psyc exam 3 set 1/2

What is normal development?

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

implicit

What is procedural memory?

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. a. identity crisis b. sensorimotor stage c. pruning d. neural migration

a. identity crisis

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disorganized d. insecure-disoriented

a. insecure-resistant

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. a. physical movement and body control b. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings c. peer relationships and status d. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers

a. physical movement and body control

The continuous development approach views development as a ________. a) biological imperative b) cumulative process c) series of accidents d) unique progress

b) cumulative process

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. a. two b. three c. four d. five

b. three

________ Development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. a) cognitive b) learning c) physical d) psychosocial

c) physical

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor

c) preoperational

________ Development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. a) mental b) physical c) psychological d) psychosocial

c) psychological

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. a) categories b) cognitions c) facsimiles d) schemata

d) schemata

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. a. 8 b. 12 c. 18 d. 26

d. 26

_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. a. Bipolar disorder b. Schizophrenia c. Down syndrome d. Alzheimer's disease

d. Alzheimer's disease

teratogen

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

Abstract logic Moral reasoning

Early maturing girls are _______?

At a higher risk of depression Substance abuse and eating disorders

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

Semantic

During what Jean Piaget stage is the world experienced through senses and actions?

Sensorimotor

6) Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

After age 65 most people are attempting to assist their lives and make sense of life in the meaning of their contributions what is the primary developmental task of this stage ?

integrity vs despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

intimacy vs. isolation

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory. A. how a fruit tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to play the piano C. what the word chocolate means D. your most recent visit to the dentist

what the word chocolate means

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory. A. how a hamburger tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the microwave C. what the word January means D. your first day of school

your first day of school

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. confusion c) isolation vs. intimacy d) trust vs. mistrust

b) identity vs. confusion

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? a) conservation b) moral reasoning c) pretend play d) stranger anxiety

b) moral reasoning

integrity vs. despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Memory is the set of processes used to_____ information across time.

All of the above. (1) Encode (2) Store (3) Retrieve

Short-term memory _____.

All of the above. (1) Is sometimes called working memory. (2) Has a storage capacity of 7 plus or minus [5-9 items] (3) Takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to somethign already in long-term memory

Amnesia is the loss of long-term memory that can occur following _____.

All of the above. (1) Psychological trauma (2) Physical trauma (3) Disease

Automatic processing is used for the encoding of details such as _____.

All of the above. (1) The meaning of words. (2) Space (3) Frequency (4) Time

One-year-old Albert learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Albert sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" What does this exemplify?

Assimilation

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. relearning effect C. self-reference effect D. Stroop effect

Atkinson-Shrffrin model

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

permissive

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Children begin to use language

concrete operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

What does the concept conservation refer to?

Cognitive Theory of Development

What stage of development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity?

Cognitive development

During what stage do children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations?

Concrete operational

Stephanie has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a mug. She then pours it from the mug back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

Conservation

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

Conservation Mathematical transformations

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.

During the elementary school stage (ages 7-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Industry vs.inferiority

Children reach the preschool stages ages 3 through 6 Years they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play What is the primary developmental task of the stage ?

Initiative versus guilt

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Initiative vs. guilt

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Integrity vs.despair

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Intimacy vs. isolation

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? A. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. B. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. C. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. D. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? A. Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. B. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. C. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. D. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? A. John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. B. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. C. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. D. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Egocentrism

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

disorganized attachment

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

Sensorimotor stage, recently developed object permanence

Last month, Janie's mom could easily substitute a less offensive toy for a noisy one and Janie would continue happily playing. Now she will cry and reach for the removed toy even when it is out of sight. What cognitive changes have occurred? Identify Janie's stage of development.

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Object Permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

avoidant

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

Reversibility

Rochelle has a glass of Kool- Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Same is 65 years old and is still on focusing on himself and his career. He has no family, no future plans, and feels miserable. Sam is in which psychological stage?

The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Honesty and Understanding

What two characteristics is intimacy based upon?

Companionate Love

What type of love usually lasts a lifetime?

explicit memories

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Companionate

What's the type of love based on commitment and intimacy?

Infatuation

What's the type of love simply based on passion?

Child will respond with crying.

When a child first learns to walk and he/she falls at one point, if the parents runs to the child to console them, what would the child's reaction be most likely?

Child will shake off fall and keep going

When a child first learns to walk and he/she falls, what would most likely be the child's reaction if the parents were to encourage the child to get up?

