psyc exam 3 set 1/2
What is normal development?
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
implicit
What is procedural memory?
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. a. identity crisis b. sensorimotor stage c. pruning d. neural migration
a. identity crisis
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disorganized d. insecure-disoriented
a. insecure-resistant
A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. a. physical movement and body control b. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings c. peer relationships and status d. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers
a. physical movement and body control
The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a) biological imperative b) cumulative process c) series of accidents d) unique progress
b) cumulative process
Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. a. two b. three c. four d. five
b. three
________ Development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a) cognitive b) learning c) physical d) psychosocial
c) physical
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor
c) preoperational
________ Development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a) mental b) physical c) psychological d) psychosocial
c) psychological
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a) categories b) cognitions c) facsimiles d) schemata
d) schemata
A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. a. 8 b. 12 c. 18 d. 26
d. 26
_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. a. Bipolar disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Down syndrome d. Alzheimer's disease
d. Alzheimer's disease
teratogen
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
Abstract logic Moral reasoning
Early maturing girls are _______?
At a higher risk of depression Substance abuse and eating disorders
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
Semantic
During what Jean Piaget stage is the world experienced through senses and actions?
Sensorimotor
6) Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
genes and biology
After age 65 most people are attempting to assist their lives and make sense of life in the meaning of their contributions what is the primary developmental task of this stage ?
integrity vs despair
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
integrity vs. despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
sensorimotor
Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist
what the word chocolate means
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school
your first day of school
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
zygote
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. confusion c) isolation vs. intimacy d) trust vs. mistrust
b) identity vs. confusion
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a) conservation b) moral reasoning c) pretend play d) stranger anxiety
b) moral reasoning
integrity vs. despair
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Memory is the set of processes used to_____ information across time.
All of the above. (1) Encode (2) Store (3) Retrieve
Short-term memory _____.
All of the above. (1) Is sometimes called working memory. (2) Has a storage capacity of 7 plus or minus [5-9 items] (3) Takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to somethign already in long-term memory
Amnesia is the loss of long-term memory that can occur following _____.
All of the above. (1) Psychological trauma (2) Physical trauma (3) Disease
Automatic processing is used for the encoding of details such as _____.
All of the above. (1) The meaning of words. (2) Space (3) Frequency (4) Time
One-year-old Albert learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Albert sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" What does this exemplify?
Assimilation
Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. relearning effect C. self-reference effect D. Stroop effect
Atkinson-Shrffrin model
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
permissive
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Children begin to use language
concrete operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive
What does the concept conservation refer to?
Cognitive Theory of Development
What stage of development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?
Cognitive development
During what stage do children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations?
Concrete operational
Stephanie has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a mug. She then pours it from the mug back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
Conservation
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
Conservation Mathematical transformations
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.
During the elementary school stage (ages 7-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Industry vs.inferiority
Children reach the preschool stages ages 3 through 6 Years they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play What is the primary developmental task of the stage ?
Initiative versus guilt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Initiative vs. guilt
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Integrity vs.despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Intimacy vs. isolation
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.
Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
Egocentrism
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
disorganized attachment
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
Sensorimotor stage, recently developed object permanence
Last month, Janie's mom could easily substitute a less offensive toy for a noisy one and Janie would continue happily playing. Now she will cry and reach for the removed toy even when it is out of sight. What cognitive changes have occurred? Identify Janie's stage of development.
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Object Permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
avoidant
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
Reversibility
Rochelle has a glass of Kool- Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Same is 65 years old and is still on focusing on himself and his career. He has no family, no future plans, and feels miserable. Sam is in which psychological stage?
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
Honesty and Understanding
What two characteristics is intimacy based upon?
Companionate Love
What type of love usually lasts a lifetime?
explicit memories
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
Companionate
What's the type of love based on commitment and intimacy?
Infatuation
What's the type of love simply based on passion?
Child will respond with crying.
When a child first learns to walk and he/she falls at one point, if the parents runs to the child to console them, what would the child's reaction be most likely?
Child will shake off fall and keep going
When a child first learns to walk and he/she falls, what would most likely be the child's reaction if the parents were to encourage the child to get up?
suggestibility
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?
A blank is any environmental agent biological chemical or physical that causes damage
Teratoegen
retrieval
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.
How many ways are there for us to retrieve information out of our long-term memory storage system?
Three (3)
Formal operational stage (egocentric thought)
Tom is deeply upset that his parents cheat on their income taxes, yet has no difficulty justifying personally cheating on a school exam. Explain Tom's inconsistency from a Piagetian perspective, and label his stage of cognitive development.
T/F: A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.
True
T/F: A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.
True
T/F: Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.
True
T/F: By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.
True
T/F: In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identification.
True
T/F: Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.
True
T/F: Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.
True
T/F: Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.
True
T/F: The brain is the first major organ to develop, after conception.
True
T/F: The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.
True
T/F: The formal operational stage begins about the age of 12.
True
T/F: The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.
True
T/F: The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.
True
T/F: Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.
True
T/F: Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.
True
achievement gap
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Trust vs. mistrust
How many types of interference were discussed in Chapter 8?
Two (2)
secure
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
What do stage theories believe about the sequence of development?
Universal
Preoperational Stage (Egocentric thought)
Upon meeting Mr. Rogers (tv star), a young child asks how he got out of the box. What Piagetian stage does this statement represent?
Chin up, roll over, sits with help, sits alone, stands holding furniture, walks holding on, stands alone, walks alone, walks up steps
What are the 9 motor milestones in order?
Passion and Intimacy
What are the two characteristics of romantic love?
semantic and episodic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
genes and biology
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
information about events we have personally experienced
What is episodic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What is semantic memory?
developing a positive sense of self
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
memory
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
self-reference effect
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
sensory memory
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Children begin to use language.
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
arousal theory
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Erik Erikson
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Cross Sectional
You are at elementary school and observing children in first, third, and fifth grades. You are likely using what type of research design?
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? a) Children begin to use language. b) Children employ memory strategies. c) Children have a firm grasp of numbers. d) Children think logically about real events.
a) Children begin to use language.
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a) during early childhood b) during puberty c) in late adolescence d) in utero
a) during early childhood
Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Social class
a. Age
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a) egocentrism b) object permanence c) reversibility d) stranger anxiety
b) object permanence
On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15
b. 11
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. a. 15 b. 18 c. 22 d. 25
b. 18
By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. a. 1 or 2 b. 3 or 4 c. 5 or 6 d. 8 or 9
b. 3 or 4
Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? a. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. c. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. d. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.
b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.
In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? a. Germinal stage b. Embryonic stage c. Fetal stage d. Blastocyst stage
b. Embryonic stage
____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. a. Testosterone b. Estradiol c. Leptin d. Oxytocin
b. Estradiol
Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? a. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. c. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. d. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.
b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.
Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? a. Animistic thinking b. Having a child c. Symbolic thinking d. Graduating
b. Having a child
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience
bias
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
biology and genetics
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a) cognitive capacity b) environment and culture c) genes and biology d) language acquisition
c) genes and biology
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope b. the vision of the fetus is fully developed c. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed d. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed
a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. b. children develop egocentrism. c. the size of the frontal lobe increases. d. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.
a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. a. zygote b. fetus c. blastocyst d. embryo
a. zygote
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
abused
18 month old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
6) 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
accommodation
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual
acoustic
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
acoustic
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex
amygdala
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a) Abraham Maslow b) Erik Erikson c) Jean Piaget d) Lawrence Kohlberg
b) Erik Erikson
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a) artistic b) cognitive c) emotional d) psychosocial
b) cognitive
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a) continuous b) discontinuous c) progressive d) regressive
b) discontinuous
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor
b) formal operational
Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion
distortion
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
According to Sigmund Freud, when does he believe personality develops?
early childhood
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/doubt b) generativity vs. stagnation c) initiative vs. guilt d) intimacy vs. isolation
c) initiative vs. guilt
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/guilt b) industry vs. inferiority c) intimacy vs. isolation d) trust vs. mistrust
c) intimacy vs. isolation
Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? a. Infants b. Babies c. Adolescents d. Elderly adults
c. Adolescents
J.J. knows that his friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers him, but he knows that if he tells the teacher everyone will think he is a snitch. He decides his friends' approval is more important, so he says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional morality
How does the continuous development approach view development as?
