PSYC Unit 3

Ben and Emma are in a romantic relationship. After having orgasm during sex, Ben feels that he cannot have another orgasm and Emma feels that she can have another orgasm without any delay. In the context of the human sexual response pattern identified by William Masters and Virginia Johnson, which of the following is most likely true about this scenario?

Ben and Emma are in the resolution phase of the human sexual response pattern.

Adam is a teenager with a huge appetite. He has recurrent episodes of eating large portions of junk food in very short periods of time, and he feels a lack of control over eating during these periods. He is ashamed of his overeating and, therefore, frequently eats alone. However, he does not try to compensate for what he has eaten by purging. In this scenario, Adam is most likely suffering from

Binge eating disorder

Which of the following scenarios depicts an individual who is motivated by an intrinsic factor?

Despite her fear of heights, Donna begins mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear.

In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following statements is true of egoism?

Egoism means giving to another person to ensure reciprocity.

Identify a true statement about the internal reproductive structures and external genitalia in males and females.

External genitalia of females include the mons pubis, the labia, and the clitoris.

Which of the following is true according to research on sexual behavior and psychological well-being?

Frequency of sexual behavior is positively related to psychological well-being, but only up to a point.

In the context of sex and its biological components, which of the following statements is true of hormones in human organisms?

In men, some of the androgens produced by the testes are converted into estrogens.

Paris thinks her friend Nicole may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is a trivial issue. Which of the following is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

It can cause damage to the thyroid.

According to the Freudian structure of personality, which of the following statements is true of the id?

It is an individual's reservoir of sexual energy.

Which of the following statements is true of aggression?

It is behavior that is intended to harm another person.

Which of the following statements is true of insulin?

It plays a role in glucose control

Which of the following statements is true of the group polarization effect?

It refers to the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

Which of the following is true of social loafing?

It refers to the tendency of each person in a group to exert less effort in the group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates sexual sadism disorder?

Joe derives sexual pleasure from physically abusing his partners.

Paige is a good golfer but has no interest in the upcoming golf tournament. Mary is fairly good at golf; she is somewhat excited but is not overly anxious about the tournament. Sara has only recently learned to play golf but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament. Jenna is also a beginner, but she does not expect to play well. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, who among the following will perform the best at the golf tournament?

Mary

Which of the following is true of aggression?

Men are more likely than women to engage in physical aggression

Identify a feature of anorexia nervosa.

People with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain weight at a healthy level.

Who among the following is most likely to contract a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

Ronald, who engages in oral sex with his girlfriend

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison provides distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

In the context of the pathways of persuasion identified by the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following statements is true of the central route?

The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?

The ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and the superego, as well as the real world.

Which of the following is true of the Rorschach inkblot test?

The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity.

Which of the following is a criticism of the trait theories of personality?

They miss the importance of situational factors in personality and behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of impulsive individuals?

They usually have trouble dealing with temptation.

Identify a true statement about relational aggression.

To be relationally aggressive, a person must understand how to plant rumors and the likelihood that a piece of information will be damaging to the intended party.

Jack, a heterosexual male, is distressed because he is unable to get sexually aroused unless he dresses in his girlfriend's clothes. This is affecting his relationship with her, and he is aware that it will affect his future relationships. In the context of paraphilias, Jack most likely suffers from ________ disorder.

Transverstic

Darrin is a good pianist. However, when he is alone, he becomes lethargic and is not motivated to perform well. At recitals with strangers, Darrin gets overly aroused and often makes mistakes. His best performance is typically when his family and friends are nearby. In such situations, Darrin isn't nervous and is only moderately aroused. This scenario best exemplifies

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different is called ________ test.

an empirically keyed

George is obsessed with cleanliness. At work, he likes keeping his cubicle tidy. He arranges every item on his desk according to how frequently he needs it. He gets upset if something is moved or rearranged. In the context of Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development, George is most likely fixated at the

anal stage

Individuals with binge eating disorder (BED)

are more likely to place great value on their body shape than obese individuals who do not suffer from BED.

The act of putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward is known as

delay of gratification

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, if Dean is fixated at the phallic stage and adopts reaction formation as a defense mechanism, he is most likely to

display excessive modesty.

