PSYC&100 General Psychology: Chapter 4

Biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

Central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

Jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

Depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

Euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

Stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

Restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

Sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

Methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate use

Sleepwalking

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

1

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

Caffeine

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

Circadian

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

Psychological dependence

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.

Sleep rebound

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

Tolerance

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

Withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

Rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

Physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

Wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

Kicking and punching while asleep

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle

Stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

Tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

Stage 4 sleep

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

Depressant

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

Hallucinogenic

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

Internal

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

At least three nights a week for one month

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

Darkness; Light

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

Opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

Outside periods of REM sleep

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

Parasomnias

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

Usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

Stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

Cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

Sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

Opiate/opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

Halluucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

Parinsomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

Codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

Lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

Night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

Sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

Collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

Theta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

Delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

Alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep