PSYC Chapter 11

* select all that apply. the peripheral route to persuasion often involves which of the following? a. likability of the communicator b. attractiveness of the communicator c. reasoning in the message d. deep thought of the audience

a & b

which of the following is an example of the fundamental attribution error? a. antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner b. you just met antonio and already feel like you have lot in common c. antonio is attractive, so he is also a good student d. antonio got an "A" grade in psychology because he studied hard, and a "D" grade in biology because the teacher doesn't like him

a. antonio almost hit you with his car in the parking lot because he's a jerk, not because he couldn't see around a blind corner

* according to self-perception theory, individuals often make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own a. behavior b. perception c. personality d. stressors

a. behavior

* what is the term for the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thought? a. cognitive dissonance b. peripheral route processing c. assumed-similarity bias d. central route processing

a. cognitive dissonance

* _________ is a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person a. empathy b. altruism c. egoism

a. empathy

___________ refers to a tendency to explain behavior in terms of personalities, rather than the situation a. fundamental attribution error b. error of attribution c. biases of attribution d. false consensus effect

a. fundamental attribution error

* altruism is which of the following? a. giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself b. adhering to social norms of expected behavior c. giving to another person to ensure reciprocity d. giving in to the request of another person

a. giving aid to another person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

* what is the term for a cognitive shortcut that enables us to make decisions rapidly? a. heuristic b. attribution c. stasis d. persona

a. heuristic

* which of the following is a method to help people avoid persuasion? a. inoculation b. the central route c. cognitive dissonance d. the peripheral route

a. inoculation

how long did it take participants in one research study to form an impression of an unfamiliar face? a. less than a second b. about 2 seconds c. about 5 seconds d. about 7 seconds

a. less than a second

* which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive? a. observational learning b. frustration-anger theory c. instinct approach d. psychodynamic approach

a. observational learning

pam's new friend is a librarian, so pam assumes that the person is intellectual, politically liberal, shy, not very social, and probably a vegetarian. what does pam's thinking on this describe? a. stereotyping b. a self-fulfilling prophecy c. discrimination d. conformity

a. stereotyping

the tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations when they seek explanations is referred to as a. the fundamental attribution error b. attribution biases c. attribution mistakes and errors d. fundamental errors

a. the fundamental attribution error

a person who experiences stereotype _________ is well aware of stereotypical expectations for them as a member of a group a. threat b. factors c. serving d. bias

a. threat

social cognition is the a. way in which individuals think about social situations and other people b. processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others c. study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people d. study of human societies, organizations, and institutions

a. way in which individuals think about social situations and other people

________ is giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

altruism

* in the field of social psychology, the term _______ describes an opinion or belief that someone has about people, objects, and ideas

attitudes

following the self-fulfilling prophecy and the "beautiful is good" stereotype, individuals who are perceived as ________ tend to get better treatment from others than those who are not

attractive

____________ theory seeks to explain how we decide, on the basis of samples of an individual's behavior, what the specific causes of that person's behavior are

attribution

the result of inferences that we make about someone based on their behavior are referred to as ___________

attributions

* select all that apply. which of the following are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance? a. change the level of dissonance b. change the attitude causing the dissonance c. change the behavior causing the dissonance d. ignore the attitude causing the dissonance

b & c

* select all that apply. when are attitudes more likely to guide behavior? a. when the person's attitudes do not affect the individual personally b. when a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes c. when a person has strong attitudes d. when the person's attitude changed recently e. when a person is very aware of their own attitudes

b, c, & e

which of the following is a social cue that is especially likely to influence voters if the voters have little information about the election? a. a copy of the candidate's platform b. a photograph of the candidate's face c. the candidate's resume d. a high-profile endorsement of the candidate

b. a photograph of the candidate's face

in "smoke-filled room" studies, smoke billowed from a vent in a room. if the research participant in the room was _____, they were more likely to get help quickly. if the participant was _____, they were likely to either take much longer to get help or not get help at all a. happy; sad b. alone; with another bystander c. with another bystander; alone d. sad; happy

b. alone; with another bystander

* which of the following statements describes the false consensus effect? a. the degree to which everyone else understands the way we act b. an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do c. the degree to which everyone else agrees with the way we act d. an underestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

b. an overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks or acts the way we do

the explanations of the causes of someone's behavior that are the result of inferences that you make about that person are known as a. attitudes b. attributions c. positive illusions d. altruism

b. attributions

* reducing dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called a. false consensus b. effort justification c. groupthink d. the fundamental attribution error

b. effort justification

elaina complained to her best friend that she lost the spelling bee because the judges were unfair and gave her all of the harder words to spell. elaina is attributing her performance in the spelling bee to a(n) _____ cause a. stereotypical b. external c. internal d. stable

b. external

* __________ people are most likely to help others a. aggressive b. happy c. depressed d. successful