cumulative process
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
cumulative process
Specific normative events are also called ________. a) age-related standards b) average c) benchmarks d) developmental milestones
d) developmental milestones
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. guilt c) initiative vs. guilt d) integrity vs. despair
d) integrity vs. despair
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor
d) sensorimotor
By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. a. 2 years b. 3 months c. 1 year d. 7 months
d. 7 months
Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? a. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. b. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. c. At birth, infants are far-sighted. d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? a. Parathyroid b. Adrenaline c. Alveolar d. Pituitary
d. Pituitary
______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. a. Computer b. Cellphone c. Video game d. Television
d. Television
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? a. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. b.A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. c. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. a. bottom of the brain to the top b. top of the brain to the bottom c. frontal lobes to the back of the brain d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. a. heart b. intestine c. liver d. central nervous system
d. central nervous system
According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. preoperational d. concrete operational
d. concrete operational
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. a. bargaining b. depression c. anger d. denial
d. denial
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. a. difficult b. conventional c. slow-to-warm-up d. easy
d. easy
Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. a. two b. five c. six d. eight
d. eight
Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. a. pruning b. neural migration c. prenatal programming d. generativity
d. generativity
During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. a. skull b. liver c. intestine d. heart
d. heart
Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. a. gray matter b. number of neurons c. number of axons d. myelin
d. myelin
According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational
d. preoperational
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. a. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters b. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder c. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change d. the environment affects gene expression
d. the environment affects gene expression
Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. a. egocentrism b. animistic thinking c. object permanence d. theory of mind
d. theory of mind
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called _________?
developmental milestones
What are crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty all examples of?
developmental milestones
What is another name for specific normative events?
developmental milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
discontinuous
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
disorganized
6) When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnatio
Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion
intrusion
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
naturalistic observation
Julie is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Julie wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Julie is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Madeline is 7 months old her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline want some How mother hides the cookie under a napkin but Madeline is not fooled she knows the cookies still there What does this exemplify ?
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
others have false beliefs
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
psychosocial
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect
recognition
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory B. hyperthymesia C. rehearsal D. relearning
rehearsal
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual
semantic
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
semantic
What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term
semantic and episodic
According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding
semantic encoding
Ego identity is our ________.
sense of self
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory
sensory
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people B. short-term memory itself has different forms C. people process happy memories better than sad memories D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color
short-term memory itself has different forms
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
What are Piaget's 4 stages of development, in order?
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
moro reflex
teratogens
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.
When children about theory of mind TOM they can recognize that ________?
Hidden objects are still there
What is our ego identity?
How we interact with each other is what affects our sense of self
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Identity vs. confusion
Preoperational
If you overheard a 2 year old talking to other children (but sounding like she is talking to herself), you would say that this child is at which stage of development?
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
postformal
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
Empty Love
In a relationship with only commitment, what type of love is shown?
Fatuous Love
In a relationship with passion and commitment, what type of love is shown?
long-term
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
In the elementary schools date Ages 6 to 12 children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up what is the primary developmental task of this stage
industry vs inferiority
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
industry vs. inferiority
What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
information about events we have personally experienced
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
initiative vs. guilt
Older child in concrete stage, Younger child in preoperational (lacks conservation)
A favorite aunt gives her two nephews three cookies and encourages them to share. The older child takes two cookies for himself and offers his brother the other cookie broken in half. Both children are happy with this arrangement. Label each child's stage of cognitive development.
Preoperational Stage (lacks conversation)
A younger mother encouraging son to try disliked food. Child quietly whines, but when mother spreads foo d around to cool it, the child becomes hysterical. Why did this child become so upset?
zygote
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. What does this exemplify?
Accommodation
short term memory itself has different forms
According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.
Acoustic
Identity vs. Confusion
Adolescents experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play; what is the primary development task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
automatic processing and effortful processing
Encoding information occurs through ________.
Crawling walking writing Dressing naming colors speaking in sentences and starting puberty are all examples of
Developmental milestones
vocabulary spurt
During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.
identity vs. confusion
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Industry vs. Inferiority
During the elementary school stage, children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Which of the following is NOT a type of encoding that was discussed in our textbook?
Elaborative encoding
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.
physical trace of a memory
Engram refers to the ________.
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of gross motor skills.
False
T/F: By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.
False
T/F: The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.
False
T/F: The combining of an egg and the womb is called "fertilization."
False (egg and sperm)
T/F: In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.
False (eliminating extra neural connections)
T/F: Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.
False (least well developed sense)
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Generativity vs. stagnation
fine
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
6) Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
During what stage do children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning?
Preoperational
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
Should Louisa be worried?
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Sigmund Freud
developmental milestones
Specific normative events are also called ________.
culturally specific
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
In the process of memory formation, _____ is the creation of a permanent record of information.
Storage
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding
Stroop Effect
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?
Stroop effect
Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.
The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.
cumulative process
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
semantic encoding
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
Justice and Caring
The two theories of moral development might be characterized as comparing...
