for ...
routine and repetitive body movements
Depression cognition is characterized by ____________
rumination
At the end of trauma, the individual becomes _______ but _________
sadder, wiser
In DSM5, disorders that involve _____________ and disorders that involve cycling between ________ and _____________ are in different categories
sadness, mania, depression
Bipolar occurs more in men or women or same?
same
leptin
satiation hormone; produced by fat cells to reduce appetite
inability/unwillingness to form social relationships and/or express feelings
schizoid personality disorder
Schizoid PD vs Avoidant PD
schizoid: see no interest in interpersonal relations avoidant: severe anxiety/phobia so avoid interpersonal relations
psychotic disorder: extreme oddities in perception, action, and thinking, as well as one's senses of self and social interactions (delusions + hallucinations)
schizophrenia
often occurs in first-degree relatives of people w/ schizophrenia
schizotypal
attenuated (less severe) form of schizophrenia
schizotypal disorder
excessive introversion, pervasive interpersonal deficits, cognitive and perceptual distortions, and eccentricities in communication and behavior
schizotypal personality disorder
Barbituates
sedative; synthetic drugs that depress the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) to produce calming and sleep-inducing effects, and impaired cognitive abilities
cardinal sign of autism
seeming aloof and distant from other people ; fostered by diminished ability to pick up on social cues
... interventions: aimed at specific groups of at-risk individuals
selective
What is the third generation of medications for major depression?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
What does the negative triad include?
self, world, future
psychological causes behind tics
self-consciousness, social stress, etc
Depressed individuals are excessively _______________ and are overly concerned with what?
self-focused, negative themes
Under extreme hunger, metabolism ... to account for the calorie deficit, making it ... to burn off what you do consume
slows; harder
Describe what cognitive behavioral therapy is?
sending you out into the world to do experiments that test your thoughts
unrealistic fears, oversensitivity, self-consciousness, nightmares, and chronic anxiety related to potential separation from a major attachment figure
separation anxiety disorder (ONLY IN CHILDREN)
Biological models of etiology for OCD focus on what system?
serotonin
Some gains from drugs that affect ________ system have been shown to work with OCD
serotonin
neurotransmitter: anxiety/depression
serotonin
neurotransmitter: cognition, moods; anxiety/depression
serotonin
hormones: anorexia
serotonin + dopamine
Ronnie Janoff Bulman came up with the theory of what?
shattered assumptions
Prior to realizing it was PTSD, what did people think it was?
shell shock, battle fatigue
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Interpersonal therapy is long or short term?
short term
tolerance
sign of substance DEPENDENCE; the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect; same amount no longer results in the same effect, therefore must take more
withdrawal
sign of substance DEPENDENCE; the physical discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
life expectancy w/ schizo
significantly shorter (~15 yrs less)
objective observations made by a clinician that suggest the presence of a disorder
signs
familial schizophrenia
similar expressions/symptomologies expressed
schizoaffective disorder
simultaneous blend of (full-blown) schizophrenia and a (full-blown) mood disorder
hallucinated voices often occur ..., utter .../..../... remarkers, and sounds like people unknown/known to the patient
simultaneously; rude/vulgar/critical; known
danger of media rep of mental illness
single story becomes generalized as only story
gene-environment interaction
situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
What are 2 major vegetative symptoms?
sleep difficulties, loss of appetite
What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?
sluggishness, addiction, withdrawal
E Morton Jellinek conducted surveys with who?
small group of men attending AA meetings
Interpersonal therapy focuses on helping the client improve ________________
social interactions
social phobia vs avoidant PD
social phobia = fear of embarrassment in a setting avoidant personality = fear of rejection
help improve schizo patients' functional outcomes
social skills training (interpersonal and self-care)
2 yr masters
social workers
Thinking of alcoholism as a disease model has _________ motivations
sociopolitical
Describe what the Minnesota model is?
someone checks themselves into a hospital for a 30 day detox, once the drug clears your system you are transferred to something like AA
categorical approach to clasification
someone either has a disorder or they don't, and there is a very clear boundary between normal and abnormal
prototypical approach to classification
someone has a disorder if they are generally similar enough to a prototypical example of another person known to have the disorder
Stage fright is an example of specific or generalized anxiety
specific
penetrating brain injuries generally, cause more ..... damage
specific, localized
neurocog disorder diagnosis format
specifier that addresses the presumed cause of the deficits ex. "Major neurocog disorder associated with Alzheimer's disease"
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
specifies the number and type of symptoms that are necessary to diagnose specific mental illnessees
Wernicke's area
speech processing/language comprehension
Broca's area
speech production (frontal lobe); Broca's aphasia -- broken/nonsensical speech
What are the 3 aspects of cognitive models of learned helplessness?
stability, globality, locus of causality
Learned helpless reflects the belief that negative events are _______, ______, and due to the ______
stable, global, self
manualized therapies
standardization of psychosocial treatments (as in development of a manual) to fit the randomized clinical paradigm
abnormality: "how rare is it?"
statistical deviancy
tau protein
sticks that support protein; physical support for inside of neurons
nicotine
stimulant; has anxiolytic properties (reduces anxiety); commonly used as self-treatment
ADHD treatment
stimulants (ritalin, adderall, etc); helps reduce distractibility and overactivity and increase alertness
ghrelin: produced by the ... that stimulates appetite
stomach
magnitude of correlation coefficient
strength of the relationship
Cortisol
stress hormone
how stroke occurs
stroke occurs when a blood vessels (artery) supplying the brain is altered by either a lack of flow or bleeding. Neurons in the brain can survive in few minutes and they are not regenerate therefore, if blood flow insufficient for more than a few minutes death of neurons occurs and they are permanent if blood flow is not corrected immediately. Death of neurons called cerebral infarction another name for Stroke or cerebrovascular accident.
genetic factors play a progressively ... role in more severe cases of intellectual disability
stronger
objective personality tests
structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment
early deprivation or trauma (romanian orphans)
stunted IQ/growth, double anxiety
dopamine pathways
subcortical
abnormality: "does it cause pain?"
subjective distress
a sadistic child obsessed with blood and gore becomes a surgeon as an adult
sublimation
ASPD and ... disorders share a common genetic predisposition
substance use
synthetic cannabinoids
substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active plant-derived substance in marijuana - much more likely than marijuana to lead to serious side effects (heart palpitations, seizures, psychosis, etc.)
parkinson's: caused by degen of dopamine neurons in
substantia nigra
learning disorders are believed to arise from
subtle impairments to expected brain development
neural bases of addiction: dopamine theory of addiction
suggests that addiction (to any substance) leads to dysfunction in the brain's reward pathways
Suicide is not that common. Instead, these 2 things are more common:
suicidal gestures, sub-intentional suicide
one action of dopamine receptors is to ...... glutamate release
suppress
defense mechanism: reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
a patient's subjective descriptions of a disorder
symptoms
diagnoses based on both ... and ...
symptoms and signs
What are the 2 behavioral treatments for phobias?
systematic desensitization, flooding
Originally lithium carbonate was what?
table salt
similar sympt. to alzheimer's, but caused by a series of "small strokes" that destroy neurons and lead to brain atrophy
vascular diseasse
treatment/prevention for ODD/CD
teaching parents how to prompt/reinforce prosocial and ignore antisocial behavior teach children social problem-solving skills
projective personality tests
techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's inner unconscious desires may be examined
Viewing alcoholism as moral degeneracy led to what?
temperance movements, prohibition
2 Ts
tender teacher; authoritative
exposure to ... during pregnancy or ... during birth can cause ... that leads to intellectual disability
teratogens; physical trauma; brain damage
Sadness can motivate behaviors that signal to others what?
that we need resources
What made PTSD come about ?
the 50s and 60s because of the Vietnam war and Holocaust
cognitive reserve
the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them
cultural competence
the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures or belief systems from one's own
efficacy
the ability to produce a desired or intended result
In what way would panic disorder be a cyclic disease?