b. happy

* westerners tend to make _____ attributions about the behavior of others, whereas people from more collectivist cultures tend to make _____ attributions about the behavior of others a. uncontrollable; controllable b. internal; external c. unstable; stable d. external; internal

b. internal; external

in festinger's classic cognitive dissonance study, participants who were _____ rated a boring task as more enjoyable a. deceived b. paid less c. paid more d. allowed to quit

b. paid less

* _________ involves trying to change someone's attitudes and/or behavior a. stereotype threat b. persuasion c. dissonance d. altruism

b. persuasion

cheryl's best friend asks cheryl about her attitude toward golfing. cheryl thinks, "I never really go golfing, so I must not enjoy it." cheryl's examination of her behavior to make inferences about her attitudes is best explained by which of the following? a. self-esteem b. self-perception theory c. effort justification d. cognitive dissonance

b. self-perception theory

noah sees a man in a store yelling at the cashier and thinks, "that guy is a mean jerk." noah is attributing the man's behavior to a(n) _____ cause a. bystander b. stable c. unstable d. groupthink

b. stable

in a classic study examining cognitive dissonance, participants were asked to do a boring task and then were paid either $1 or $20 to tell others that the task was enjoyable. which of the following accurately describes what the researchers found? a. the participants who were paid $20 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $1 b. the participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 c. the participants who were told that the task was boring rated the task as more enjoyable than those who were told the task was fun d. the participants who were told the task was enjoyable rated the task as more fun than those who were not told anything about the task

b. the participants who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20

what kinds of television shows or video games enhance prosocial thoughts and prosocial behavior? a. those involving hunting/gathering themes b. those with positive content c. those with violent themes d. those involving animals or animations

b. those with positive content

attribution theory is the a. tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations b. view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior c. view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype d. processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

b. view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior

the self-serving _________ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures

bias

* researchers who take a(n) _________ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression

biological

select all that apply. which of the following are types of heuristics in social information processing? a. social phobia b. extraversion c. stereotypes d. the false consensus effect

c & d

the peripheral route to persuasion is most likely to use a. an in-depth analysis b. a logical argument c. an attractive spokesperson d. a thought-provoking pitch

c. an attractive spokesperson

what is the term in social psychology for the opinions and beliefs we have about people, things, and ideas? a. heuristics b. emotions c. attitudes d. attributions

c. attitudes

* researchers who take a _____ viewpoint examine the influence of genetics and neurobiological factors on aggression a. psychological b. psychodynamic c. biological d. social

c. biological

what is the tendency for individuals to NOT help someone in need if other people are around? a. fundamental attribution error b. elaboration likelihood c. bystander effect d. altruism

c. bystander effect

social _____ is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people a. psychology b. perception c. comparison d. cognition

c. comparison

which is one method people use to resist persuasion? a. social comparison b. cognitive dissonance c. counterarguing d. group think

c. counterarguing

* what is a key emotion involved in altruism that involves feeling a oneness with the emotional state of another? a. aggression b. emotional influence c. empathy d. egoism

c. empathy

which of the following research methods do social psychologists use most often? a. descriptive methods b. deductive methods c. experimental methods d. correlational methods

c. experimental methods

* when we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated a. tactile (touch) information b, happiness c. pain d. danger

c. pain

positive illusions are which of the following? a. false positive correlations between attitudes and behavior b. a part of self-image in which we see our physical features as slightly more attractive than they objectively are c. positive views of oneself that are not deeply rooted in reality d. phenomena only observed in settings in which groupthink is a danger

c. positive views of oneself that are not deeply rooted in reality

social psychology is similar to another social science, _____. however, social psychology emphasizes how individuals influence groups and how groups influence individuals a. criminal justice b. anthropology c. sociology d. social work

c. sociology

when trying to explain other's behavior, we can reduce the likelihood of making the fundamental attribution error by a. employing cognitive dissonance b. accepting all of our inferences as facts c. taking the perspective of others d. focusing more on a person's internal traits

c. taking the perspective of others

which of the following statements regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and prosocial behavior is correct? a. the research conclusively shows that people who are wealthy are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior b. research on this issue has yet to be conducted c. the research is mixed d. the research conclusively shows that people who are less advantaged are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior

c. the research is mixed

sierra arrives at work late but states that it isn't her fault because there was a car accident on the highway. sierra is attributing her lateness to a(n) _____ cause a. internal b. attributional c. uncontrollable d. stable

c. uncontrollable

which of the following is a circumstance in which researchers would NOT expect attitudes to guide behavior? a. when a person rehearses and practices their strong attitudes b. when a person is very aware of their own abilities c. when the person's attitudes recently changed d. when a person has strong attitudes

c. when the person's attitudes recently changed

individuals who are perceived as ________ tend to get better treatment from others than those who are not a. less affluent b. unattractive c. intelligent d. attractive

d. attractive

an advertiser that engages the audience with thoughtful and sound arguments is using the _____ route to persuasion a. social b. peripheral c. intellectual d. central