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

A blank is any environmental agent biological chemical or physical that causes damage

Teratoegen

retrieval

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

How many ways are there for us to retrieve information out of our long-term memory storage system?

Three (3)

Formal operational stage (egocentric thought)

Tom is deeply upset that his parents cheat on their income taxes, yet has no difficulty justifying personally cheating on a school exam. Explain Tom's inconsistency from a Piagetian perspective, and label his stage of cognitive development.

T/F: A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.

True

T/F: A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.

True

T/F: Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.

True

T/F: By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.

True

T/F: In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identification.

True

T/F: Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.

True

T/F: Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.

True

T/F: Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.

True

T/F: The brain is the first major organ to develop, after conception.

True

T/F: The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.

True

T/F: The formal operational stage begins about the age of 12.

True

T/F: The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.

True

T/F: The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.

True

T/F: Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.

True

T/F: Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.

True

achievement gap

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Trust vs. mistrust

How many types of interference were discussed in Chapter 8?

Two (2)

secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

What do stage theories believe about the sequence of development?

Universal

Preoperational Stage (Egocentric thought)

Upon meeting Mr. Rogers (tv star), a young child asks how he got out of the box. What Piagetian stage does this statement represent?

Chin up, roll over, sits with help, sits alone, stands holding furniture, walks holding on, stands alone, walks alone, walks up steps

What are the 9 motor milestones in order?

Passion and Intimacy

What are the two characteristics of romantic love?

semantic and episodic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

genes and biology

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is episodic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What is semantic memory?

developing a positive sense of self

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

memory

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

self-reference effect

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

sensory memory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Children begin to use language.

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

arousal theory

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Lawrence Kohlberg

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Erik Erikson

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Cross Sectional

You are at elementary school and observing children in first, third, and fifth grades. You are likely using what type of research design?

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? a) Children begin to use language. b) Children employ memory strategies. c) Children have a firm grasp of numbers. d) Children think logically about real events.

a) Children begin to use language.

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. a) during early childhood b) during puberty c) in late adolescence d) in utero

a) during early childhood

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Social class

a. Age

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? a) egocentrism b) object permanence c) reversibility d) stranger anxiety

b) object permanence

On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. a. 9 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15

b. 11

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. a. 15 b. 18 c. 22 d. 25

b. 18

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. a. 1 or 2 b. 3 or 4 c. 5 or 6 d. 8 or 9

b. 3 or 4

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? a. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. c. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. d. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

b. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.

In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? a. Germinal stage b. Embryonic stage c. Fetal stage d. Blastocyst stage

b. Embryonic stage

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. a. Testosterone b. Estradiol c. Leptin d. Oxytocin

b. Estradiol

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? a. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. c. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. d. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.

b. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? a. Animistic thinking b. Having a child c. Symbolic thinking d. Graduating

b. Having a child

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. A. bias B. blocking C. suggestibility D. transience

bias

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

biology and genetics

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? a) cognitive capacity b) environment and culture c) genes and biology d) language acquisition

c) genes and biology

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope b. the vision of the fetus is fully developed c. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed d. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed

a. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. b. children develop egocentrism. c. the size of the frontal lobe increases. d. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.

a. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. a. zygote b. fetus c. blastocyst d. embryo

a. zygote

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.

abused

18 month old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

6) 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?

achievement gap

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

acoustic

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

amygdala

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? a) Abraham Maslow b) Erik Erikson c) Jean Piaget d) Lawrence Kohlberg

b) Erik Erikson

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. a) artistic b) cognitive c) emotional d) psychosocial

b) cognitive

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. a) continuous b) discontinuous c) progressive d) regressive

b) discontinuous

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor

b) formal operational

Benigno wakes up in the middle of the night. He dreamed that he left the oven on, and he is now convinced that the oven is on. He can't go back to sleep until he turns the oven off. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

distortion

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.

during early childhood

According to Sigmund Freud, when does he believe personality develops?

early childhood

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/doubt b) generativity vs. stagnation c) initiative vs. guilt d) intimacy vs. isolation

c) initiative vs. guilt

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) autonomy vs. shame/guilt b) industry vs. inferiority c) intimacy vs. isolation d) trust vs. mistrust

c) intimacy vs. isolation

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? a. Infants b. Babies c. Adolescents d. Elderly adults

c. Adolescents

J.J. knows that his friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers him, but he knows that if he tells the teacher everyone will think he is a snitch. He decides his friends' approval is more important, so he says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional morality

How does the continuous development approach view development as?