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
It should be changed to make the following sentence true Erik erikson's Psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature
The words sexual and social should be switched ?
discontinuous
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
conservation
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
moral reasoning
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
authoritative
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
conservation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function. Which one (1) of these functions do you think is the most important within the process of memory formation? Briefly explain why.
Your Answer: In my opinion, the function of storage is the most important process in memory formation, as I feel it is the most important part of my success as a student and as a future nurse. The ability to retain the large masses of information that I am learning on a day to day basis is a very desired ability. For example, being able to store something such as your father changing a tire during a family trip into your memory can be of great assistance if you find yourself in that situation without any other means of immediate information. In this case, that memory staying within one's long-term memory can be of great assistance. In addition, the ability to commit something from short-term memory into long-term memory is very vital in keeping important information in one's grasp, such as a nurse being able to remember the proper anatomy of a human when diagnosing potential harm of a patient.
Which neurotransmitters have been identified as having a role the process of memory?
[INCORRECT] Dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
[INCORRECT] colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color
Schemata
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
schemata
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
pychosocial
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
physical
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
cognitive
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
visual
________ encoding is the encoding of images.
acoustic
________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.
attachment
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
motor
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. b. This is the second stage of cognitive development. c. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. d. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.
a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. a. Egocentrism b. Object permanence c. Animistic thinking d. Pruning
a. Egocentrism
Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. b. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. c. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. d. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. a. Prenatal programming b. Neuron migration c. Pruning d. Generativity
a. Prenatal programming
Which of the following statements is true about pruning? a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. b. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. c. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. d. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.
a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational
a. Sensorimotor
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. b. The difficult child is happy most of the time. c. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions d. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.
a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.
Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. b. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. c. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. d. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.
a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.
Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Taste d. Smell
a. Vision
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage b. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote c. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote d. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage
a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: a. a person's personality becomes whole and full. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.
a. a person's personality becomes whole and full.
The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. a. bone cells b. zygote c. brain d. blastocyst
a. bone cells
As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. a. larger cerebellums b. fewer neurons c. thinner corpus callosum d. more white matter
a. larger cerebellums
Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. a. middle adulthood b. late adulthood c. emerging adulthood d. early adulthood
a. middle adulthood
According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. a. overweight b. blind c. depressed d. violent
a. overweight
When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. a. postconventional b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational
a. postconventional
Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. a. sweet b. salty c. sour d. bitter
a. sweet
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.
a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.
Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. a. the development of moral reasoning in children b. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age c. the cognitive ability of children d. the development of linguistic ability in children
a. the development of moral reasoning in children
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear
another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde
anterograde
Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb
arousal
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory
arousal theory
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
assimilation
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
attachment
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful storing B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving C. processing and storing D. storing and retrieving
automatic processing and effortful storing
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Marcie is 15 months old And her father is insensitive And in attentive her needs Marcie reacts to him the same way she reacts to stranger She doesn't care if he leaves the room And when he returns she is slow to notice or react what kind of attachment is this
avoidant
_____________ skills with refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects .
motor skills
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. c. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. d. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.
b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? a. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. c. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. d. It has always caused brain growth.
b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.
Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? a. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking c. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet d. Developing an infection during pregnancy
b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking
Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? a. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. c. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. d. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.
b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? a. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor d. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? a. Increased rate of neuron development b. Slowed heart rate c. Turning over of the fetus d. Greater frequency of kicking
b. Slowed heart rate
Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. a. matter conservation b. animistic thinking c. egocentrism d. social referencing
b. animistic thinking
A teratogen is: a. brain region responsible for the ability to speak. b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. c. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. d. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.
b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. a. amorphous b. crystallized c. alternative d. fluid
b. crystallized
The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. a. talking on cell phones b. exposed to violence in video games c. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles d. texting in the classroom
b. exposed to violence in video games
Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. a. cried less b. gained significantly more weight c. slept significantly more d. fell ill more frequently
b. gained significantly more weight
Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. a. pruning b. neurogenesis c. neural migration d. individuation
b. neurogenesis
During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. a. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain b. overload their frontal lobes c. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus d. overload their flocculonodular lobe
b. overload their frontal lobes
Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. a. sensorimotor b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational
b. preconventional
According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational
b. preoperational
With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. a. cognitive programming b. pruning c. rewiring d. enriching
b. pruning
One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. a. fluid intelligence b. wisdom c. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence d. crystallized intelligence
b. wisdom
Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind
being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics
Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? a. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. b. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. d. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.
c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. a. Crystallized b. Alternative c. Fluid d. Amorphous
c. Fluid
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? a. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. b. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. d. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.
c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.
Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? a. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. b. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. d. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.
c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? a. Animistic thinking increases. b. Heart rate decreases. c. Scientific thinking becomes possible. d. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.
c. Scientific thinking becomes possible.
When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. a. Parkinson's disease b. a bipolar disorder c. a stroke d. Alzheimer's disease
c. a stroke
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. a. self-assured and flexible b. highly career oriented c. anxious and self-doubting d. emotionally sterile and calculating
c. anxious and self-doubting
In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. a. cognition b. imprinting c. attachment d. sublimation
c. attachment
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. a. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error b. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events d. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed
c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. a. individuation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. animistic thinking
c. egocentrism
Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. a. poorer performance in school b. more conflicts with authority figures c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood d. more conflicts with parents
c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood
Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. a. one to two months b. two to three months c. four to six months d. seven to eight months
c. four to six months
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disoriented d. insecure-attached
c. insecure-disoriented
Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. a. pruning b. rewiring c. intimacy d. object permanence
c. intimacy
Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. a. rewired b. migrated c. myelinated d. pruned
c. myelinated
According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. preoperational
c. sensorimotor
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. a. prison study b. obedience experiment c. strange situation d. line judgment task
c. strange situation
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: a. avoidance of punishments. b. the social consequences of an action. c. universal moral principles. d. individual moral temperaments.
c. universal moral principles.
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex
cerebellum
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" C. change the word "parts" to the word "components" D. change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"
change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"
change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"
change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence
chunking
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
cognitive
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
cognitive
Jack, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
con't
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
concrete operational
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage
conservation
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction; reconstruction
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation
construction;reconstruction
Analis knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper This bothers her but she knows that if she tell the teacher everyone will think she's a snitch She decides her friends approval is more important so she says nothing about cheating what stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify ?
conventional
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
conventional
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing
encoding failure
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect
equipotentiality hypothesis
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories
explicit memories
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. procedural memory D. sensory memory
explicit memory
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
fine
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory
flashbulb
Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion
forgetting
Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?
formal operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
In what stage can children use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions?
formal operational stage
Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory She can name most colors and numbers She can even write the letters of her name Assuming she reached these cognitive And language development milestones at the average age how old is Dorothy?
four
When people reach their forties They enter the time known as middle adulthood Which extends to their mid 60s This involves finding theyre lifes work in contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering mentoring and raising children what is the primary developmental task of this stage ?
generativity vs stagnation
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
generativity vs. stagnation
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient
hindsight
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex
hippocampus
Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.
how to use the phone
Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip
how to use the phone
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
identity vs. confusion
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory
implicit
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories
6) the concept conservation refers to
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
The concept conservation refers to ________.
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.
What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual
long-term
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding
memory
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing theory D. misinformation effect paradigm
misinformation effect paradigm
Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity
modified the way witnesses are questioned
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
motor
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory B. mental trauma that creates a memory C. physical trace of a memory D. sensory component of a memory
physical trace of a memory
In blank thinking Decisions are made based on situations and circumstances And logic is integrated with emotion as adults development samples that depend on contexts
post formal
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
postformal
In what type of thinking are decisions made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts?
postformal thinking
Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
Noah decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?
pre-conventional
6) According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
preoperational
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
preoperational stage
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning
relearning
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
resistant
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia D. retrieval C. storage
retrieval
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive
retroactive
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde
retrograde
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde
retrograde;anterograde
Rochelle has a glass of kool aid She pours her kool aid into a toy teacup And then she pours the kool aid from the teacup into a beer Stein. she then pours it from the beer Stein back into the original glass she knows the amount of kool aid has not substantially changed what does this exemplify
reversability
6) Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
Rochelle has a glass of KoolAid. She pours her Kool Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
schemata
6) Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect
self-reference effect
According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding
semantic
Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size B. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study D. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study
6) Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Cancer sticks his 6 month old daughter to daycare Hey substitute provider is there And his daughter be in's crying She claims that her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify ?
stranger anxiety
Francis takes his six month old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Nicholas takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction
suggestibility
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility
suggestibility
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10 year period.
surveys
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen
Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind
thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience
transience
6) Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is _____.
universal
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
universal
stage theories hold that sequence of development is
universal
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual
visual
________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual
visual
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
what is normal development