According to the social role theory of gender development, which of the following most likely shapes one's beliefs about one's gender?

division of labor between sexes

Ten-year-old Rowan does not play softball because he thinks that it is a girls' sport. Which of the following would have most likely helped Rowan make this evaluation?

gender schemas

Michael is the new department head at his company. He expects everyone to agree with his restructuring plan for the department, and he publicly reprimands anyone who disagrees with his new policies. Michael also praises department members for unanimity, cohesiveness, and harmony. In the context of group decision making, Michael is creating an atmosphere most conducive to

groupthink

When 40-year-old Desmond survived a heart attack, he began to take the necessary steps to ensure optimal health. In the context of the personality characteristics that are linked to health and illness, Desmond is most likely to rate

high on personal control.

Unlike cognitive dissonance theory, self-perception theory states that

individuals make inferences about their attitudes by observing their behavior

Unlike the foot-in-the-door strategy of persuasion, the door-in-the-face technique involves

making the biggest pitch first, and then making a smaller demand

In a recent softball game, Cindy misplayed a ground ball, which was scored as an error, causing her team to lose the game. According to the self-serving bias, Cindy is likely to reason that she misplayed because

of a bad bounce

In the context of cognition and emotion, Zajonc famously argued that

preferences need no inferences.

Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious feelings and conflicts. Which of the following types of assessment tools will be most ideal for Dr. Crane?

projective assessment tools

Sally is very intelligent and has a great personality. However, she has always seen herself as unattractive and, as a result, is often depressed. Sally's depression is most likely facilitated by feelings of

self-objectification.

In the context of attitudes, ________ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

self-perception

Erica is a heterosexual adult who likes to engage in sexual practices involving bondage, humiliation, and physical violence with adult males. She experiences sexual pleasure when she is beaten or made to suffer in other ways. Erica most likely suffers from

sexual masochism disorder.

________ refers to the ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings.

sexuality

Jerome is a popular senior at his high school. He projects himself as being sexually experienced, confident, and highly desirable. He talks openly about watching pornography and jokes with his friends about his sexual experiences. In this scenario, Jerome's behaviors are expressions of his

sexuality.

According to ________, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, if Hailey is fixated at the anal stage and adopts sublimation as a defense mechanism, she is most likely to be interested in

statistics

Jeff has been extremely aggressive since childhood. He pursues a career in boxing, which provides a socially acceptable channel to express his aggression. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of

sublimation

Jake, an 18-year-old, refrains from downloading pirated movies online as he believes it is immoral to engage in such practices. According to Freud's structures of personality, Jake is most likely acting according to the demands of the

superego

Meyer plans to obtain quick money through gambling, but he realizes that he might get arrested by the police. This prevents him from going ahead with his gambling plan. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which of the following structures most likely stopped Meyer from going ahead with his plan?

superego

Jacob notices a snake slithering up the riverbank while he is fishing. The thalamus of Jacob's brain immediately stimulates his autonomic nervous system, which, in turn, increases the rate of his breathing and heartbeat. At the same time, Jacob's brain sends signals to his cerebral cortex, which causes Jacob to perceive the emotional experience of fear. Consequently, Jacob experiences both fear and the physiological changes in his body at the same time. This scenario complies with

the Cannon-Bard theory.

Lana and Mark are having sex. Mark's penis has become erect, and Lana's vagina has become lubricated. They also experience muscle tension. Which of the following phases of the human sexual response pattern is exemplified in this scenario?

the excitement phase

A professor conducted an experiment in which she asked one group of students to keep smiling and another group to keep frowning for a certain period of time. After 5 minutes, the professor discovered that the students who kept smiling reported being happier than those who kept frowning. These results most strongly support

the facial feedback hypothesis.

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

The feeling of hunger that urges a person to open the refrigerator for food best represents a(n)

to drive

Greg yells at his wife. He later apologizes to her and says that he had a rough day at work. According to attribution theory, Greg is attributing his behavior to

unstable causes.

Which of the following is a typical personality assessment method used by a social cognitive psychologist?

video-recorded behaviors rated by coders

Conor, a 22-year-old management student, stays with his parents and does not know how to cook. When he is offered a good job in a different city, he decides to relocate within a month. Conor is confident that he will learn how to cook and overcome the initial obstacles faced by first-time cooks within a month. In the context of self-determination theory, Conor best demonstrates ________ in this scenario.

Mastery

Which of the following statements is true of Murray's personological approach to personality?

Murray embraced the psychodynamic notion of unconscious motivation.