cumulative process

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

cumulative process

Specific normative events are also called ________. a) age-related standards b) average c) benchmarks d) developmental milestones

d) developmental milestones

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) identity vs. guilt c) initiative vs. guilt d) integrity vs. despair

d) integrity vs. despair

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. a) concrete operational b) formal operational c) preoperational d) sensorimotor

d) sensorimotor

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. a. 2 years b. 3 months c. 1 year d. 7 months

d. 7 months

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? a. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. b. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. c. At birth, infants are far-sighted. d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

d. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? a. Parathyroid b. Adrenaline c. Alveolar d. Pituitary

d. Pituitary

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. a. Computer b. Cellphone c. Video game d. Television

d. Television

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? a. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. b.A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. c. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

d. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. a. bottom of the brain to the top b. top of the brain to the bottom c. frontal lobes to the back of the brain d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

d. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. a. heart b. intestine c. liver d. central nervous system

d. central nervous system

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. preoperational d. concrete operational

d. concrete operational

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. a. bargaining b. depression c. anger d. denial

d. denial

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. a. difficult b. conventional c. slow-to-warm-up d. easy

d. easy

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. a. two b. five c. six d. eight

d. eight

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. a. pruning b. neural migration c. prenatal programming d. generativity

d. generativity

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. a. skull b. liver c. intestine d. heart

d. heart

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. a. gray matter b. number of neurons c. number of axons d. myelin

d. myelin

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational

d. preoperational

Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. a. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters b. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder c. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change d. the environment affects gene expression

d. the environment affects gene expression

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. a. egocentrism b. animistic thinking c. object permanence d. theory of mind

d. theory of mind

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called _________?

developmental milestones

What are crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty all examples of?

developmental milestones

What is another name for specific normative events?

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized

6) When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnatio

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified? A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

intrusion

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Julie is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Julie wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Julie is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Madeline is 7 months old her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline want some How mother hides the cookie under a napkin but Madeline is not fooled she knows the cookies still there What does this exemplify ?

object permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.

others have false beliefs

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. A. declarative memory B. hyperthymesia C. rehearsal D. relearning

rehearsal

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? A. implicit and explicit B. procedural and implicit C. semantic and episodic D. short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

semantic encoding

Ego identity is our ________.

sense of self

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? A. effortful B. procedural C. recall D. sensory

sensory

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________. A. animals process memories the same way as people B. short-term memory itself has different forms C. people process happy memories better than sad memories D. people will name a color more easily if it appears printed in that color

short-term memory itself has different forms

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

What are Piaget's 4 stages of development, in order?

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

moro reflex

teratogens

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.

When children about theory of mind TOM they can recognize that ________?

Hidden objects are still there

What is our ego identity?

How we interact with each other is what affects our sense of self

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Identity vs. confusion

Preoperational

If you overheard a 2 year old talking to other children (but sounding like she is talking to herself), you would say that this child is at which stage of development?

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

postformal

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

Empty Love

In a relationship with only commitment, what type of love is shown?

Fatuous Love

In a relationship with passion and commitment, what type of love is shown?

long-term

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

In the elementary schools date Ages 6 to 12 children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up what is the primary developmental task of this stage

industry vs inferiority

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority

What is episodic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we have personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

information about events we have personally experienced

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

initiative vs. guilt

Older child in concrete stage, Younger child in preoperational (lacks conservation)

A favorite aunt gives her two nephews three cookies and encourages them to share. The older child takes two cookies for himself and offers his brother the other cookie broken in half. Both children are happy with this arrangement. Label each child's stage of cognitive development.

Preoperational Stage (lacks conversation)

A younger mother encouraging son to try disliked food. Child quietly whines, but when mother spreads foo d around to cool it, the child becomes hysterical. Why did this child become so upset?

zygote

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. What does this exemplify?

Accommodation

short term memory itself has different forms

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

preoperational

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

Acoustic

Identity vs. Confusion

Adolescents experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play; what is the primary development task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

automatic processing and effortful processing

Encoding information occurs through ________.

Crawling walking writing Dressing naming colors speaking in sentences and starting puberty are all examples of

Developmental milestones

vocabulary spurt

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.

identity vs. confusion

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Industry vs. Inferiority

During the elementary school stage, children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Which of the following is NOT a type of encoding that was discussed in our textbook?

Elaborative encoding

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Which of the following statements about encoding is incorrect? A. Encoding involves a single set of neurotransmitters located in the prefrontal cortex. B. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. C. Encoding is an information processing system. D. Encoding is the set of processes used to decode, store, and retrieve information.

Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.

physical trace of a memory

Engram refers to the ________.

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? A. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. B. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. C. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. D. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? A. Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. B. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. C. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. D. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of gross motor skills.

False

T/F: By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.

False

T/F: The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.

False

T/F: The combining of an egg and the womb is called "fertilization."

False (egg and sperm)

T/F: In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.

False (eliminating extra neural connections)

T/F: Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.

False (least well developed sense)

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Generativity vs. stagnation

fine

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

6) Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.

Moro reflex

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

During what stage do children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning?

Preoperational

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

Should Louisa be worried?

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Sigmund Freud

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ________.

culturally specific

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

In the process of memory formation, _____ is the creation of a permanent record of information.

Storage

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory. B. Strong emotional experiences stimulate the cerebellum and thyroid, the centers of emotional memory. C. Strong emotional memories are transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory more quickly than weak emotional memories. D. Weak emotional memories involve effortless processing and strong emotional memories involve effortful processing.

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? A. engrams B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. Stroop effect D. visual encoding

Stroop Effect

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

Stroop effect

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect? A. The brain identifies color more readily than words. B. The brain processes black and white information faster. C. The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information. D. The memory process is facilitated when people take more time to consider information.

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

cumulative process

The continuous development approach views development as a ________.

semantic encoding

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

Justice and Caring

The two theories of moral development might be characterized as comparing...

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

It should be changed to make the following sentence true Erik erikson's Psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature

The words sexual and social should be switched ?

discontinuous

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

conservation

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

moral reasoning

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?

In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?

authoritative

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

conservation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function. Which one (1) of these functions do you think is the most important within the process of memory formation? Briefly explain why.

Your Answer: In my opinion, the function of storage is the most important process in memory formation, as I feel it is the most important part of my success as a student and as a future nurse. The ability to retain the large masses of information that I am learning on a day to day basis is a very desired ability. For example, being able to store something such as your father changing a tire during a family trip into your memory can be of great assistance if you find yourself in that situation without any other means of immediate information. In this case, that memory staying within one's long-term memory can be of great assistance. In addition, the ability to commit something from short-term memory into long-term memory is very vital in keeping important information in one's grasp, such as a nurse being able to remember the proper anatomy of a human when diagnosing potential harm of a patient.

Which neurotransmitters have been identified as having a role the process of memory?

[INCORRECT] Dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

[INCORRECT] colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color

Schemata

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

pychosocial

________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

physical

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

cognitive

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

acoustic

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

attachment

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

motor

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. b. This is the second stage of cognitive development. c. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. d. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.

a. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. a. Egocentrism b. Object permanence c. Animistic thinking d. Pruning

a. Egocentrism

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. b. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. c. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. d. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

a. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. a. Prenatal programming b. Neuron migration c. Pruning d. Generativity

a. Prenatal programming

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. b. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. c. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. d. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.

a. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

a. Sensorimotor

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. b. The difficult child is happy most of the time. c. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions d. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.

a. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. b. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. c. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. d. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.

a. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Taste d. Smell

a. Vision

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage b. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote c. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote d. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage

a. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: a. a person's personality becomes whole and full. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

a. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. a. bone cells b. zygote c. brain d. blastocyst

a. bone cells

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. a. larger cerebellums b. fewer neurons c. thinner corpus callosum d. more white matter

a. larger cerebellums

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. a. middle adulthood b. late adulthood c. emerging adulthood d. early adulthood

a. middle adulthood

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. a. overweight b. blind c. depressed d. violent

a. overweight

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. a. postconventional b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

a. postconventional

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. a. sweet b. salty c. sour d. bitter

a. sweet

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. b. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. c. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. d. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

a. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. a. the development of moral reasoning in children b. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age c. the cognitive ability of children d. the development of linguistic ability in children

a. the development of moral reasoning in children

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? A. another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus B. areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death C. people would become comatose D. people would lose their ability to feel fear

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

anterograde

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory. A. arousal B. emotion C. equipotentiality D. flashbulb

arousal

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories? A. arousal theory B. engram hypothesis C. equipotentiality hypothesis D. flashbulb theory

arousal theory

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

assimilation

Late maturing boys are ________.