the anxious state that results from fearing the next panic attack increases risk for future panic attacks
cell body (soma)
the cell's life support center
Comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
Symptoms
the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong
Heritability
the extent to which a trait, behavior, or health outcome is genetically based; often expressed as a percentage
Generalizability
the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied
developmental psychopathology
the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders
Pleasure Principle (Id)
the governing principle of the id, involving demands for immediate gratification of needs
The sociological model focuses on what idea?
the idea of alienation and its impact on suicide
Interpersonal therapy is an approach based on what idea?
the idea that depression is rooted in social difficulties
What defines GAD?
the idea that doom is around the corner, makes people scared of everything
attachment theory
the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life
According to the functionalist perspective, emotions represent that?
the internalization of a person-environment relationship
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
effect size
the magnitude of a relationship between two or more variables, irrespective of the sample size
reality principle (function of ego)
the manner in which the ego delays gratification and otherwise deals with the environment in a planned rational fashion (in Freudian theory).
What is the issue with the catecholamine theory?
the model is too simplified, bipolar is much more complex than a simple chemical imbalance system
____________ symptoms are rare for childhood depression
vegetative
CBT + childhood anxiety
very effective esp when parents receive behavioral management training
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. - 500+ true/false questions - ten clinical scales were created by identifying the items that significantly differed between the normal/clinical samples tested in Minnesota original
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
one year prevalence
the number of people in the population with the disorder in a given year
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
genotype-environment interaction
the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions
Standardization
the process by which a test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent manner
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Learning
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Attribution
the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
What was the issue with E Morton Jelinek's model?
the sample size was way too small, cannot be applied to the rest of the population
abnormal psychology
the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
Why were SSRI's revolutionary?
the side effects are much more benign
psychopharmacology
the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
(quasi-experimental) correlational research
the study of the naturally occurring relationships/associations among variables
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Describe what rational emotive therapy is?
the therapist assumes that they are the expert and when the patient comes up with maladaptive thoughts the therapist tries to talk you out of things
What is the main issue with rational emotive therapy?
the therapist must presume that they are the expert
The most important factor that contributes to PTSD is what?
the thought and feeling that you were going to die
1-year prevalence
the total number of cases of a health-related state or condition in a population for a given year
twin method
the use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior - Are people different on this dimension because of genetics or not? How much so? - If not very much, what kind of environments might account for the observed differences?
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Cognitive, negative biases change the way what?
the way you perceive and interpret things in the world
Before trauma, what do people think about the world?
the world is a great place, meaningful, things happen for a reason
Before trauma, what are the 3 set of illusionary beliefs?
the world is benevolent, the world is meaningful, the self is worthy
children with learning disorders are usually identified when
their academic performance lags behind their expected achievement
psychodynamic therapy
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces (Id, ego, superego) and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight/productive defense mechanisms
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
T/F: Alcoholism is heritable
true; - biological children of alcoholics who are adopted by non-alcoholic families are at an increased risk for developing alcohol problems later in life - majority of children with alcoholic parents don't go on to develop substance use disorders
T/F: Children who watch cartoons w/ food advertisements eat more than those who watch w/o
true; even without being hungry
T/F: biological data is considered observational data
true; observational in nature as we are not in control (heart rate, stress hormones, brain imaging, etc.)
T/F all kinds of eating disorders tend to occur more often in women
true; underdiagnosis of men
Do people overestimate or underestimate danger?
underestimate
Parents make few demands of their children and are generally uninvolved in their lives and insensitive to their needs
uninvolved
In DSM5, disorder that only involve sadness are called
unipolar depression
... interventions: attempt to lessen risk factors and promote protective factors among the general population
universal
What is the definition of extinction
unlearning of a conditioned response
What are obsessions?
unwanted thoughts, feelings, images
The key part of obsessions is that they are _______ and _______
unwanted, uncontrollable
Men tend to do what when it comes to suicide?
use more lethal means
current use of amphetamines
used to aid clinically significant weight loss and treat narcolepsy and ADHD
What is the main controversy with bipolar disorder in children?
