psyc test 4
ingroup
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
Epigenetics
"above" or "in addition to" (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder in 2015 was:
3.5
At any given time, about _____ percent of the population are experiencing moderate or severe depression.
5
Psychoanalysis
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?
Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover.
Harold has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our actions.
attitude-follows-behavior principle
The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are: auditory. olfactory. visual. tactile.
auditory
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
social scripts
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
The fact that support for interracial dating has dramatically increased represents a(n) _____ in _____ prejudice.
decrease; explicit
In any given year, the MOST common type of psychological disorder in the United States is:
depressive or bipolar disorder
trait theorists
describe stable, enduring patterns of behavior.
Eight-year-old Jamaiah is generally cranky and touchy. She is prone to tantrums. According to the DSM-5, Jamaiah might be diagnosed with _____ disorder.
disruptive mood dysregulation
Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. Maternal influenza is an example of a(n) _____ factor because it may influence the expression of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.
epigenetic
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
collectivist
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
_____ levels of the hormone _____ are related to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration.
high; testosterone
According to the textbook, brain scans of clients with dissociative identity disorder show shrinkage in the areas of the brain that aid memory and the detection of threat. These areas are MOST likely the _____ and the _____, respectively.
hippocampus; amygdala
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
is not classifies as an illness
For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:
major depressive disorder
According to the _____ model, mental illness needs to be cured through therapy.
medical
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Specific goals for the future that people have for themselves are a reflection of their:
possible selves
The TAT and Rorschach Inkblot Test are both _____ tests.
projective
Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which factor MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?
socioeconomic status
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
psychosexual stages
the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
social psychologists
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
humanistic theorists
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
outgroup
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by at least _____ signs of depression.
5
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
dissociative identity disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her homelife, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.
generalized anxiety
According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
individualist
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
discriminate
in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor: resiliency. adaptation. trauma. rituals.
resiliency
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____ bias.
self-serving
Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on a popular antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.
serotonin
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Donald is a 35-year-old man with schizophrenia. He has struggled with mental illness since childhood, when he had anxiety and impaired judgment. He began experiencing psychotic symptoms at age 19, which have been only partially controlled by medication. What is Donald's prognosis?
His condition is likely to deteriorate over time
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
personality inventories
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
social traps
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of adult Americans who experience a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year?
a substantial minority
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
empirically derived
a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups
social-cognitive perspective
a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
fixate
according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
self-transcendence
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder but also from _____.
agoraphobia
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
General Anxiety Disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
phobias
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey MOST clearly demonstrates symptoms of _____ nervosa.
anorexia
Calvin is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. Calvin's behavior BEST illustrates _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
Symptoms of which disorder tend to occur at the earliest age? antisocial personality disorder schizophrenia major depressive disorder phobias
antisocial personality disorder
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:
biasing power of diagnostic labels
Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is MOST likely that Boris is suffering from _____ disorder.
bipolar
When individuals are driven to perform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:
compulsions
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many of their behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others.
conditioning, imitating
Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, _____-blocking drugs lessen positive symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations.
dopamine
Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ personality; trait theorists sought to ____ personality.
explain; describe
Western culture and television portray which of the following personality traits as being consistent with successful people?
extraversion
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
factor analysis
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.
frontal lobe
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with: learned helplessness. external attributions for failure. disruptions in conscious awareness. a lack of guilty feelings.
learned helplessness
Bullying younger children earns Dwayne the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):
learned response
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective.
learning
Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?
learning to roller skate
Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
personality
Which of the following is one of the main predictors of mental disorders? poverty academic success high birth weight resilient coping with stress and adversity
poverty
The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of the defense mechanism _____.
projection
According to the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality, learned responses are a(n) _____ influence.
psychological
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
According to social-cognitive psychologists, the BEST place to assess behavior is in:
realistic situations
_____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.
stimulus generalization
People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain:
the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.
Chimpanzees are more likely to yawn after observing another chimpanzee yawn. This is a good example of:
the chameleon effect
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drink several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:
the false consensus effect
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
groupthinking
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by:
the two-factor theory
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that:
there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia
Dr. Harris believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. Harris probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.
trait
According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:
unconditional positive regard
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system MOST often used in the United States, she should read the _____.
DSM-5
According to your textbook, the most widely used personality questionnaire is:
MMPI
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.
OCD; PTSD
self-fulfilling prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
traits
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
bipolar disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
chronic schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
psychotic disorder
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Garrick is MOST likely low on the Big Five factor of:
neuroticism
Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.
more; because the suicide rate surges among older men
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pyreneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pyreneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:
vivid cases
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a:
word salad