at a higher risk of depression

________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

attachment

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritative

Encoding information occurs through ________. A. automatic processing and effortful storing B. automatic storing and effortful retrieving C. processing and storing D. storing and retrieving

automatic processing and effortful storing

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Marcie is 15 months old And her father is insensitive And in attentive her needs Marcie reacts to him the same way she reacts to stranger She doesn't care if he leaves the room And when he returns she is slow to notice or react what kind of attachment is this

avoidant

_____________ skills with refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects .

motor skills

Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. c. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. d. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.

b. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? a. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. c. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. d. It has always caused brain growth.

b. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? a. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking c. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet d. Developing an infection during pregnancy

b. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? a. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. c. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. d. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.

b. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? a. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor d. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? a. Increased rate of neuron development b. Slowed heart rate c. Turning over of the fetus d. Greater frequency of kicking

b. Slowed heart rate

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. a. matter conservation b. animistic thinking c. egocentrism d. social referencing

b. animistic thinking

A teratogen is: a. brain region responsible for the ability to speak. b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. c. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. d. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.

b. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. a. amorphous b. crystallized c. alternative d. fluid

b. crystallized

The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. a. talking on cell phones b. exposed to violence in video games c. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles d. texting in the classroom

b. exposed to violence in video games

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. a. cried less b. gained significantly more weight c. slept significantly more d. fell ill more frequently

b. gained significantly more weight

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. a. pruning b. neurogenesis c. neural migration d. individuation

b. neurogenesis

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. a. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain b. overload their frontal lobes c. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus d. overload their flocculonodular lobe

b. overload their frontal lobes

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. a. sensorimotor b. preconventional c. concrete operational d. preoperational

b. preconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational

b. preoperational

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. a. cognitive programming b. pruning c. rewiring d. enriching

b. pruning

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. a. fluid intelligence b. wisdom c. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence d. crystallized intelligence

b. wisdom

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip C. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES D. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? a. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. b. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. d. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.

c. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. a. Crystallized b. Alternative c. Fluid d. Amorphous

c. Fluid

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? a. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. b. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. d. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.

c. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? a. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. b. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. d. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.

c. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? a. Animistic thinking increases. b. Heart rate decreases. c. Scientific thinking becomes possible. d. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

c. Scientific thinking becomes possible.

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. a. Parkinson's disease b. a bipolar disorder c. a stroke d. Alzheimer's disease

c. a stroke

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. a. self-assured and flexible b. highly career oriented c. anxious and self-doubting d. emotionally sterile and calculating

c. anxious and self-doubting

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. a. cognition b. imprinting c. attachment d. sublimation

c. attachment

During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. a. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error b. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events d. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

c. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. a. individuation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. animistic thinking

c. egocentrism

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. a. poorer performance in school b. more conflicts with authority figures c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood d. more conflicts with parents

c. feelings of self-worth in adulthood

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. a. one to two months b. two to three months c. four to six months d. seven to eight months

c. four to six months

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. a. insecure-resistant b. insecure-avoidant c. insecure-disoriented d. insecure-attached

c. insecure-disoriented

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. a. pruning b. rewiring c. intimacy d. object permanence

c. intimacy

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. a. rewired b. migrated c. myelinated d. pruned

c. myelinated

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. sensorimotor d. preoperational

c. sensorimotor

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. a. prison study b. obedience experiment c. strange situation d. line judgment task

c. strange situation

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: a. avoidance of punishments. b. the social consequences of an action. c. universal moral principles. d. individual moral temperaments.

c. universal moral principles.

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. primary cortex

cerebellum

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. A. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" B. change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" C. change the word "parts" to the word "components" D. change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. A. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" B. change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" C. change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" D. change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. A. change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" B. change the word "long" to the word "short" C. change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal" D. change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition"

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? There are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory. A. change the word "encoding" to the word "decoding" B. change the word "semantic" to the word "memory" C. change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic" D. change the word "visual" to the word "acoustic"

change the word "sensory" to the word "acoustic"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. A. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" B. change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" C. change the word "storage" to the word "engram" D. change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. A. chunking B. elaborative rehearsal C. mnemonic device D. persistence

chunking

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

cognitive

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Jack, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

con't

During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage

conservation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. A. coding; recoding B. construction; reconstruction C. equipotentiality; amnesia D. information; misinformation

construction;reconstruction

Analis knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper This bothers her but she knows that if she tell the teacher everyone will think she's a snitch She decides her friends approval is more important so she says nothing about cheating what stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify ?

conventional

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

conventional

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

encoding failure

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

equipotentiality hypothesis

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? A. explicit memories B. implicit memories C. sensory memories D. short-term memories