very powerful and dangerous medications are used with children
Tiny sacs in the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft
vesicles
people w/ mental illness are more likely to be the .... of violent crimes
victims
interpersonal perspective
views psychopathology as (largely) rooted in maladaptive tendencies that we develop over the course of relationships we have with other people; alfred adler, eerich fromm, karen horney, erik erikson
abnormality: "has it violated (spoken or unspoken) rules of conduct?" & "are other people bothered?"
violation of social standards
What is a good example of how to expose people to their fears?
virtual realities
macrocephaly associated with
visual impairments and convulsions
What is middle awakening?
waking up and losing hours of sleep in the night but falling back asleep
What is early awakening?
waking up hours before you have to
What are 3 common compulsions?
washing, checking, various mental activities
AN: muscle + joints
weak, swollen joints, fractures, osteoporosis
Childhood sexual abuse + later development of eating disorders
weakly associated; childhood sexual abuse generally increases all sorts of psychopathology
AN: low magnesium
weakness, constipation, seizures and arrhythmias
key factor for anorexia diagnosis
weight
BMI calculations
weight (kg) / height (m2)
the only commercial weight loss program that has yielded success after a randomized clinical trial
weight watchers
clusters mnemonic device
weird wild worried
molecular genetics
what are the specific genes that might (partially) influence our traits, behavior, and health?
role-playing
when a client is instructed to play a part so that the clinician can observe their behavior in an analogue situation
Schizo: Rhesus (Rh) incompatibility between mother and fetus
when a mother w/ a negative blood type and gives birth to positive offspring, may be exposed to blood and produce antibodies that affect FUTURe offspring
passive gene-environment correlation
when people are placed into certain environments based on their genetic makeup
evocative gene-environment correlation
when people can evoke certain environmental feedback based on their genetic makeup
Describe what controlled drinking is?
when people limit their drinks and teach themselves how to handle alcohol
active gene-environment correlation
when people seek out/build environments that are consistent with their genetic makeup
communication deviance (CD)
when speech patterns are vague, unclear, hard to follow
When are tricyclic antidepressants dangerous?
when they are taken in overdose
family aggregation
whether a disorder runs in families
Many people with GAD state that they feel like they've been anxious since birth. What question could this bring up?
whether or not it is a personality disorder instead
There is a huge rise in alcohol abuse amongst who?
white adolescent females
Describe what the sociological perspective is trying to understand for suicide?
why suicide is more common in some cultures than others
Moral Management
wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs; emphasized "rehabilitation of character" rather than physical remedies
traditional behavioral couple therapy (TBCT)
widely used form of therapy that uses behavioral approaches to bring about changes in the marital relationship; seeks to promote productive conflict resolution and caring relationship behaviors by training communication skills and adaptive problem solving
Phobias will or will not develop in response to stressors that are "new" in human history
will not
What is globally in the cognitive model of learned helplessness?
will this bad stuff affect a lot of different aspects of my life
What is stability in the cognitive model of learned helplessness?
will this bad stuff keep happening
GAD occurs more in women or men
women
After puberty, stress system disorders occur more for men or women? By how much?
women, 2x more
Gender distribution in anxiety disorders affect men/women more than men/women
women, men
Men/women attempt suicide more often, men/women succeed more
women, men
Describe what cognitive behavioral therapy is?
work with client on changing negative schemas about the world, sometimes using behavioral interventions
Can you get PTSD from not being the intended victim?
yes
Can you still get a panic attack if you don't have a DSM disorder?
yes
If you have prior suicide attempts, are you more likely to attempt again
yes
Is mania worse than hypomania?
yes
Is suicide rare or no
yes
With a person in a manic state, if you slow down how fast they talk does it make sense or no
yes
significant? strong relationship, small sample
yes
significant? weaker relationship, large sample
yes
Are phobias curable? What percent
yes, 80-90% success rate
Can you go through trauma without PTSD? How?
yes, some people maintain their schemas of a positive world no matter what
What is a flashback?
you are back in a situation, experiencing the sensations of a situation
There is a major change from earlier DSM's in regards to OCD. What is that change?
you don't have to know that your compulsions and fears aren't rational
After trauma, according to Ronnie, what occurs?
you let go of your belief systems since you were a child and shatter the old assumptions
