psyc test 4

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ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Epigenetics

"above" or "in addition to" (epi) genetics; the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder in 2015 was:

3.5

At any given time, about _____ percent of the population are experiencing moderate or severe depression.

5

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?

Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover.

Harold has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Harold would MOST likely be diagnosed as having _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our actions.

attitude-follows-behavior principle

The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are: auditory. olfactory. visual. tactile.

auditory

dissociative disorders

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

social scripts

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

The fact that support for interracial dating has dramatically increased represents a(n) _____ in _____ prejudice.

decrease; explicit

In any given year, the MOST common type of psychological disorder in the United States is:

depressive or bipolar disorder

trait theorists

describe stable, enduring patterns of behavior.

Eight-year-old Jamaiah is generally cranky and touchy. She is prone to tantrums. According to the DSM-5, Jamaiah might be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

disruptive mood dysregulation

Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. Maternal influenza is an example of a(n) _____ factor because it may influence the expression of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia.

epigenetic

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption

collectivist

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

_____ levels of the hormone _____ are related to delinquency, hard drug use, and aggressive-bullying responses to frustration.

high; testosterone

According to the textbook, brain scans of clients with dissociative identity disorder show shrinkage in the areas of the brain that aid memory and the detection of threat. These areas are MOST likely the _____ and the _____, respectively.

hippocampus; amygdala

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

is not classifies as an illness

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

According to the _____ model, mental illness needs to be cured through therapy.

medical

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Specific goals for the future that people have for themselves are a reflection of their:

possible selves

The TAT and Rorschach Inkblot Test are both _____ tests.

projective

Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which factor MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?

socioeconomic status

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

social psychologists

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

humanistic theorists

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

outgroup

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by at least _____ signs of depression.

5

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her homelife, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

individualist

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

discriminate

in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

personality disorders

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor: resiliency. adaptation. trauma. rituals.

resiliency

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____ bias.

self-serving

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on a popular antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Donald is a 35-year-old man with schizophrenia. He has struggled with mental illness since childhood, when he had anxiety and impaired judgment. He began experiencing psychotic symptoms at age 19, which have been only partially controlled by medication. What is Donald's prognosis?

His condition is likely to deteriorate over time

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

personality inventories

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

social traps

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of adult Americans who experience a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year?

a substantial minority

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

empirically derived

a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups

social-cognitive perspective

a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

fixate

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder but also from _____.

agoraphobia

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

General Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

phobias

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey MOST clearly demonstrates symptoms of _____ nervosa.

anorexia

Calvin is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. Calvin's behavior BEST illustrates _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

Symptoms of which disorder tend to occur at the earliest age? antisocial personality disorder schizophrenia major depressive disorder phobias

antisocial personality disorder

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is MOST likely that Boris is suffering from _____ disorder.

bipolar

When individuals are driven to perform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:

compulsions

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many of their behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others.

conditioning, imitating

Regarding the treatment of schizophrenia, _____-blocking drugs lessen positive symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations.

dopamine

Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ personality; trait theorists sought to ____ personality.

explain; describe

Western culture and television portray which of the following personality traits as being consistent with successful people?

extraversion

Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?

factor analysis

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

attitudes

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.

frontal lobe

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with: learned helplessness. external attributions for failure. disruptions in conscious awareness. a lack of guilty feelings.

learned helplessness

Bullying younger children earns Dwayne the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

learned response

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a _____ perspective.

learning

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

learning to roller skate

Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness

_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

personality

Which of the following is one of the main predictors of mental disorders? poverty academic success high birth weight resilient coping with stress and adversity

poverty

The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of the defense mechanism _____.

projection

According to the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality, learned responses are a(n) _____ influence.

psychological

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

According to social-cognitive psychologists, the BEST place to assess behavior is in:

realistic situations

_____ occurs when a person who is attacked by a fierce dog later develops a fear of all dogs.

stimulus generalization

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain:

the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.

Chimpanzees are more likely to yawn after observing another chimpanzee yawn. This is a good example of:

the chameleon effect

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Shaun has been confronted by his roommate for his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drink several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks, as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:

the false consensus effect

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

groupthinking

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by:

the two-factor theory

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that:

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

Dr. Harris believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. Harris probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:

unconditional positive regard

norms

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system MOST often used in the United States, she should read the _____.

DSM-5

According to your textbook, the most widely used personality questionnaire is:

MMPI

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.

OCD; PTSD

self-fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

traits

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

bipolar disorder

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

major depressive disorder

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

chronic schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)

a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

psychotic disorder

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Garrick is MOST likely low on the Big Five factor of:

neuroticism

Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more; because the suicide rate surges among older men

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pyreneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pyreneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:

vivid cases

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a:

word salad


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