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. A. explicit memory B. implicit memory C. procedural memory D. sensory memory

explicit memory

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

fine

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. A. flashbulb memory B. flashpoint C. hyperthymesia D. sensory memory

flashbulb

Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. A. distortion B. forgetting C. imposition D. intrusion

forgetting

Annaliese knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her, but she knows that if she tells the teacher everyone will think she is a snitch. She decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify?

formal operational

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

In what stage can children use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions?

formal operational stage

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory She can name most colors and numbers She can even write the letters of her name Assuming she reached these cognitive And language development milestones at the average age how old is Dorothy?

four

When people reach their forties They enter the time known as middle adulthood Which extends to their mid 60s This involves finding theyre lifes work in contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering mentoring and raising children what is the primary developmental task of this stage ?

generativity vs stagnation

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

generativity vs. stagnation

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. A. egocentric B. hindsight C. stereotypical D. transient

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? A. amygdala B. cerebellum C. hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory. A. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself B. how to use the phone C. what the word inconceivable means D. your least favorite vacation trip

how to use the phone

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. semantic D. sensory

implicit

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. A. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories B. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory C. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up D. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

6) the concept conservation refers to

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

What is semantic memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

knowledge about words, concepts, and language- based knowledge and facts

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. A. encoded B. long-term C. sensory D. visual

long-term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________. A. colors are more easily named when they appear printed in that color B. happy memories are processed better than sad memories C. memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information D. short-term memory itself has different forms

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? A. automatic processing B. effortful processing C. memory D. sensory encoding

memory

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. A. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage B. memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running C. rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward D. rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. A. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing theory D. misinformation effect paradigm

misinformation effect paradigm

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________. A. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence B. modified the way witnesses are questioned C. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome D. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity

modified the way witnesses are questioned

________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

motor

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

physical

Engram refers to the ________. A. emotional focus of a memory B. mental trauma that creates a memory C. physical trace of a memory D. sensory component of a memory

physical trace of a memory

In blank thinking Decisions are made based on situations and circumstances And logic is integrated with emotion as adults development samples that depend on contexts

post formal

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

postformal

In what type of thinking are decisions made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts?

postformal thinking

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

Noah decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

6) According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational

In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

preoperational stage

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning

relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. A. encoding B. hyperthymesia D. retrieval C. storage

retrieval

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. A. active B. inactive C. proactive D. retroactive

retroactive

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. A. anterograde B. flashbulb C. graduated D. retrograde

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. A. antero-retro; flashbulb B. anterograde; retrograde C. flashbulb; retro-antero D. retrograde; anterograde

retrograde;anterograde

Rochelle has a glass of kool aid She pours her kool aid into a toy teacup And then she pours the kool aid from the teacup into a beer Stein. she then pours it from the beer Stein back into the original glass she knows the amount of kool aid has not substantially changed what does this exemplify

reversability

6) Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

Rochelle has a glass of KoolAid. She pours her Kool Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

reversibility

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

6) Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? A. Atkinson-Shiffrin model B. self-reference effect C. sensory memory D. Stroop effect

self-reference effect

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? A. acoustic encoding B. effortful encoding C. semantic encoding D. visual encoding

semantic

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? A. memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size B. sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" C. stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study D. think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

6) Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Cancer sticks his 6 month old daughter to daycare Hey substitute provider is there And his daughter be in's crying She claims that her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify ?

stranger anxiety

Francis takes his six month old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Nicholas takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. A. sexism B. suggestibility C. recognition D. reconstruction

suggestibility

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? A. anterograde amnesia B. misinformation effect paradigm C. reconstruction D. suggestibility

suggestibility

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10 year period.

surveys

A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.

teratogen

Which of the following is a good example of visual encoding? A. being able to remember the words to a song even when you can't remember the tune B. dreaming about your mother and deciding to call her C. remembering the colors of the rainbow by thinking about a bag of Skittles D. thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having the image of the dog appear in your mind

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. A. immediately applying new information to a practical problem B. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks C. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it D. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. A. blocking B. misattribution C. persistence D. transience

transience

6) Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

What is procedural memory? A. information about events we have personally experienced B. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts C. storage of facts and events we personally experienced D. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is _____.

universal

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.

universal

stage theories hold that sequence of development is

universal

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier B. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam D. using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. A. acoustic B. semantic C. sensory D. visual

visual

________ encoding is the encoding of images. A. acoustic B. effortful C. semantic D. visual

visual

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

what is normal development