psyc- exam 2

George Miller's classic research showed that the average capacity of short-term memory is between ________ units of information

5 and 9

How long does information last in sensory memory?

A fraction of a second to several seconds

Which of the following is true of a fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning? a. It reinforces a behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed OR b. it reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

a

Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory? A) The amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories. B) The hippocampus and the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex play a role in implicit memory, not in explicit memory. C) The parietal lobes of the brain are involved in both retrospective memory and prospective memory. D) The same area of the brain is involved in the functioning of implicit and explicit memory.

a

Watson and Rayner used a ________ along with an unconditional stimulus in order to condition fear in little Albert.

a white rat

Mindfulness means the state of being _____ and mentally _______ for one's everyday activities.

alert;present

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

always same time before reinforcement opportunity

The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence.

analytical

Lucy sustained a brain injury in a car accident. Although Lucy's memories of her life before the accident are intact, she is no longer able to form new, long-term memories. Every night when she goes to bed, her memories of what she had done that day are lost. Lucy suffers from __________ amnesia.

anterograde

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called ____________ learning.

associative

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of ____________________.

availability heuristic

________ refers to a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.

availablility heuristic

Psychologists have applied classical conditioning to helping individuals unlearn certain feelings and behaviors. What procedure is most likely used for helping individuals unlearn feelings and behaviors?

aversive conditioning

The cerebellum and ________ play an important role in implicit memory.

basal ganglia

____________is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses.

behaviorism

Intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ________ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

below 70

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory? A) sensory memory B) implicit memory C) explicit memory D) working memory

c

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of ____________________.

chunking

Salivation in response to food is an example of a _____________.

classical conditioning

________ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

classical conditioning

________ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as ____________ ____________.

confirmation bias

In operant conditioning the __________ of behavior produce change in the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

consequences

________ produces the single best solution to a problem.

convergent

Creative people engage in what types of thinking?

convergent and divergent

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

creative

________ is defined as the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems

creative thinking

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical? A) sensory memory B) implicit memory C) nondeclarative memory D) episodic memory

d

Elsa is studying for her psychology exam with the TV on in the background. Research on the effects of divided attention suggests that watching TV while studying will ________ Elsa's exam performance.

decrease

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"? Shallow, intermediate, or deep?

deep

In the context of creative thinking, ________ produces many solutions to the same problem.

divergent

Multitasking is an example of ______________ attention

divided attention

________ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas ________ refers to visual sensory memory.

echoic; ionic

________ refers to the formation of several different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

elaboration

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are all part of ________ processes.

encoding

________ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

encoding

The hippocampus, the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex, and other areas of the limbic system play a very important role in ________ memory.

eplicit

The memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events is known as ______________ memory.

eplicit

________ has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why. ________ has to do with remembering how.

explicit memory

What is the first step in the problem-solving process?

finding and framing problems

Carolina uses a prior strategy to solve her problems and fails to look at them from a fresh, new perspective. This is called ____________.

fixation

Jose's employer pays him every Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

fixed interval

Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a ______ schedule.

fixed interval

An effect of the environment on intelligence is evident in rapidly increasing intelligence quotient (IQ) test scores around the world. This phenomenon is called the ___________ effect.

flynn

________ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

generalization

Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is an A+ student with superior verbal and mathematical abilities. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be ____________.

gifted

Infinite generativity refers to the ability to produce an _________ number of meaningful sentences.

language

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, information can last up to a lifetime in what type of memory?

long term memory

________ is a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.

long term memory

________ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

The cultivation of two mental habits is essential to critical thinking; these habits are _____________ and _________________.

mindfulness; open mindedness

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two ________________.

motives

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called ____________________.

negative reinforcement

In Pavlov's classic study on classical conditioning, the bell was a ________ before conditioning and became a(n) ________ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence in _____________ conditioning.

operant

________ is a language's sound system

phonology

When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on ________, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on ________.

physical appearence; recognization

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called ________________.

positive reinforcement

________ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

punishment

________ uses established rules to draw conclusions, whereas in ________, such rules are not established, and we may not know the consequences of evaluating and choosing alternatives.

reasoning; decision making

Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a ________ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a(n) ________ task.

recall; recognization

Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's ________ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing ________ abilities.

recognization;recall

Mateo, a waiter at a restaurant, usually takes food orders from customers. On his way back to the kitchen, he consciously repeats the orders in his mind so that he does not forget them. In the context of short-term memory, Mateo applies the technique of ________ to remember the orders.

rehearsal

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.

reliable; valid

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was five years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) ________________ memory.

repression

Retrieval is the memory process that occurs when information that was ___________ in memory comes out of __________________.

retained; storage

The final step in the problem-solving process is ______________________.

rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

________ is a situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

retroactive interference

In the context of long-term memory, which of the following refers to preexisting mental concepts or frameworks that help people to organize and interpret information.

schemas

A person's knowledge about the world is known as ________ memory.

semantic

Although ________ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.

sensory memory

________ refers to the memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses

sensory memory

The ________ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.

serial position effect

In operant conditioning, ________ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory, which of the memory system has a time frame of up to 30 seconds?

short term memory

________ refers to a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term memory

The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is called _______ recovery.

spontaneous

________ is defined as the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

standardization

________ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

sustained attention

In classical conditioning, the ________ is unlearned, but the ________ is learned.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a ____.

unconditioned stimulus