psyc chapt 1 test study guide

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?

Carl Rogers

signal detection

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

perceivable and measurable

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and

availability heuristic

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It places too much emphasis on genetic factors in determining human behavior.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

John Watson

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

A(n) ________ is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment.

Skinner box

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.

The word "evil" should be changed to the word "good."

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Male bias exists in science.

Who started the feminist revolution in psychology?

Naomi Weisstein

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Populations of developed nations are living longer

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

Which of the following is a reason that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology.

The word "subconscious" should be changed to the word "conscious."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Sigmund Freud believed that understanding the unconscious mind was critical to understand subconscious behavior.

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram's obedience research?

hypothesis

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on?a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a

mental set

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top-level management

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.

extroversion

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

William James was the ________.

first American psychologist

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

humanism

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in

introspection

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

biopsychologist

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?

dissertation

Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible

her own conscious experience

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

the mind and behavior

Francis Cecil Sumner

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.

openness

Behaviorists all focus on

physiological responses that result in action

study the function of behavior

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

basic survival needs

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.

Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through

the use of reinforcement and punishment

1800s

When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?

transduction

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

a subliminal message

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory

adaptation

Critical thinking is

applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Naghemeh wants to focus on the emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes of individuals who are considered psychologically healthy. Which area of psychology should she work in?

counseling psychology

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies

representational bias

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down