d. central

* modifying attitudes, rationalizing attitudes, and/or changing behavior are all ways to reduce what? a. fundamental attribution error b. social cognition c. assumed-similarity bias d. cognitive dissonance

d. cognitive dissonance

shelby's friends congratulate her on the beautiful cake she baked for an upcoming party. shelby says that the cake was easy to make because she read the recipe carefully and allowed herself plenty of time to get it made. shelby is attributing her success at baking the cake to a(n) _____ cause a. attributional b. unstable c. internal d. controllable

d. controllable

* which of the following is an evolutionary theory that posits that sometimes we engage in a behavior with high personal costs to communicate honest information about ourselves to others? a. attribution theory b. self-perception theory c. social exchange theory d. costly signaling theory

d. costly signaling theory

the role of _____ in aggression is most easily seen in nonhuman animals and the process of selective breeding a. enrichment b. environment c. personality d. genes

d. genes

* resisting persuasion can be done by _______ people with a weak version of a persuasive message a. angering b. providing dissonance to c. confusing d. inoculating

d. inoculating

matt sees a painting that ben painted and says that the painting is good because ben is a talented artist. matt is attributing ben's work on the painting to a(n) _____ cause a. unstable b. discriminatory c. external d. internal

d. internal

* _____ theory explains the connection between attitudes and behaviors by suggesting that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behavior a. cognitive dissonance b. self-connection c. elaboration likelihood d. self-perception

d. self-perception

* the theory that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their own behaviors is called _____ theory a. self-esteem b. cognitive dissonance c. effort justification d. self-perception

d. self-perception

* making messages _______ is one way avoid the tendency to counterargue a. illogical b. threatening c. comprehensive d. self-relevant

d. self-relevant

* the _____ refers to the tendency to take credit for one's own successes and to deny responsibility for one's own failures a. bystander effect b. fundamental attribution error c. false consensus effect d. self-serving bias

d. self-serving bias

person perception is which of the following? a. the way in which individuals think in social situations b. the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people c. the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions d. the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

d. the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

bill pays for madeline's lunch and seems very happy. madeline thinks to herself, "bill must be in an unusually good mood today." According to attribution theory, madeline is attributing Bill's behavior to a(n) _____ cause a. groupthink b. stable c. bystander d. unstable

d. unstable

* cognitive __________ is the conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts

dissonance

* a persuasion tool that involves making a big pitch at the beginning of a sale is called the _________-in-the-face technique

door

* the _________ perspective of reciprocity is that it serves to secure the survival of the family's genes, even if the helped individual is not actually family

evolutionary

acts of kindness may actually lead to a negative mood (T/F)

false

when research participants were in a room filling with smoke, they were less likely to get help if they were alone than if another bystander was present (T/F)

false

lee is certain that everyone in her class holds the same political beliefs that she does, in spite of the fact that she doesn't really know her classmates' views. this is an example of the _______ __________ effect

false consensus

* a persuasion tool that involves making a small request at the beginning of a sale is called the _______-in-the-door technique

foot

the ____________ attribution error is the tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of their personalities rather than aspects of the situation

fundamental

westerners tend to make the _________ attribution error when explaining the behavior of others, whereas people from more collectivist cultures tend to look at the __________ to explain the behavior of others

fundamental; situation

* the genetic basis for aggression states that _________ are important in understanding the biological basis of aggression

genes

in one study, just a 100-millisecond exposure was long enough for participants to form a(n) _________ of the unfamiliar individual

impression

* reducing dissonance by rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something is called effort _________

justification

the bystander effect makes it __________ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around

less

when we feel compassion for another person's suffering, areas of the midbrain associated with the perception of _____ are activated

pain

person _________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

perception

* helping others consistently leads to increased ________ mood

positive

* individuals with high self-esteem have been shown to have a variety of _________ illusions

positive

* __________ comparison is the process in which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people

social

___________ ___________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information

social cognition

social psychology is similar to another social science, _____. however, social psychology emphasizes how individuals influence groups and how groups influence individuals

sociology

__________ threat is a person's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about their group

stereotype

a(n) _________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any individual differences

stereotype

* __________ is the male hormone that is typically associated with aggressive behavior

testosterone

happy people are more likely than unhappy people to help others (T/F)

true

many experts insist that TV violence can prompt aggressive or antisocial behavior in children (T/F)

true

social psychologists tend to use experimental methods more often than descriptive methods (T/F)

true

the face is an important social cue (T/F)

true

the fundamental attribution error likely occurs because people focus on trying to understand the mental states of others (T/F)

true

there is some research that supports the idea that people who are poorer are more generous than people who are wealthy (T/F)

true

watching positive television shows or playing video games that value helping behavior enhances prosocial thoughts as well as helping behavior (T/F)

true

* the _________ ________ is the tendency for the presence of firearms to enhance aggression

weapons effect